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- The ease of experiencing positive emotions in negative contexts
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Abstract: We introduce a novel concept of the ‘ease of experience’ of emotions, which captures individuals’ subjective perception of how easily they feel they can intentionally experience a desired positive emotion. Study 1 compared lay-persons’ beliefs in the ease of experiencing positive emotion in two cultural contexts (US and Japan, N = 226) and found significant variations in the ease of experiencing various positive emotions, across prior negative contexts and culture. Study 2 experimentally tested the ease of recalling positive experiences by manipulating the prior negative context and targeted positive emotion (US only, N = 1097). Depending on context, the regulatory goal as determined by the assigned positive emotion condition had differential results on the participants’ overall mood or well-being. However, the variations of ease did not match up with lay-person beliefs as identified in Study 1. This gap in lay beliefs and ‘actual’ ease of experience has implications on how individuals should set emotional goals.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Patterns of emotional schema endorsement and personality disorder symptoms
among outpatient psychotherapy clients-
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Abstract: Emotional schemas—cognitive frameworks that organize and guide beliefs, values, interpretations of, and reactions to emotions and emotional experiences—appear to underlie many clinically-relevant constructs, including self-validation, emotion and behavior regulation, and psychopathology. Although growing research suggests emotional schemas may also be related to personality disorders, this research is often fragmented by idiosyncratic conceptualizations of emotional schemas and under-evaluation of cluster A and cluster C personality disorders. The current study contributed to this growing literature by exploring associations between emotional schemas and personality disorder symptoms in a large sample of 1125 individuals seeking outpatient mental health care. Results suggested endorsement of maladaptive emotional schemas were generally associated with greater symptom severity for most personality disorders, and patterns of emotional schema endorsement were generally consistent with personality disorder clinical presentations. However, narcissistic, histrionic, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders were characterized by under-endorsement of common maladaptive emotional schemas. Further, whereas some emotional schemas appeared pervasive across personality disorders (i.e., invalidation, incomprehensibility), others were closely associated with only one or a few personality disorders (e.g., only individuals with schizoid personality disorder showed exaggerated endorsement of low expression schemas). Results broadly attest to the potential importance of emotional schemas as underlying clinical presentations of personality disorders.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Further examinations of attitudes toward discrete emotions, with a focus
on attitudes toward anger-
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Abstract: The present research aimed to better understand individual differences in attitudes towards emotions with a focus on anger. We report findings of four studies conducted with American and Polish individuals. Results showed that individuals who have more positive attitudes toward anger are higher in trait anger (Studies 1–4), are more likely to think about getting revenge (Study 1), and expect that getting revenge will make them feel good (Studies 1–2). In addition, these individuals are lower in agreeableness and lower in the tendency to engage in avoidance when angered (Studies 1–4). They score lower in humility (Studies 3–4), lower in secure romantic attachment but higher in anxious and avoidance attachment (Study 3). Finally, they are more likely to believe a wide range of conspiracies (Studies 2–4). Discussion focuses on the implications of these results.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Believe, express, and enjoy: utility beliefs about social emotion
expression consistently predict satisfactory outcomes-
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Abstract: The present study investigates the association between people’s beliefs about emotion and their overall satisfaction with a social interaction. We focus on three specific aspects to examine this association: (a) utility beliefs—a dimension of emotion beliefs; (b) emotion expression—an emotion channel; and (c) four social emotions—anger, other-embarrassment, gratitude, and other-pride. We examine whether people’s utility beliefs about expressing a social emotion can predict their evaluation of a social interaction when they express (vs. suppress) their social emotion. Results (N = 209) consistently show that when people express their social emotion, their utility beliefs positively predict their satisfaction with an event. However, when people suppress their gratitude, their utility beliefs negatively predict their satisfaction, an effect not observed in the other three emotion events. These findings corroborate the claim that emotion beliefs impact people’s emotional lives. Implications for research on emotion beliefs and motivated emotion regulation are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Beliefs about the ability to control specific emotions
