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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods
Number of Followers: 2  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 2509-9930 - ISSN (Online) 2509-9949 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Design and development of strip electrode power supply for HEPS wiggler
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Abstract: Purpose The high-energy photon source (HEPS) is the first fourth-generation synchrotron photon source in China (Jiang et al. in Sci Sin Phys Mech Astron 44:1075–1094, 2014). The strip electrode and its power supply provide necessary hardware support for correcting the magnetic field of the wiggler as reported by Zhao and Yin (Particle accelerator technology, Higher Education Press, Beijing, 2006). The design of the conventional power supply for accelerators, with a large output current and high output voltage, making it easy to achieve high stability of the output current. The strip electrode power supply poses difficulties in achieving high stability due to its small output current and voltage. Because of size limitations, as well as the requirements of the power architecture, there are currently no commercial products for this type of power supply. Methods Designed and developed 32 strip electrode power supplies. Considering the large number of power supplies and limited space, a rack structure design was adopted, placing all power supplies in one rack. The main circuit of the power supply adopts a full bridge transformation structure (Chao et al. in Radiat Detect Technol Methods 6:470–478, 2022), and the control scheme adopts full digital control based on FPGA (Long and Cheng in At Energy Sci Technol 43:780–784, 2009). The power supply has two control modes: local operation and remote operation as reported by Lu (Particle accelerator technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 2010). Results The test shows that all power supplies meet the indicator requirements, with a stability of less than 100 ppm. Conclusions The strip electrode power supply can effectively correct the multipole integral field error and improve the integral field performance of the wiggler.
PubDate: 2023-11-26
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- A review on emerging materials with focus on BiI3 for room-temperature
semiconductor radiation detectors-
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Abstract: Purpose Considerable advances in the fundamental knowledge and applications of radiation science have led to significant progress and development of room-temperature semiconductor radiation detectors (RTSD). The RTSDs technologies are continuously evolving with accelerated research and material engineering in the last decade. Significant scientific and technological advancements have led to development of high-performance radiation detectors with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), better sensitivity, faster response and higher-resolution with capability of desired room-temperature operation. This paper is a review on emerging semiconductor radiation detector materials with a deeper insight into the prospective role of Bismuth tri-iodide (BiI3) for room-temperature radiation detectors. Methods An introduction of the state of art of most developed semiconductor materials, i.e., cadmium telluride (CdTe), mercury iodide (HgI2), lead iodide (PbI2), etc., and a critical examination of properties, shortcomings and challenges related to their synthesis have been elaborated. Polymer-semiconductor composites with desirable properties and their integration into detector devices is also presented. Subsequent sections discuss the role of BiI3 as an emerging radiation detector material for room-temperature operation with an in-depth discussion on the role of defects in charge transportation and electrode configuration. Furthermore, the current challenges along with the future prospects of these materials for radiation detection to promote continuous innovation and practical applications are also elaborated. Conclusion The comprehensive review on latest developments in room-temperature radiation detector materials is expected to help establish a technological roadmap for the synthesis, fabrication and commercialization of novel materials for development of efficient radiation detectors.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
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- The performance of out-of-time events of the follow-up X-ray telescope
onboard Einstein probe-
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Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of out-of-time events (OoT events) in the Follow-up X-ray Telescope (FXT) onboard the Einstein Probe. The OoT events, registered on the PN-CCD during its readout time, can provide information on the sources, e.g., spectral indices, and diagnose the behavior of pile-up. Methods: In order to analyze the characteristics of OoT events, we simulated sources, each of which had been modeled using an absorbed power law combined with Gaussians, in different FXT modes and different luminosities. This allowed us to determine the OoT spectral indices and pile-up effect. Results: In the timing mode of FXT, the OoT events occupy a large proportion and the OoT correction must be done with the assumption that all photons originate from the source position on the CCD. While for some bright sources, the OoT events may be sufficient to derivate the source spectra, especially when pile-up occurs, particularly in the full frame mode and the partial window mode of FXT. Conclusion: We conclude that the OoT events can provide additional information about the celestial sources and can be used to estimate whether the pile-up occurs or not and the scope of pile-up. Furthermore, they can be also used to determine the new sources and improve the detection significance of a source.
