 Subjects -> PSYCHOLOGY (Total: 983 journals)
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- Implicit and explicit learning of socio-emotional information are not
related to the level of depressive symptomatology-
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Abstract: Abstract Past research has found that depression is associated with a multitude of deficits in processing social stimuli. These deficits might impair the implicit (unconscious) learning of socio-emotional regularities, an essential process for adaptive social functioning. In contrast, previous research on adaptive functions of depression suggests that dysphoric states can be associated, in some circumstances, with increased accuracy in detecting regularities. However, a direct assessment of implicit learning of socio-emotional regularities in depression has not yet been conducted. In the present studies, we adapted the Artificial Grammar Learning task to induce implicit and explicit learning of regularities that govern social emotional stimuli (facial emotional expressions in Experiment 1) and social stimuli without explicit emotional content (body movements in Experiment 2). We assessed participants’ learning and awareness of these regularities, as well as their levels of depression. In both experiments, Bayesian analyses showed that the depressive symptomatology was neither associated with a learning deficit, nor with a learning advantage. This was the case for participants’ overall performance, as well as for their implicit and their explicit learning performance. Our results contradict most previous findings and show that, even though depressive symptoms are associated with a variety of socio-cognitive deficits, they do not hinder the ability to implicitly or explicitly learn regularities within social contexts. Our results also show some constraints on the types of abilities that can be enhanced by depressive states.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- ‘Help, my teacher is pressuring me!’ The role of students’ coping
with controlling teaching in motivation and engagement-
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Abstract: Abstract Ample research has shown that a controlling teaching style is detrimental for students’ motivation and engagement in school. However, little is known about how students cope with such a teaching style. Therefore, grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the present study examines the role of four coping strategies (i.e. oppositional defiance, compulsive compliance, negotiation and accommodation) in students’ motivation and engagement. A repeated measures design with four weekly assessments was used to examine associations both at the between- and within-student level. The sample consisted of students from 4 to 6th grade (N = 433; 51% boys, Mage = 10.6 years). The findings showed that oppositional defiance exacerbated associations between controlling teaching and amotivation. The moderating role of both compulsive compliance and negotiation was limited. Accommodation buffered associations between controlling teaching and amotivation and low engagement at the within-person level of analysis. In addition to a moderating role, we also found evidence for a mediating role of coping. Specifically, controlling teaching related positively to oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance, which, in turn, were related to maladaptive student outcomes. Moreover, controlling teaching related positively to negotiation, which, in turn, related positively to adaptive student outcomes. Overall, the results underscore students’ active role in teacher–student dynamics. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Back to the future: self-defining memory recall amplifies effects of
episodic future thinking on delay discounting-
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Abstract: Abstract Episodic future thinking (EFT), which involves constructing imagined future events utilizing content from memory, decreases delay discounting (DD). DD is related to numerous health and behavior problems. In two studies we examined the use of salient episodic memories to enhance EFT effects. In Study 1, 106 participants were randomized to groups that generated self-defining memories (SDM) or played a memory game to activate memory before EFT, and a control group that generated SDM followed by episodic recent thinking (ERT). Study 2 systematically replicated methods of Study 1 in a sample of 133 high discounters and added a group that generated memories in response to neutral words before EFT. Participants rated phenomenological qualities of episodic cues, as well as whether they activated identity. In both studies, the SDM-EFT group outperformed other groups. This research extends findings on the use of EFT, demonstrating how memories may enhance prospection and decision-making.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Effects of gratitude on intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in career
decision-making-
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Abstract: Abstract The role of emotions in career decision-making is receiving increasing attention, but few studies have assessed the role of gratitude, especially in the context of the trade-off between intrinsic and extrinsic motivators (i.e., interest vs. salary) influencing career decisions. Therefore, in the present research we conducted four studies to test the primary hypothesis that gratitude increases the preference for vocational interest relative to salary in career decision-making, as well as the underlying mechanism. The results from Studies 1 (N = 206) and 2 (N = 202), which used a measure of dispositional gratitude, and those of Study 3 (N = 176), which manipulated gratitude, showed that gratitude led to a stronger preference for interest relative to salary in terms of influencing career decisions. Study 4 (N = 489) provided an explanation for these results, revealing that self-esteem mediated the effect of gratitude on career choices. Overall, the results demonstrated the cognitive effect of gratitude in career decision-making, and suggested a need to study how discrete positive emotions influence career decisions.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Smiling at moral misbehaviors: the effect of violation benignness and
psychological distance-
