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Anatomical Science International
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.367

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 3

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1447-6959 - ISSN (Online) 1447-073X
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2468 journals]

Water-soluble dye staining of the flap nutrient artery and its perforator
branch in cadavers embalmed using saturated salt solution and urea
methods: does demonstration using a dye-stained cadaver increase a
trainee’s level of skill acquisition'
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  Abstract: Abstract Cadaveric surgical training (CST) can safely improve surgical skill. Recently, various innovations have made surgical training more realistic. Saturated salt solution (SSS) and urea methods are useful for plastic surgery training, because they better preserve the color and texture of soft tissues than formalin fixation (FA). Microvessels are invisible to the naked eye, and in this study, we visualized skin perforators by injecting dye into the flaps of nutrient vessels during hand and foot surgery. During each CST session, the instructor used three cadavers for demonstration. From 2017 to 2021, these cadavers were not stained, whereas from 2022 to 2023, the cadavers were stained to enhance the visualization of nutrient and perforating vessels. We compared the self-rated skill gains of participants who observed demonstrations on unstained cadavers from 2017 to 2021 and participants who observed demonstrations on stained cadavers from 2022 to 2023. Among 36 participants from the 2022–2023 group, 28 rated the staining of nutrient vessels and perforating branches as adequate. Of 32 participants, 29 preferred the use of dyed cadavers during training. Trainee skill increase for the digital artery flap, reverse digital artery flap, and dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap was significantly higher in 2022–2023 (with stained cadavers) than in the earlier course without stained cadavers. SSS-fixed and urea-treated cadavers combined with vascular staining may be useful training models for flap elevation.
  PubDate: 2025-02-02
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-025-00823-8
Anatomic variations in origin and coursing of the transverse cervical
artery: morphogenesis and relation to the high arch-shaped subclavian
artery
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  Abstract: Abstract This case report presents an atypical transverse cervical artery with its detailed anatomy, morphogenesis, and association with the high arch-shaped subclavian artery. The atypical arteries, related arteries, and adjacent cervical and brachial plexuses were macroscopically examined in a 98-year-old Japanese female cadaver donated to The Nippon Dental University for medical education and research. The atypical deep branch of the transverse cervical artery originated from the internal thoracic artery and passed through between the C5 and C6 roots, in close contact with the C5 and C6 junction, to reach the dorsal side of the brachial plexus. The right subclavian artery exhibited a high arch-shaped coursing and traveled approximately 18 mm higher than the left subclavian artery. This atypical transverse cervical artery exhibits a combination of rare variations in its origin and course. The previous reports revealed that the transverse cervical artery arising from the proximal part of the subclavian artery tends to pass the lower part of the brachial plexus. However, this does not apply to the present case, implying that this atypical artery develops in a different manner from those previously described. Furthermore, the high arch-shaped subclavian artery in this case presumably arose by the suspension of the atypical transverse cervical artery at the C5 and C6 roots junction in a pulley-like structure. Clinicians performing pre- and intraoperative evaluations of neck surgery and catheterization of related arteries should consider that congenital anatomic variations in the transverse cervical artery may have cause anomalous subclavian artery coursing.
  PubDate: 2025-01-27
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-025-00822-9
Featuring the morphology: impossible, inseparable, instable, innumerable
and infinite
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  PubDate: 2025-01-24
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-025-00824-7
Temporal expression and specific localization of tenomodulin with
reference to vascular endothelial growth factor A and calcitonin
gene-related peptide in developing diaphragm in mice
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  Abstract: Abstract Tenomodulin (TNMD) is related to chondromodulin-1, a cartilage-derived growth regulator. It is specifically expressed in hypovascular connective tissues, including tendons and ligaments. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) correlate with angiogenesis and neurogenesis, respectively, during development. Because of that the morphological profiles of TNMD, VEGF-A, and CGRP distributions in developing diaphragm are still unclear, we aimed to determine the expression of mRNA and proteins of these 3 markers during the development of the central tendon of the diaphragm (CTD) and the surrounding diaphragm tissue in mice. Male mice from the embryonic and postnatal periods [embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), E17.5, postnatal day 1 (P1), and P5] were used and their mRNA and protein expressions were assessed using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that TNMD was preferentially detected in muscle–tendon junction of the CTD at E17.5 and P1, in contrast to scattered distribution of CGRP and VEGF-A throughout the diaphragm from E14.5 to P5. These findings may provide fundamental information concerning the role of the TNMD in the CTD development.