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Abstract: People hold divergent beliefs regarding the controllability of their emotions. These beliefs can refer to emotion, in general, or to a particular emotion. But are beliefs about particular emotions distinct and emotion-specific or do they capture one general construct' To address this question, in this investigation, we tested the emotion-specificity of such beliefs. In Study 1 (N = 244), we assessed beliefs about the ability to control sadness, anger, and disgust, cross-sectionally. Beliefs about the ability to control specific emotions were associated but psychometrically distinct. As expected, beliefs about the ability to control a specific emotion were largely associated with experiences of that emotion at both the trait and state levels, although there was some overlap. In Study 2 (N = 157), we tested beliefs about the ability to control sadness and irritation in daily life, over 7 daily diaries. As expected, beliefs about the ability to control a specific emotion were associated with the respective trait emotion, and prospectively and differentially predicted experiences of that emotion in daily life. These findings demonstrate that although there is some commonality across them, beliefs about the ability to control particular emotions are emotion-specific. Accordingly, to better understand the experience and regulation of specific emotions, it may be useful to assess beliefs about the controllability of those emotions, in particular.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Keeping up appearances: the role of motives and utility beliefs in
expressive suppression-
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Abstract: We examined the role of impression management motives and utility beliefs in predicting suppression. In Study 1, 222 participants were assigned one of four motives (warmth, competence, pro-hedonic, control) during a job interview and reported their strategy use. In Study 2, 150 participants completed 9 days of experience sampling surveys assessing momentary emotion regulation motives and strategy use. In both studies, participants reported suppression utility beliefs. Lab results suggested a decreased preference for suppression when pursuing warmth motives over competence motives. This effect did not emerge when examining daily motives. In both studies however, people believed it was more useful to suppress negative than positive emotions, and more useful to suppress negative emotion when appearing competent than warm. Utility beliefs did not predict suppression or moderate motive-strategy links. Overall, there was mixed evidence about how suppression links to specific motives. Results suggest suppression is perceived as useful for certain impressions, but people do not act in accordance with these beliefs.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Predictors of aversion to happiness: New Insights from a multi-national
study-
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Abstract: Aversion to happiness is defined as the belief that experiencing or expressing happiness can cause bad things to happen. In this study, the fear of happiness scale was used to measure aversion to happiness in a multinational sample of adults from several countries (N = 871). Partial measurement invariance was supported for the fear of happiness scale. The study also examined 9 potential predictors of aversion to happiness: gender, age, religiosity, belief in collective happiness, perfectionism, belief in karma, belief in black magic, loneliness, and perception of an unhappy childhood. Bayesian multilevel modeling showed that, except for gender and religiosity, all predictors contributed significantly to the prediction of aversion to happiness. Together, the predictors explained about 28% of the variance in aversion to happiness. The strongest predictors were an unhappy childhood, perfectionism, belief in black magic and karma, and loneliness. This study provides new evidence for the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the fear of happiness scale in adult samples and sheds new light on the nomological network of aversion to happiness.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- All for one or one for all' Examining a parsing of emotion that is
informed by lay people’s values-
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Abstract: A system of values define how lay people behave and view the world. Critical to this system are the contrasting values of self-enhancement and self-transcendence, which differ in the degree to which they promote the pursuit of one’s own interests versus the interests of others. The present research investigated an alternative way of parsing emotion (valence x self-serving/other-serving) informed by these opposing values. In Study 1, findings from multidimensional scaling analyses supported the structural validity of self-and other-serving emotions. In Study 2, different groupings of self-and other-serving emotions were associated with interpersonally relevant traits. In Study 3, data gathered from informant report largely replicated findings regarding the importance of self-and other-serving emotions to individual difference variables. Further, self-serving and other-serving emotions were associated with self-enhancing and self-transcendent goals, respectively. In Study 4, using a daily diary design, experiencing self-serving emotions was most strongly associated with self-enhancing goals, whereas experiencing other-serving emotions was most strongly associated with self-transcendent goals.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Do liberals value emotion more than conservatives' Political partisanship
and Lay beliefs about the functionality of emotion-