PubDate: 2023-11-18
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- Design and simulation of a novel 4H-SiC LGAD timing device
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Abstract: Purpose Silicon-based fast timing detectors have been widely used in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, space exploration and other fields in recent years. However, silicon detectors often require complex low-temperature systems when operating in irradiation environment, and their detection performance decreases with the increase in the irradiation dose. Compared with silicon, silicon carbide (SiC) has a wider band gap, higher atomic displacement energy, saturated electron drift velocity and thermal conductivity. Simultaneously, the low-gain avalanche detector avoids cross talk and high noise from high multiplication due to its moderate gain, and thus can maintain a high detector signal without increasing noise. Aim Thus, the 4H-SiC particle detector, especially the low-gain avalanche detector, has the potential to detect the minimal ionizing particles under extreme irradiation and high-temperature environments. Method In this work, the emphasis was placed on the design of a 4H-SiC low-gain avalanche detector (LGAD), especially the epitaxial structure and technical process which play main roles. In addition, a simulation tool—RASER (RAdiation SEmiconductoR)—was developed to simulate the performances including the electrical properties and time resolution of the 4H-SiC LGAD we proposed. Conclusion The working voltage and gain effectiveness of the LGAD were verified by the simulation of electrical performances. The time resolution of the LGAD is (35.0 ± 0.2) ps under the electrical field of −800 V, which is better than that of the 4H-SiC PIN detector.
PubDate: 2023-11-16
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- Design and development of module management controller for MicroTCA.4
standard-
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Abstract: Objective The MicroTCA.4 (MTCA.4) standard systems have been widely used in large-scale scientific facilities such as synchrotron radiation light sources and FELs over the world, covering RF control, beam instrumentation, timing, machine protection, and so on. The MTCA.4 module management controller (MMC) realizes intelligent management of the boards in the chassis through bus protocol and system interaction. It is an important functional module in MTCA.4 standard system. Methods In order to meet the requirements of the large scientific facilities, an MMC module was designed and developed. This design can realize power management of Advanced Mezzanine Card (AMC) and Rear Transition Module (RTM) boards, as well as monitoring the temperature, voltage, and current during operation. The core part of this module is limited into an area of 3 cm \(\times \) 3 cm on the AMC board, leaving large space for subsequent development of functional circuit. Results An AMC board was developed to verify functions of the MMC. Test results indicate that this board is compatible with existing MTCA.4 standard system. Conclusions This MMC solution can be directly and modularly applied to the design of MTCA.4 standard hardware.
PubDate: 2023-11-14
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- Building of a ton-scale liquid argon prototype detector
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Abstract: Background Based on the unique PSD characteristic which essentially relies on the detector light yield, liquid argon detector is widely used for dark matter searching experiment. The experimental study of how to get larger light yield for a ton-scale liquid argon detector is worth to be carried out. Purpose A ton-scale liquid argon prototype detector is built to check the detector implementation as well as the light collection efficiency. Methods A ton-scale single-phase liquid argon prototype detector is built in the surface laboratory for scalable detector construction experience. The detector adopts the classical spherical arrangement mode to obtain a large PMT photocathode coverage. Forty-two PMTs are immersed in the liquid argon, and polymer materials are used to construct the PMT supporting structures. Totally about 2.2 tons of liquid argon is used, of which about 160 kg is the active volume. In this paper the details of the experiment as well as the detector performance are introduced. Results Experiment results show that the light yield reaches 6.3 PE/keV, with an effective photon collection efficiency of 74.3% achieved.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
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- The growth progress of Nb films on Cu: a molecular dynamics simulation
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Abstract: Background Superconductive Nb films deposited on copper cavities has been widely studied, but simulation studies on the growth of Nb films have rarely been reported in the literature. Methods In this study, effects of Nb atom incidence energy, incidence angle and deposition temperature on Nb film growth were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Results It was found that for the growth of Nb films, a moderate increased the incidence energy of Nb atoms can attenuate the shadow effect, and both too high and too low incident energy are not conducive to the production of high quality Nb films, and the substrate temperature mainly affects the quality of the crystal structure of Nb films. Conclusion In a word, Nb atoms with higher incidence energy (i.e. 10 eV) deposited vertically on Cu substrates at 473.15 K are more favorable for the growth of Nb films with lower surface roughness, higher crystallinity and fewer defects, providing an important reference for the preparation of high quality superconductive Nb films on SRF cavities.