  PubDate: 2025-01-15
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00821-2
The appearance of external genital organs and anogenital distance in male
fetal cadavers
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  Abstract: Abstract This study aimed to determine the normal size of the male external genital organs and anogenital distance in human fetuses during the fetal period through the anatomic morphometric method. The study was performed on 104 spontaneously aborted human male fetuses aged between 10 and 39 weeks of gestation. Fetuses were divided into groups according to gestational weeks, months, and trimesters. Parameters belonging to the male external genital organs were measured, including penile length and width, transverse scrotal diameter, anterior–posterior scrotal diameter, the distance from the anterior and posterior aspect of the penis to the center of the anus, and the anogenital distance. The mean of each parameter was computed by gestational weeks, months, and trimester groups, and data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. The mean of each parameter increased with gestational age, and statistically significant differences were observed between trimester groups. A high correlation was also determined between gestational age and the parameters measured.
  PubDate: 2025-01-13
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00819-w
Investigation of the dorsal cutaneous nerve injury risk and portal safety
related to wrist surgery: an anatomical study
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  Abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to define the branching patterns and innervation regions of the superficial branch of the radial nerve and the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and to evaluate the distance from 1–2, 3–4, 4–5, midcarpal radial, midcarpal ulnar, dorsal radioulnar joint, 6-radial, 6-ulnar dorsal arthroscopy portals to certain landmarks on the dorsal surface of the hand and wrist. Forty hands and wrists of 20 formalin-fixed intact cadavers without any known pathology, surgical scars or trauma were examined in the Macroscopy Laboratory of Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy. Arthroscopy portals were placed using a dorsal approach to the wrist in the dissection method. In our study, the distances between the closest branch to the portal of the superficial branch of the radial nerve and the 1–2, 3–4, and midcarpal radial portals were 3.7 ± 2.0, 9.7 ± 3.8, and 8.0 ± 3.4 mm, respectively. And the distances between the closest branch to the portal of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and the 4–5, 6-radial, 6-ulnar, and midcarpal ulnar portals were 18.3 ± 3.8, 7.1 ± 4.4, 2.5 ± 1.8, and 15.4 ± 4.4 mm, respectively. This study demonstrated that the results can guide surgeons in procedures such as the pin fixation of distal radius fractures, where surgeons may not always perform blunt dissection or expose nerves. The findings of the portal replacement would help any surgical procedure on the dorsal wrist be performed with caution.