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Abstract: Relying on feelings to guide thoughts and plans may be functional from the perspective of the individual but threaten the cohesion of social groups. Thus, liberals, who prioritize caring and fairness for individuals, may view emotion as more functional than do conservatives, who prioritize preserving social groups, hierarchies, and institutions. To test this, participants in three studies (total N = 1,355) rated political partisanship, beliefs about the functionality of emotion, and well-being. Study 3 also assessed how much participants prioritized “individualizing” versus “socially binding” values (Graham et al., 2011). Across all studies, the more liberal participants were, the more they viewed emotion as functional, despite reporting less emotional well-being. In Study 3, the link between liberalism and valuing emotion was mediated by more liberal participants’ greater endorsement of individualizing than socially binding values. These results suggest that emotion is viewed as more functional by those who prioritize the needs of individuals, but as less functional by those who prioritize the cohesion of social groups.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Valuing negative affect weakens affect-health linkages: similarities and
differences across affect valuation measures-
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Abstract: Negative affect (NA) has been robustly linked to poorer psychological health, including greater depressive symptoms, personal burnout, and perceived stress. These associations, known as affect-health links, have been postulated by our research team to vary with different levels of negative affect valuation (NAV), such that people who evaluate NA states as more pleasant, helpful, appropriate, and/or meaningful may show weaker affect-health links. Another affect valuation construct is ideal NA, which is the degree to which people ideally want to experience NA states (i.e., desirability of affective states). The current study extends previous research by examining these two different measures of affect valuation (NAV and ideal NA) and comparing the extent to which they moderate affect-health links for psychological health and functioning. Participants from the Health and Daily Experiences (HEADE) study (N = 162 comprising of 56 younger adults and 106 older adults) completed questionnaires in a laboratory setting and ecological momentary assessments of NA 6 times a day for 7 consecutive days (i.e., trait NA). The results demonstrated that the two affect valuation constructs were distinct and showed different patterns of buffering effects. NAV attenuated the association between trait NA and depressive symptoms, personal burnout, and intolerance of uncertainty. Ideal NA attenuated affect-health links for depressive symptoms and perceived stress. These findings point to the importance of sharpening the distinctions between various affect valuation constructs to elucidate their unique contributions to attenuating affect-health links.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Contextual variation in beliefs about emotion and associated emotion
regulation efforts-
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Abstract: Beliefs about emotion are clearly relevant for emotion regulation and psychopathology. Yet, understanding the dynamics of emotion beliefs (i.e., the situations and contexts in which beliefs may change over time) remains an important avenue of investigation. The current ecological momentary assessment study (n = 102) assessed nine different beliefs about emotion across a variety of contexts (location, activity, social context, consuming alcohol, eating food, drinking caffeine, subjective emotional experience, feeling invalidated, feeling tired, feeling creative). When participants reported feeling subjectively worse than usual, they also reported their emotion regulation strategies. Results revealed that all of the beliefs except beliefs about longevity (i.e., beliefs that emotions will last “forever”) were associated with at least one contextual factor. In addition, when people reported greater longevity beliefs, they also reported asking “why” (i.e., rumination), attempts to distract themselves, and escape behaviors. Results confirm that beliefs do vary by context, and within-person fluctuations in beliefs are associated with momentary emotion regulation strategies.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Exploring implicit theories of shame: developing a new scale assessing
shame-related beliefs-
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Abstract: Shame is conventionally regarded as a negative emotion with maladaptive effects. However, the rich connotations of the word shame suggest an adaptive function too (e.g., in restraining people from engaging in shame-inducing behaviors). This is the first research that examines the enhancing beliefs about sense of shame (i.e., utility of sense of shame) and debilitating beliefs about shame (i.e., consequences of shame), with a tool developed to assess these two beliefs among two independent samples of Chinese undergraduate students (N = 585 and 386). Findings confirmed the two-factor structure of the scale with acceptable internal consistency. Only the enhancing beliefs about sense of shame were positively correlated with adaptive shame coping and reappraisal emotion regulation, whereas only debilitating beliefs about shame were positively correlated with suppression emotion regulation. By exploring lay theories of shame and their potential differential associations with individuals’ resilience in the face of shame, this newly developed scale sheds light on multifaceted aspects of shame-related beliefs and coping.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- ‘Help, my teacher is pressuring me!’ The role of students’ coping
with controlling teaching in motivation and engagement-