PubDate: 2023-10-31
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- Upgrade of the sextupole field for beam instability mitigation in rapid
cycling synchrotron of China Spallation Neutron Source-
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Abstract: Background The China Spallation Neutron Source incorporates a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) that operates by accumulating protons at 80 MeV and subsequently accelerating them to 1.6 GeV within a time span of 20 ms. The beam is guided to striking the tungsten target for neutron source. Purpose As a space charge dominated machine, the RCS is subject to space charge effects and momentum spread, hereby influencing the tune spread. To address this issue, sextupole magnets, powered by two families of DC power supply, were initially employed to decrease the absolute value of chromaticity and to control the tune spread. The head-tail instability has been observed during the RCS beam commissioning. Method The beam tests and simulations were conducted, revealing that tuning the chromaticity proved to be an effective mitigation strategy. However, to achieve better control over the tune spread and further suppress the instability, the DC sextupole field has been upgraded to an AC sextupole field, aiming to provide dynamic for controlling the chromaticity over an acceleration cycle. Results and conclusion Thanks to the upgraded of AC field, the instability has been fully mitigated with beam power of 100 kW and the transmission in the RCS has been improved by ~ 2% from 96 to 98%. With help of AC sextupole at present, the beam power in the RCS is increased to 140 kW.
PubDate: 2023-10-30
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- New progress of the miniaturized microwave ion source at Peking University
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Abstract: Abstract The generation of plasma in a microwave ion source involves confining electrons using a static magnetic field and energizing them with an electromagnetic field that transmitted into the plasma chamber. However, according to electromagnetics theory, there is always a cut-off size in circular wave guides for a given frequency. For a 2.45 GHz microwave, this dimension is 72 mm, which should theoretically prevent transmission of the microwave into the discharge chamber and no plasma can be generated. Since 2006 Peking University (PKU) has successfully developed a series of permanent magnet 2.45 GHz microwave ion sources (PKU PMECRs) with a discharge chamber less than 50 mm, capable of delivering tens of mA beams for accelerators. To explain this anomalous phenomenon, a hybrid discharge heating (HDH) mode that combines surface wave plasma and electron cyclotron heating has been proposed. This HDH mode not only successfully explains PKU PMECRs, but also predicts that the optimized inner diameter of the plasma chamber is 24 mm, which is confirmed by experiments involving different liners in the miniaturized microwave ion source.
PubDate: 2023-10-26
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- A comparative analysis of radon (222Rn) concentration in the different
water sources of Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir-
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Abstract: Introduction Radon, a known carcinogen, is the second largest cause of lung carcinoma as per the World Health Organisation. The primary purpose of the present research is to examine and compare the concentrations of radon gas (222Rn) in different sources of water in the Lar and Ganderbal tehsils of the district of Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir. Higher groundwater 222Rn concentrations indicate higher indoor radon concentrations and long-term radon exposure is extremely harmful to human health as it increases the risk of developing lung cancer. Method A scintillation-based radon monitor called the smart RnDuo was used to quantify the amount of radon activity present in water samples collected from different locations of Lar and Ganderbal regions of district Ganderbal. Results Average radon (222Rn) concentration of 1.84 BqL−1 was found in tap waters, 3.73 BqL−1 in surface waters, 16.56 BqL−1 in borewells, and 20.82 BqL−1 in springs. The higher radon concentration in groundwater is because of the direct and prolonged interaction of uranium-rich rocks and soil with the water. Hence, monitoring and regulating radon levels in these water sources is crucial to ensure public health and safety.
PubDate: 2023-10-17
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- A compensation circuit for the gain temperature drift of silicon
photomultiplier tube-
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Abstract: Background Silicon photomultiplier tube (SiPM) has been widely applied in high energy physics experiments. The wide field of view Cherenkov telescope array of Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) consists of 12 arrays of SiPMs. Each of the array includes \(32*32\) pixels. Large Array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (LACT), the next generation of particle astrophysics experiment, will also adopt SiPM arrays. Purpose LACT will located at a high altitude, leading to a significant operating temperature variation of the SiPM. Since the gain of SiPM is temperature-sensitive, in order to keep it stable, compensation for the gain is necessary by adjusting the bias voltage of SiPM. Methods The compensation circuit provides the bias voltage of SiPM by using a high-voltage output Digital-to-Analog Converter and several high-voltage output amplifiers. To reduce the temperature drift of the gain, the compensation circuit adjust the bias voltage of SiPM according to the operating temperature. Results The compensation circuit supplies SiPM with an adjustable bias voltage from 0 to 80 V, and the adjustment step is 1.22 mV. When the output voltage of the compensation circuit is 64 V, the voltage ripple is 2.59 mV, and the temperature drift is 0.17 mV/℃. In the temperature range from − 20 to 30 °C, the compensation circuit reduces the gain temperature drift of SiPM to within 2%.