  PubDate: 2025-01-06
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00820-3
Correction: The anatomy of the common iliac artery: a meta-analysis based
on 5785 cases
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  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00815-0
Envisioning the future of ASI: reflections on the 100th anniversary
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  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00810-5
Some comments about “comparative morphometric analyses of the 2:4 finger
ratio and nasal structure in young adults”
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  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00807-0
The brachioradialis longus: an unreported accessory form of the
brachioradialis muscle
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  Abstract: Abstract The brachioradialis muscle (BR) belongs to the lateral forearm muscle. Typically, the radial nerve innervates it. BR morphological variability, such as split muscular belly, split tendon, or accessory BR (ABR), has been described in the current literature. A 68-year-old female donated cadaver was routinely dissected for research and educational purposes. A variant muscle was identified extending at the right arm’s lateral and forearm compartments. It originated from the humerus lateral surface between the deltoid and the triceps brachii lateral head, joined the second muscular head from the brachialis muscle, and inserted into the radius styloid process. According to its origin, course, and insertion, the variant muscle probably corresponded to the BR accessory form. However, in the current literature, the ABR morphology corresponds to an accessory muscle originating adjacent to the typical BR and inserted into the radial tuberosity. At the same time, it was defined as “brachioradialis brevis.” In the current case, the variant muscle differed significantly from the current literature due to the origin, insertion, length, and relationship with the typical BR; therefore, the term “brachioradialis longus” seemed adequate to describe this variant muscle.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00787-1
The anatomy of the common iliac artery: a meta-analysis based on 5785
cases
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  Abstract: Abstract The common iliac arteries (CIA) are the main finals branches of the abdominal aorta. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to demonstrate the most up-to-date and evidence-based data regarding the general anatomy of the CIAs, including their length, take-off angles, and diameters. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched to find all studies considering the anatomy of the CIA. Eligibility assessment and data extraction stages were performed. The results of the measurements in a total of 5785 patients were evaluated and included in the statistical analysis. The prevalence of the origin variations of the CIA has been evaluated. CIA was found to most commonly originate at the level of L4 vertebrae with a pooled prevalence of 59.49% (95% CI 48.00–70.50%). The overall mean length of the CIA was 5.59 mm (SE: 0.13), and the mean diameter of the CIA was 10.52 mm (SE: 0.85). The knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the CIA is crucial in lumbar spine surgery, especially when performing the anterolateral approach to L4 and L5 vertebrae. Furthermore, the level of the aortic bifurcation has significant implications related to vascular surgery in this region. We performed the present meta-analysis to standardize the extensive information on the anatomy of the CIAs.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00808-z
A three-headed plantaris muscle with a bipartite insertion of its two
accessory heads
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  Abstract: Abstract The plantaris muscle consists of a small muscular and a long tendinous part and is located at the superficial compartment of the posterior leg. The purpose of the current cadaveric report is to describe a rare variant of the plantaris muscle. During a routine dissection, a three-headed plantaris with two accessory heads was identified with a variant insertion of the two accessory heads. All heads originated from the femur popliteal surface, independently the one from the other. The first head contributed to the long and thin calcaneal tendon, and the two accessory heads were mainly inserted via their musculoaponeurotic expansion into the medial femoral condyle. The plantaris muscle morphological variability has been extensively studied lately. The incidence of the two-headed muscle has been estimated at 1.6%, while the three-headed muscle corresponds to an even rarer variation. This is the third case reported in the English literature, while the insertion of the two accessory heads has never been described before.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00794-2
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injuries
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  Abstract: Abstract Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) commonly occur following head trauma. TBI may result in short- and long-term complications which may lead to neurodegenerative consequences, including cognitive impairment post-TBI. When investigating the neurodegeneration following TBI, studies have highlighted the role reactive astrocytes have in the neuroinflammation and degeneration process. This review showcases a variety of markers that show reactive astrocyte presence under pathological conditions, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Crystallin Alpha-B (CRYA-B), Complement Component 3 (C3) and S100A10. Astrocyte activation may lead to white-matter inflammation, expressed as white-matter hyperintensities. Other white-matter changes in the brain following TBI include increased cortical thickness in the white matter. This review addresses the gaps in the literature regarding post-mortem human studies focussing on reactive astrocytes, alongside the potential uses of these proteins as markers in the future studies that investigate the proportions of astrocytes in the post-TBI brain has been discussed. This research may benefit future studies that focus on the role reactive astrocytes play in the post-TBI brain and may assist clinicians in managing patients who have suffered TBI.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00778-2