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Abstract: Abstract Why do certain moral violations elicit amusement while others do not' According to McGraw and Warren’s (2010) benign-violation theory of humor, for a situation to elicit amusement it should involve a benign violation. Furthermore, the greater the psychological distance from the situation, the greater the amusement it will elicit. We tested this theory by recording spontaneous facial expressions and collecting self-ratings of amusement in response to classic scenarios of purity and harm violations, which we stated either from a psychologically close second-person perspective or a psychologically distant third-person perspective. A feature of these classic scenarios is that purity violations are relatively more benign (less malignant) than harm violations, which we independently found. The theory thus predicts more amusement elicitation for purity violations, which would be more pronounced when the hypothetical transgressor is a third party rather than the participant. We found that amusement was exclusively elicited by the more benign purity violations but no effect of psychological distance. Furthermore, the judged malignance of a violation was a strong predictor of amusement. Overall, the results partially support the benign violation theory of humor.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Extending self-determination theory’s dual-process model to a new
tripartite model to explain diminished functioning-
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Abstract: Abstract In a three-study investigation, we pursued three purposes: (1) extend self-determination theory’s dual-process model to a new tripartite model—to recognize that environmental conditions sometimes render a psychological need dormant; (2) better explain adolescents’ diminished functioning; and (3) develop the Three States Questionnaire (TSQ). In Study 1, 402 high schoolers reported the satisfied, frustrated, and dormant state of their psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) during classroom instruction to develop the TSQ. In Study 2, 320 high schoolers reported their satisfied, frustrated, and dormant states as well as 17 indicators of their effective, defiant, and diminished classroom functioning. The TSQ showed excellent psychometric properties, and the predictive power of the tripartite model was superior to that of the dual-process model in the prediction of all five indicators of diminished functioning (e.g., disengagement). In Study 3, 457 high schoolers’ perceived teachers’ motivating styles (supporting, controlling, and neglecting) predicted their three need states (satisfied, frustrated, and dormant), which predicted the quality of their classroom functioning (effective, defiant, and diminished). Overall, the dormant state was distinct from the other two states, it uniquely explained diminished functioning, and the tripartite model out-predicted the dual-process model.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Does being angry feel authentic' a test of how affective valence and
motivational direction differentially influence state authenticity-
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Abstract: Abstract Past research suggests positive affective states promote state authenticity. However, in those studies, positive affective states are confounded with approach motivation, leaving some ambiguity in what is driving such effects. To address this limitation, we studied the effect of anger—a negative affective state related to approach motivation—on state authenticity. In two experiments (total N = 824), we experimentally induced different affective states (via movie-clips in Study 1 and autobiographical recall in Study 2) and had participants report state authenticity thereafter. We compared the anger condition to an amusement condition (Study 1), a fear condition (Studies 1 and 2) and a disgust condition (Study 2). We also measured affective valence and approach states in Study 2 to test for mediation. The results revealed that anger reduced authenticity relative to amusement but did not differ from fear or disgust. Moreover, an indirect effect of affective valence (but not approach states, Study 2) emerged: anger made people feel less pleasant, which explained their lower state authenticity. These findings suggest that affective valence is more important to state authenticity than approach/avoidance motivation.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- If the party is good, you can stay longer—effects of trait hedonic
capacity on hedonic quantity and performance-
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Abstract: Abstract Research suggests that people’s capacity to successfully pursue hedonic goals is at least as important for well-being as trait self-control. Extending this research, we tested whether trait hedonic capacity is related to more time spent with hedonic goal pursuit (i.e., hedonic quantity) and whether this explains its positive relationship with well-being. Second, we explored whether this may come at a cost for people’s performance. Results show that people with higher trait hedonic capacity do spend more time with hedonic goal pursuit (Study 1 and 2). However, hedonic quality not hedonic quantity accounts for its positive relationship with well-being. Further, people higher vs. lower in trait hedonic capacity perform equally well in their studies (Study 2) and their jobs (Study 3 and 4). Thus, trait hedonic capacity seems to allow people to invest more time into their hedonic goals in a way that does not jeopardize their academic and job performance.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Coping with daily boredom: Exploring the relationships of job boredom,
counterproductive work behavior, organizational citizenship behavior, and
cognitive reappraisal-
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Abstract: Abstract Given that job boredom is experienced by more than half of the workforce on a daily basis, more scientific research on its potential outcomes and moderators is warranted. This study examined whether daily fluctuations in job boredom are associated with daily increases or decreases in counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior, and whether individual differences in cognitive reappraisal moderated these relationships. Our hypotheses were tested in a daily diary study (396 daily observations); results indicated that the predicted positive relationships of job boredom with both active and passive counterproductive work behavior were supported, whereas the direction of the relationship between job boredom and organizational citizenship behavior was person-specific. Contrary to our expectations, cognitive reappraisal did not moderate any of the above relationships. Our results clearly show that scores on these constructs vary more within than between individuals and suggest that combining the within- and between-person levels, both in theorizing and analyses, is necessary to understand these phenomena better.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Framing self-sacrifice in the investigation of moral judgment and moral