PubDate: 2023-10-16
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- Assessment of dead layers thickness of an HPGe detector after an extended
operating period using response surface methodology and Box–Behnken
design-
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Abstract: Purpose This work aims to study the increase in dead layer thickness of an HPGe N-type detector during its operational period from 2012 to 2018. Methods The dead layer was examined along three Ge-crystal surfaces, such as outer frontal, outer lateral, and inner lateral. These parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design (BBD). The Monte Carlo calculations using the GAMOS (Geant4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations) code were performed to evaluate the detector’s efficiency at different values of the inactive germanium layer. Results and conclusion The optimal combination of dead layer thickness has been identified using the desirability function approach, which is a useful tool to optimize multi-response problems. To find the variation in dead layer thickness over the operational period, the optimization procedure was reiterated for both experimental efficiencies measured in 2012 and 2018. The obtained results show that dead layers thickness has increased from 0.6141 mm to 0.7447 mm, 0.0803 mm to 2.2721 mm, and 1.5012 mm to 1.6091 mm for the outer frontal, outer lateral, and inner lateral surfaces, respectively.
PubDate: 2023-10-15
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- Tissue-specific trace elements concentration and human health risk
assessment in three marine fish species from Visakhapatnam to Kakinada
coasts-
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Abstract: Purpose The current study was aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn) in the gills, liver and muscle of three distinct marine fish species, namely Nemipterus japonicas, Upeneus vittatus and Pampus argenteus species were collected from Visakhapatnam to Kakinada coastal waters. Methods The fish tissues were analyzed for trace metals using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). To ensure the quality control, reliability of the experimental validation, two certified reference materials (CRMs) procured from National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST SRM 1577c-Bovine Liver) and European Commission-Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (ERMBB422-Fish muscle) were analyzed using EDXRF. Results The evaluated estimated daily intake (EDI) values for each metal are below the reference dose levels established by World Health Organisation (WHO). The target hazard quotient (THQ) values of both the locations of the present study are lower than one (< 1) except for arsenic and the combined target hazard quotient (CTHQ) values are higher than one (> 1) showing the presence of health risk. The cancer risk (CR) factor value for arsenic was below the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk (10–5). The levels of heavy metals varied significantly among three fish species and organs. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn were slightly higher than the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Turkish food codex and Brazilian Legislation standard levels. The findings of this study revealed that muscles possessed the lowest concentrations mostly of all the metals when compared with liver and gills. Conclusion The study concluded that consumption of the muscle tissue may not pose severe health risk to human health but should be consumed moderately to prevent bioaccumulation of the metals especially As.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
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- Development of the pulse bump magnet in HEPS
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Abstract: Purpose In the extraction process from booster to storage ring (BTS) for high energy photon source (HEPS), the implementation of four pulse bump magnets plays a crucial role in creating a localized bump. This serves to effectively reduce the upstream kicker strength and facilitate the extraction procedure. In this paper, the development of four pulse bump magnets is presented, which were meticulously designed and thoroughly discussed, taking into consideration dynamic characteristics of the pulse magnet such as magnetic field, eddy current, induced voltage, and vibration. Methods The magnetic field and eddy currents of the pulse bump magnet were calculated through simulation using OPERA/ELLEKTRA, based on the 3D model. The design of the magnet incorporated the utilization of eddy currents within the vacuum chamber to achieve improved field uniformity. Furthermore, the measurements were performed to validate the magnet's design. Results The central magnetic field, integral magnetic field, effective length, and field uniformity measured for the first magnet meet the design specifications. The temperature measurement of the first magnet indicates that the temperature in the magnet was within acceptable limits. The measurement results for the other three magnets are consistent with those of the first one. Conclusions The magnetic field performances of four pulse bump magnets meet the physical requirements for beam extraction in BTS of HEPS. Additionally, the magnets have demonstrated reliable operation during extended testing periods.