Retrospective evaluation of ponticulus posticus prevalence, sella turcica
types, and stylohyoid complex calcifications in a group of Turkish
population
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  Abstract: Abstract The aim of this retrospective analysis was to assess the incidence of ponticulus posticus and stylohyoid ligament calcification and to evaluate the morphological variations of the sella turcica within the Turkish demographic using CBCT scans. Involving a retrospective review of 460 CBCT scans and utilizing the NewTom 3G system, the study analyzed high-quality CBCT images to investigate ponticulus posticus, stylohyoid ligament calcifications, and sella turcica morphology. The ponticulus posticus was examined for complete or partial formations, while the stylohyoid ligament was classified according to its elongation and calcification patterns. The sella turcica was categorized into six distinct morphological types, enhancing the understanding of structural variations in the context of the Turkish population. The calcification patterns of the styloid processes were examined on both sides of 380 individuals, revealing the highest prevalence in the ‘d’ and ‘e’ categories on the right, and similar findings on the left among 373 individuals. Symmetric calcification patterns were more common, with 68.4% symmetry observed. For the sella turcica, category ‘a’ was the most frequent among 363 individuals. Analysis of ponticulus posticus absence and presence showed a majority lacking this feature on both sides, with complete and partial forms less common. The study highlights the anatomical variability and bilateral symmetry of the styloid processes, sella turcica, and ponticulus posticus, illustrating that these structures do not significantly vary with gender or age. These results hold clinical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of related conditions, prompting further investigation into their impact on patient care.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00785-3
Distribution pattern of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal
mesenteric arteries to the gastrointestinal tract in the common marmoset
(Callithrix jacchus)
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  Abstract: Abstract Gastrointestinal diseases pose problems to captive common marmosets. Therefore, knowledge of the anatomy of the arterial supply to the gastrointestinal tract is an important prerequisite for implementing appropriate veterinary care. The common marmoset’s intestinal tract has a well-developed cecum specialized for the fermentative digestion of tree gums. This specialized gastrointestinal tract may have a unique pattern of arterial distribution. This study aimed to elucidate the species-specific gastrointestinal tract arterial anatomy of the common marmoset. We traced the celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal mesenteric arteries in six male and nine female common marmosets using the latex injection method. We found that the celiac artery gave rise to the left gastric, common hepatic, splenic, and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries. In addition to these arteries, the celiac artery gave origin to the middle colic or jejunal arteries in seven or one cases, respectively. The branches of the cranial mesenteric artery consisted of 3–6 arteries, including the middle colic, caudal pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, right colic, ileocolic, and ileal arteries, as well as a common trunk of the ventral cecal and ileal branches, and the dorsal cecal and colic branches. In four cases, the cranial mesenteric artery gave rise to the jejunal, ileocolic, and ileal arteries. In one of the 13 cases, the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries formed a common trunk. The caudal mesenteric artery branched into the left colic, sigmoid, and cranial rectal arteries in all the cases. These findings provide an anatomical basis for gastrointestinal veterinary care of common marmosets.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00788-0
Bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis coexisting with bovine aortic
arch: case report and literature review
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  Abstract: Abstract This case study aims to elucidate the rare occurrence of bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis combined with a bovine aortic arch. The main objectives are to explore the incidence, embryological origins, clinical manifestations, and associated anomalies of this unique vascular condition. The study involves a detailed investigation of a 55-year-old male with a history of recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) using MRI and CT scan. The patient’s medical history, clinical examination, and imaging results were systematically analyzed to provide a thorough understanding of the anatomical variations. The main findings include the rare coexistence of bilateral ICA agenesis and a bovine aortic arch, making this the 39th documented occurrence of bilateral ICA agenesis and the first recorded instance of its association with a bovine aortic arch. Also, the study highlighted the demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, and associated anomalies observed in the 38 documented cases of bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis. This case report contributes valuable insights into the rarity of bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis and its unprecedented association with a bovine aortic arch. The findings emphasize the importance of heightened anatomical awareness in clinical practice, particularly. Recognizing and understanding such variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and improved patient outcomes. Further research in this area is warranted to deepen our understanding of these complex vascular anomalies.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00795-1