emotions in human and autonomous driving dilemmas-
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Abstract: Abstract In the investigation of moral judgments of autonomous vehicles (AVs), the paradigm of the sacrificial dilemma is a widespread and flexible experimental tool. In this context, the sacrifice of the AV’s passenger typically occurs upon enactment of the utilitarian option, which differs from traditional sacrificial dilemmas, in which the moral agent’s life is often jeopardized in the non-utilitarian counterpart. The present within-subject study (n = 183) is aimed at deepening the role of self-sacrifice framing, comparing autonomous- and human-driving text-based moral dilemmas in terms of moral judgment and intensity of four moral emotions (shame, guilt, anger, and disgust). A higher endorsement of utilitarian behavior was observed in human-driving dilemmas and for self-protective utilitarian behaviors. Interestingly, the utilitarian option was considered less moral, shameful, and blameworthy in the case of concurrent self-sacrifice. The present study collects novel information on how different levels of driving automation shape moral judgment and emotions, also providing new evidence on the role of self-sacrifice framing in moral dilemmas.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Identifying profiles of parental (de)motivating behaviors in youth
sports: A multi-informant approach-
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Abstract: Abstract Based on the perceptions of 331 youth athletes (Mage=14.33) and their most involved parent in sports (Mage = 45.96), this study examined whether different profiles of parental behavior (i.e., autonomy-, competence-, and relatedness-supportive and thwarting in the context of sports) could be identified, the extent to which these profiles align between the perceptions of athletes and parents, and how these profiles relate to youth athletes’ need-based experiences, (a)motivation, (dis)engagement, and anxiety regarding their sports participation. Independent cluster analyses on parent and athlete reports provided evidence for a similar cluster solution for both informants. Specifically, in the case of both informants, the cluster analyses identified four similar parental profiles: parents who are relatively (1) need-supportive, (2) need-thwarting, (3) predominantly controlling, and (4) distant when it comes to their child’s sports participation. In general, parents rated themselves as more motivating and less demotivating compared to athletes’ perceptions. Furthermore, parent reports had little to no predictive power with regard to the athletes’ sports experiences. However, athletes who perceived their parents as need-supportive showed the most adaptive outcomes, while the opposite was true for the need-thwarting profile. The other two profiles fell in between, with athletes in the predominantly controlling profile scoring high on both the adaptive and maladaptive outcomes, and athletes in the distant profile scoring low on the maladaptive outcomes but not necessarily high on the adaptive outcomes.
PubDate: 2023-09-16
- Striving for identity goals by self-symbolizing on Instagram
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Abstract: Abstract The present research applies symbolic self completion theory (SCT) to explain online behaviors and predict what users will post on Instagram. Across three experiments, we tested whether medical and law students who sense incompleteness with respect to their professional identity goals engage in compensatory self-symbolizing by increasing their online posting of respective indicators of goal attainment (e.g., medical coats, court clothes). Study 1 found that incomplete medical students post more medicine-related symbols. Study 2 replicated this effect in a sample of law students and clarified that students’ self-symbolizing posts specifically relate to their incomplete goal (law career) and not to other non-pertinent domains (university life). Finally, Study 3 demonstrated that incomplete medical students only engage in self-symbolizing when their incompleteness refers to their career goal and not to other careers they do not aspire to (a law career). Implications for understanding online behavior, preventing negative consequences of self-symbolizing on social media, and deepening the study of self-completion processes are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-09-04
- The role of mindfulness and autonomous motivation for goal progress and
goal adjustment: an intervention study-
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Abstract: Abstract Previous correlational studies showed the importance of mindfulness and autonomous goal motivation for goal pursuit, goal setting, and goal disengagement processes. The present study examined the role of mindfulness in goal regulation processes for self-selected personal goals in a randomized waitlist control group design. Participants (N = 228, M = 30.7 years, 18–78 years; 84% female) either received daily 9-12-minute audio mindfulness exercises online for four weeks or were placed on a waitlist. Participants in the intervention group (N = 113) reported more goal progress compared with the control group (N = 116) at the end of the intervention. Autonomous goal motivation for already set goals did not influence change in goal progress. However, autonomous goal motivation for newly set goals was higher in the intervention group than in the control group. Additionally, we tested the role of mindfulness in interaction with goal attainability and autonomous motivation for goal adjustment processes (in this case, reduction of goal importance). In the control group, lower goal attainability at baseline was associated with a greater reduction in goal importance for less autonomous goals. For more autonomous goals, change in goal importance was independent from baseline attainability. In contrast, in the intervention group, all goals were slightly devalued over time independently from autonomous motivation and goal attainability at T1. Moreover, changes in goal attainability were positively linked to changes in goal importance over time. This effect was moderated by mindfulness and autonomous motivation. Overall, the findings point to the relevance of mindfulness and autonomous motivation for goal regulation processes.