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Abstract: Ample research has shown that a controlling teaching style is detrimental for students’ motivation and engagement in school. However, little is known about how students cope with such a teaching style. Therefore, grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the present study examines the role of four coping strategies (i.e. oppositional defiance, compulsive compliance, negotiation and accommodation) in students’ motivation and engagement. A repeated measures design with four weekly assessments was used to examine associations both at the between- and within-student level. The sample consisted of students from 4 to 6th grade (N = 433; 51% boys, Mage = 10.6 years). The findings showed that oppositional defiance exacerbated associations between controlling teaching and amotivation. The moderating role of both compulsive compliance and negotiation was limited. Accommodation buffered associations between controlling teaching and amotivation and low engagement at the within-person level of analysis. In addition to a moderating role, we also found evidence for a mediating role of coping. Specifically, controlling teaching related positively to oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance, which, in turn, were related to maladaptive student outcomes. Moreover, controlling teaching related positively to negotiation, which, in turn, related positively to adaptive student outcomes. Overall, the results underscore students’ active role in teacher–student dynamics. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-05-23
- Smiling at moral misbehaviors: the effect of violation benignness and
psychological distance-
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Abstract: Why do certain moral violations elicit amusement while others do not' According to McGraw and Warren’s (2010) benign-violation theory of humor, for a situation to elicit amusement it should involve a benign violation. Furthermore, the greater the psychological distance from the situation, the greater the amusement it will elicit. We tested this theory by recording spontaneous facial expressions and collecting self-ratings of amusement in response to classic scenarios of purity and harm violations, which we stated either from a psychologically close second-person perspective or a psychologically distant third-person perspective. A feature of these classic scenarios is that purity violations are relatively more benign (less malignant) than harm violations, which we independently found. The theory thus predicts more amusement elicitation for purity violations, which would be more pronounced when the hypothetical transgressor is a third party rather than the participant. We found that amusement was exclusively elicited by the more benign purity violations but no effect of psychological distance. Furthermore, the judged malignance of a violation was a strong predictor of amusement. Overall, the results partially support the benign violation theory of humor.
PubDate: 2023-05-22
- If the party is good, you can stay longer—effects of trait hedonic
capacity on hedonic quantity and performance-
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Abstract: Research suggests that people’s capacity to successfully pursue hedonic goals is at least as important for well-being as trait self-control. Extending this research, we tested whether trait hedonic capacity is related to more time spent with hedonic goal pursuit (i.e., hedonic quantity) and whether this explains its positive relationship with well-being. Second, we explored whether this may come at a cost for people’s performance. Results show that people with higher trait hedonic capacity do spend more time with hedonic goal pursuit (Study 1 and 2). However, hedonic quality not hedonic quantity accounts for its positive relationship with well-being. Further, people higher vs. lower in trait hedonic capacity perform equally well in their studies (Study 2) and their jobs (Study 3 and 4). Thus, trait hedonic capacity seems to allow people to invest more time into their hedonic goals in a way that does not jeopardize their academic and job performance.
PubDate: 2023-05-22
- Teacher anger as a double-edged sword: Contrasting trait and emotional
labor effects-
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Abstract: In contrast to teachers’ positive emotions, such as enjoyment and enthusiasm, teachers’ negative emotions and the regulation of negative emotions have received limited empirical attention. As the most commonly experienced negative emotion in teachers, anger has to date demonstrated mixed effects on teacher development. On the one hand, habitual experiences of anger (i.e., trait anger) exhaust teachers’ cognitive resources and impair pedagogical effectiveness, leading to poor student engagement. On the other hand, strategically expressing, faking, or hiding anger in daily, dynamic interactions with students can help teachers achieve instructional goals, foster student concentration, and facilitate student engagement. The current study adopted an intensive daily diary design to investigate the double-edged effects of teachers’ anger. Multilevel structural equation modeling of data from 4,140 daily diary entries provided by 655 practicing Canadian teachers confirmed our hypotheses. Trait anger in teachers was found to impair teacher-perceived student engagement. Daily genuine expression of anger corresponded with greater teacher-perceived student engagement; daily faking anger impaired perceived student engagement, and daily hiding anger showed mixed results. Moreover, teachers tended to hide anger over time, and were reluctant to express anger, genuine or otherwise, in front of their students. Finally, genuine expression and hiding of anger had only a temporary positive association with teacher-perceived student engagement, with student rapport being optimal for promoting sustained observed student engagement.