PubDate: 2023-10-09
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- Analysis and mitigation of bump magnetic field tracking errors in a
multiturn injection system-
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Abstract: Purpose The Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI) is a cluster of accelerators designed to simulate the cosmic radiation environment by generating particles of various types and energies. Among these accelerators, a synchrotron in the 300 MeV proton and heavy ion accelerator complex utilizes a multiturn injection scheme with four bump magnets to accumulate proton and heavy ion beams effectively. However, the bump magnetic field experiences a rapid drop rate of up to 1000 T/s, inevitably leading to a deviation (field tracking error) from the ideal magnetic field. The injection efficiency and particle distribution are significantly affected by this field tracking error, as evaluated by the ACCSIM code. Method During the device testing stage, the sources of field tracking errors were identified by analysis of the bump power supplies and the field of the magnets. Mitigation techniques were then implemented to reduce the field tracking error from \(\pm 35\) to \(\pm 1.9\%\) throughout the entire power supply, transmission cable, and magnet chain. Results Moreover, the successful injection and accumulation of beams during the operational phase of the synchrotron confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation methods. Additionally, a magnetic field measurement system was developed to monitor the magnetic field tracking error online. Conclusion The combination of the field tracking error mitigation methods and the measurement system provides valuable guidance for optimizing the magnetic fields with rapid drop rates.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
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- Waveguide distribution system of the HEPS linac
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Abstract: Purpose The High-Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a 6 GeV storage ring-based light source under construction in Beijing, China. Its accelerator consists of a 6 GeV storage ring, a full-energy booster, an S-band normal-conducting 500 MeV linac, and three transport lines. As the beginning of HEPS, a stable linac is quite important, which needs a qualified waveguide distribution system to transmit microwave power from klystrons to accelerating structures. Methods Installation and high-power conditioning of the HEPS linac were performed from February to September 2022. The assembly and conditioning of the waveguide distribution system were completed in April and July, respectively. The design of the waveguide distribution system began in 2018 and was finalized at the end of 2020 after multiple iterations. Results Owing to careful design, fabrication, and assembly preparation, the assembly and conditioning of the system proceeded smoothly and considerable time was saved. Conclusion The entire process from the design to the ultimate realization of the system is introduced in detail in this paper. Satisfactory measurement results were obtained for some waveguide components.
PubDate: 2023-09-17
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- PandA(Box) flies on Bluesky: maintainable and user-friendly fly scans with
Mamba at HEPS-
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Abstract: Purpose Fly scans are indispensable in many experiments at the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). PandABox, the main platform to implement fly scans at HEPS, needs to be integrated into Mamba, the experiment control system developed at HEPS based on Bluesky. Methods In less than 600 lines of easily customisable and extensible backend code, provided are full control of PandABox’s TCP server in native ophyd, automated configuration (also including wiring) of “PandA blocks” for constant-speed mapping experiments of various dimensions, as well as generation of scans deliberately fragmented to deal with hardware limits in numbers of exposure frames or sequencer table entries. Results The upper-level control system for PandABox has been ported to Bluesky, enabling the combination of both components’ flexibility in fly-scan applications. Based on this backend, a user-friendly Mamba frontend is developed for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping experiments, which provides fully online visual feedback.
PubDate: 2023-09-10
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- Design of digital controller for HEPS corrector power supply
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Abstract: Purpose In order to realize the control of current closed loop in HEPS corrector power supply, a digital control board is designed. Methods The control board uses the latest FPGA to realize digital processing and uses two different AD chips to realize current and voltage sampling, respectively. In order to achieve high-precision closed-loop control, an effective closed-loop control program is designed. Results The controller has been widely used in HEPS projects, and its control effect has been proved. Conclusions In order to realize control and reduce power cost, the controller is designed. The testing experiments show that the controller has excellent performance, reliable operation and low cost.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
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- Characterization of FEEWAVE, a low-power waveform digitizer ASIC with
15-ps time resolution-
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Abstract: Purpose FEEWAVE is a chip with a waveform digitizer based on a switched capacitor array (SCA). A SCA uses capacitor arrays to store waveforms and exhibits low-power consumption and high time resolution performance. However, the limitations of the chip manufacturing process induce sampling interval and digitization deviations between different cells, which affects the performance of the chip. Methods Calibration was performed on the SCA sampling part on the FEEWAVE chip to obtain more accurate digitized output and time intervals between the sampling cells. Experiments were carried out according to the proposed amplitude and time calibration methods, and the time resolution of the chip was further improved by a fitting algorithm. Results and conclusion Through the calibration algorithm, the time resolution of the SCA sampling part of the chip reached 9.0 ps after calibration. In the self-test of the electronics time performance, the time measurement after leading-edge fitting and calibration was approximately 12.3 ps. In the joint test with silicon photomultiplier detectors, the time resolution of the SCA part was low and comparable to the resolution of the oscilloscope after calibration algorithm and waveform fitting.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
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- Equalization for the low-response cells of the AMS-02 electromagnetic
calorimeter-
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Abstract: Purpose Performing precision equalization on the low-response detection units of electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), it is essential for precision energy measurements of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02). Methods Cosmic helium nuclei are used instead of protons to perform the equalization. During the equalization, temperature effects are analyzed and corrected to improve the accuracy. Results The results of helium equalization are consistent with proton equalization, and the precision of helium equalization is about 1.5%. Conclusions The precision of helium equalization is better than that of proton equalization, which provides a reliable alternative to ECAL on-orbit equalization.
PubDate: 2023-07-03
DOI: 10.1007/s41605-023-00408-x
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