PubDate: 2023-09-02
- Eco-Anxiety motivates pro-environmental behaviors: a Two-Wave Longitudinal
Study-
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Abstract: Abstract Recent studies suggest that eco-anxiety motivates pro-environmental behaviors. However, these studies are all cross-sectional in nature, and they frequently neglect possible important confounding variables (e.g., ecological identity). The present study was designed to deepen our understanding of the effect of eco-anxiety on pro-environmental behaviors by addressing the abovementioned limitations of recent research. The present study consisted of a 2-wave longitudinal study in which eco-anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors as well as possible confounding variables (i.e., ecological identity and personality) were assessed among French adults. As hypothesized, individuals’ experience of eco-anxiety at t1 was positively and significantly related to individuals’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors at t2. This significant positive relationship was observed even when ecological identity, the Big Five domains of personality, and pro-environmental behaviors at t1 were controlled for. It thus appeared that compared with individuals with low levels of eco-anxiety at a given time, individuals with higher levels of eco-anxiety at a given time displayed a greater likelihood of experiencing increases in their subsequent engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. The results are discussed in light of current knowledge about the function of anxiety.
PubDate: 2023-08-25
- Threat impairs flexible use of a cognitive map
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Abstract: Abstract Goal-directed behavior requires adaptive systems that respond to environmental demands. In the absence of threat (or presence of reward), individuals can explore many behavioral trajectories, effectively interrogating the environment across multiple dimensions. This leads to flexible, relational memory encoding and retrieval. In the presence of danger, motivation shifts to an imperative state characterized by a narrow focus of attention on threatening information. This impairs flexible, relational memory. We test how these motivational shifts affect behavioral flexibility in an ecologically valid setting. Participants learned the structure of maze-like environments and navigated to the location of objects in both safe and threatening contexts. The latter contained a predator that could ‘capture’ participants, leading to electric shock. After learning, the path to some objects was unpredictably blocked, forcing a detour for which one route was significantly shorter. We predicted that threat would push participants toward an imperative state, leading to less efficient and less flexible navigation. Threat caused participants to take longer paths to goal objects and less efficient detours when obstacles were encountered. Threat-related impairments in detour navigation persisted after controlling for non-detour navigation performance, and non-detour navigation was not a reliable predictor of detour navigation. This suggests a specific impairment in flexible navigation during detours, an impairment unlikely to be explained by more general processes like predator avoidance or divided attention that may be present during non-detour navigation. These results provide ecologically valid evidence that dynamic, observable threats reduce flexible use of cognitive maps to guide behavior.
PubDate: 2023-08-19
- Motivational pathways involved in women’s intentions to engage in
healthy and disordered eating behavior following a body-related
discrepancy-
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Abstract: Abstract The current mixed method study aimed to examine (1) the types of body-related discrepancies that college-aged women face, (2) the association between women’s motivation for eating regulation and intent to engage in healthy and disordered eating following such experiences, and (3) the mediating role of affect and compensation strategies in these relationships. Thematic analysis of narratives from a body-related self-discrepancy recall task revealed that Canadian college-aged women (N = 398) experience discrepancies related to the appearance and care of their bodies. These experiences were more likely to occur in a non-social-evaluative setting. A path analysis revealed that autonomous eating regulation was associated with healthy eating intentions, whereas controlled eating regulation was associated with disordered eating intentions following a recalled body-related discrepancy. These distinct pathways were partly explained by levels of self-compassion and selection of distinct behavioral and cognitive compensation strategies. Findings suggest that those with autonomous eating regulation possess a resource, self-compassion, which aids self-regulation following body-related threats.