PubDate: 2023-05-16
- Extending self-determination theory’s dual-process model to a new
tripartite model to explain diminished functioning-
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Abstract: In a three-study investigation, we pursued three purposes: (1) extend self-determination theory’s dual-process model to a new tripartite model—to recognize that environmental conditions sometimes render a psychological need dormant; (2) better explain adolescents’ diminished functioning; and (3) develop the Three States Questionnaire (TSQ). In Study 1, 402 high schoolers reported the satisfied, frustrated, and dormant state of their psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) during classroom instruction to develop the TSQ. In Study 2, 320 high schoolers reported their satisfied, frustrated, and dormant states as well as 17 indicators of their effective, defiant, and diminished classroom functioning. The TSQ showed excellent psychometric properties, and the predictive power of the tripartite model was superior to that of the dual-process model in the prediction of all five indicators of diminished functioning (e.g., disengagement). In Study 3, 457 high schoolers’ perceived teachers’ motivating styles (supporting, controlling, and neglecting) predicted their three need states (satisfied, frustrated, and dormant), which predicted the quality of their classroom functioning (effective, defiant, and diminished). Overall, the dormant state was distinct from the other two states, it uniquely explained diminished functioning, and the tripartite model out-predicted the dual-process model.
PubDate: 2023-05-14
- Implicit and explicit learning of socio-emotional information are not
related to the level of depressive symptomatology-
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Abstract: Past research has found that depression is associated with a multitude of deficits in processing social stimuli. These deficits might impair the implicit (unconscious) learning of socio-emotional regularities, an essential process for adaptive social functioning. In contrast, previous research on adaptive functions of depression suggests that dysphoric states can be associated, in some circumstances, with increased accuracy in detecting regularities. However, a direct assessment of implicit learning of socio-emotional regularities in depression has not yet been conducted. In the present studies, we adapted the Artificial Grammar Learning task to induce implicit and explicit learning of regularities that govern social emotional stimuli (facial emotional expressions in Experiment 1) and social stimuli without explicit emotional content (body movements in Experiment 2). We assessed participants’ learning and awareness of these regularities, as well as their levels of depression. In both experiments, Bayesian analyses showed that the depressive symptomatology was neither associated with a learning deficit, nor with a learning advantage. This was the case for participants’ overall performance, as well as for their implicit and their explicit learning performance. Our results contradict most previous findings and show that, even though depressive symptoms are associated with a variety of socio-cognitive deficits, they do not hinder the ability to implicitly or explicitly learn regularities within social contexts. Our results also show some constraints on the types of abilities that can be enhanced by depressive states.
PubDate: 2023-05-09
- The interpersonal correlates of believing emotions are controllable
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Abstract: Our beliefs about whether emotions are controllable influence how we approach our own emotions – but what about others’ emotions' Such beliefs should shape how we respond to others, but past literature suggests two competing hypotheses: if believing someone else’s emotions are controllable has similar beneficial outcomes as believing one’s own emotions are controllable, such beliefs may predict more supportive interpersonal responding. Alternatively, if believing someone else’s emotions are controllable instead activates evaluative social judgments, such beliefs may predict more unsupportive interpersonal responding. Across two studies Needs to read (Ns 309, 314), believing a depressed person’s emotions were more (vs. less) controllable predicted more unsupportive interpersonal responses: more negative responses (e.g., more avoidance) and less positive responses (e.g., less support). These beliefs were also associated with a greater likelihood of trying to regulate the person’s emotions across various emotion regulation tactics. Our results suggest that beliefs about emotion controllability have important implications for how we respond to others experiencing depression and distress.
PubDate: 2023-05-05
- Lay perspectives on emotion: past, present, and future research directions
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Abstract: Empirical research has demonstrated that individuals vary widely in how they view their emotions. We call the viewpoints that individuals have towards their emotions emotion perspectives. While many subdisciplines of psychology, such as social psychology and clinical psychology, have studied this topic, research thus far can be siloed, despite overlap in terms and constructs. The goal of the current special issue and this introduction is to describe the state of research on emotion perspectives, highlight common themes in streams of emotion perspective research, and present future directions for investigation. The first portion of this introduction to the special issue provides a basic review of emotion perspective research, spotlighting topics such as emotion beliefs, emotion mindsets, lay theories of emotion, and attitudes toward emotion. The second portion of the introduction presents themes that cut across papers in the special issue, with a discussion of future research directions throughout. The goal of this introduction and special issue is to serve as a guide for greater integration in emotion perspective research and to provide a roadmap for emotion perspective research moving forward.
PubDate: 2023-04-17
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