PubDate: 2023-08-19
- Emotion crafting: Individuals as agents of their positive emotional
experiences-
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Abstract: Abstract The literature on emotion regulation (ER) is vast and insightful, but little is known about the proactive regulation of positive emotions. Herein we coin the term emotion crafting (EC), which is defined as proactively aiming to strengthen one’s positive emotions through two sequential components: being aware of what can make one feel good (i.e., awareness component) and proactively engaging in behaviors to initiate, maintain, or increase positive emotions (i.e., action component). We present a self-report measure of EC [i.e., the Emotion Crafting Scale (ECS)] and provide details on its discriminant and concurrent validity. Data were collected among a sample of 326 Norwegian adults (49.7% female; Mage = 42.90 years, SD = 14.76) who were representative in terms of age (between 18 and 70), gender, and geographical location within Norway. Results yielded evidence for a 2-factor structure consisting of the components Awareness and Action, which related in an expected way to other measures of ER. Subsequent structural equation modeling showed that the awareness component related positively to indicators of well-being and negatively to internalizing symptoms via higher levels of EC action and positive affect, even after controlling for other measures of ER. These promising findings not only support favorable reliability and validity of the ECS, but also underscore the importance of examining proactive regulation of positive emotions as a potential predictor of mental health. Future research is needed to examine the etiological role of EC in individuals’ psychological functioning.
PubDate: 2023-08-03
- No longer able to or no longer wanting to' Are intention violations
failures to exert or decisions not to exert self-control'-
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Abstract: Abstract Several theoretical models describe two pathways linking self-control demands with subsequent goal violations. The volitional pathway suggests that these goal violations should be interpreted as failures, while the motivational pathway suggests an interpretation as decisions. In this article, we examined (a) which psychological processes may explain the relationship between self-control demands and subsequent intention violations and (b) to what extent these violations reflect self-control failures rather than deliberate decisions. Results of two experience sampling studies showed that facing demands can trigger two opposing processes: fatigue, which leads to more subsequent violations of intentions, and the feeling that one deserves a reward, which leads to fewer subsequent violations of intentions due to boosts in self-efficacy. The actor may attribute intention violations to either an inability to act otherwise (indicating an actual failure) or a deliberate decision (indicating no failure). The different attributions have marked implications for the cognitive and affective downstream consequences of violating one’s goals, pointing to the importance of distinguishing between actual and apparent failures in self-control.
PubDate: 2023-07-25
- Sensitivity and response criterion in facial micro-expression recognition
among internet gaming disorder-
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Abstract: Abstract It has been previously found that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) have a negative bias in recognizing facial micro-expressions (MEs). However, the underlying psychological mechanisms of this negative bias remain unknown. According to the signal detection theory (SDT), sensitivity to and response criterion for facial expressions may contribute to the explanation of this negative bias. Specifically, sensitivity (d′) reflects an individual’s ability to detect a given emotional expression and a higher sensitivity indicates a better ability to detect a given emotional expression. Response criterion (c) reflects an individual’s tendency to judge any given facial expression as a particular emotion and a lower response criterion indicates a stronger tendency to judge a facial expression as a particular emotion. It is unclear whether this negative bias in individuals with IGD is primarily due to a lower response criterion for negative MEs or to a higher sensitivity to such MEs. Thus, we used SDT and the Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test to measure sensitivity to and response criterion for happy and angry MEs with an intensity of 30%, 50% or 70% among 60 individuals with IGD and 60 healthy controls. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with healthy individuals, individuals with IGD had a higher sensitivity (d′) to angry MEs than to happy MEs at the 50% (η2 = 0.05) and 70% intensities (η2 = 0.11). (2) Compared with healthy individuals, individuals with IGD had a lower response criterion (c) for angry MEs than for happy MEs (η2 = 0.29). These results suggest that the negative bias in ME recognition among individuals with IGD may stem from both their higher sensitivity to negative MEs (than to positive MEs) and their lower response criterion for negative MEs (than for positive MEs).
PubDate: 2023-06-28
DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10030-5
- A matter of needs: Basic need satisfaction as an underlying mechanism
between perfectionism and employee well-being-
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Abstract: Abstract Why do dimensions of perfectionism have different effects on employees’ engagement, exhaustion, and job satisfaction' Combining the perfectionism literature and self-determination theory, we expected self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) to be differently related to employee well-being through the fulfilment or lack of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction. We attributed a unique role to autonomy satisfaction in fostering work engagement. Data were collected at 2 time points, with a 3-month interval, in an online study. Several results from path analyses including data from 328 (T1) and 138 (T2) employees were consistent with our expectations. SPP was negatively related to work engagement and job satisfaction via a lack of autonomy satisfaction and positively related to exhaustion via a lack of relatedness satisfaction. Additionally, SOP and SPP showed different associations with competence satisfaction. Overall, our findings highlight the motivational differences inherent in perfectionism that translate into well-being via need satisfaction and unique effects of the three needs.
PubDate: 2023-06-28
DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10029-y
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