Rare origin of the sinoatrial node artery: an anatomic report and a brief
review of the literature
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  Abstract: Abstract Several studies reported anatomical variations in the sinoatrial node artery (SANa). Here, we report a rare variation in the origin of the SANa on a human adult male cadaver. During dissection, we identified the SANa originating from a large atrial branch of the right coronary artery (RCA). This branch originates at the level of the inferior border of the heart and courses upwards. The initial part of this vessel is tortuous, and then it follows a straight path parallel to the RCA along the anterior surface of the right atrium. After this part, the artery curves posteriorly and to the left until it reaches the lower border of the right auricle, where it closely approaches the RCA. Finally, the artery runs posteriorly and to the right to follow a course along the medial wall of the right auricle and right atrium to reach a location close to the region of the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium, where it follows its path buried in the myocardium. After perforating the myocardium, this vessel gives rise to branches that are distributed to both atria in addition to the SANa. The SANa runs to the sinoatrial node in a precaval (anterior to the superior vena cava) course. We also tried to characterize the vessels radiologically. The knowledge of the anatomical variations of the SANa is of the utmost importance for cardiologists and heart surgeons to better understand cardiac disease and accurately plan and execute cardiac interventions and surgical procedures.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00779-1
The effect of growth hormone on motor findings and dendrite morphology in
an experimental Parkinson’s disease model
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  Abstract: Abstract Approaches for the induction of neurogenesis and neuronal recovery through several modalities are gaining popularity in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Growth hormone (GH) seems to have a role in the reversal of neural function following brain injury as well as in normal brain development and function; therefore, the use of GH may represent a feasible strategy in the management of PD. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the effect of growth hormone on motor function and dendrite morphology in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were included and randomly allocated into one of the six study groups: two controls and four treatment groups that received daily subcutaneous growth hormone injections for 21 days, 1, 2, and 3 months. PD model was induced through unilateral 6-OHDA injection to the nigrostriatal pathway. The following assessments were made: apomorphine rotation test, stepping test, and tissue examinations for tyrosine hydroxylase and dendrite morphology. The apomorphine rotation test and the stepping test confirmed the presence of PD. These tests as well as dendritic spine density/number and length assessments showed improvement in PD findings over time with GH administration. Findings of this study suggest that GH administration may improve dendrite morphology and motor function in the PD model, which may translate into symptom relief and quality of life improvement in patients with PD. Such potential benefits should be tested in robust clinical studies.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00790-6
An extensor digitorum brevis manus coexisting with the typical extensor
indicis muscle: a rare dissection finding
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  Abstract: Abstract The forearm extensor muscle and hand extensor tendons are composed of several structures with unique anatomy identified with high morphological variability. During a routine dissection of a 74-year-old donated male cadaver, the right hand was isolated for educational purposes. After carefully dissecting the structures, an accessory muscle was identified. The accessory muscle corresponded to the extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) inserted into the extensor indicis (EI) tendon, which was typically identified. According to the current literature, this occurrence corresponds to a rare variant, with 0.36–0.38% prevalence between the cadaveric studies. Knowledge of the hand extensor musculature is essential for orthopedics and plastic surgeons operating in the region to avoid iatrogenic injury.
  PubDate: 2025-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00793-3
Comparative morphometric analyses of the 2:4 finger ratio and nasal
structure in young adults
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  Abstract: Abstract The 2:4 finger ratio (2D:4D ratio) refers to the length ratio of the second to the fourth finger of the hand. Studies on the 2D:4D ratio have long established that this ratio tends to be lower in males than in females. Our study aims to investigate the correlation between the 2.4 finger ratio and nasal structure among young adults aged 18–25 through detailed morphometric analysis. The study was conducted on 205 students (Female:127, Male:78) aged between 18 and 25 years studying at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine. Morphometric measurements of the hand and nose were also measured and recorded by the same researcher. The volunteers were divided into eight groups for age and four groups for BMI. Statistical analysis was performed and p < 0.05 was considered significant. The evaluation revealed significant differences between sexes and the 2D:4D ratio. While no significant relationship was found between age and the 2D:4D ratio, correlations were present with some nasal parameters. A significant relationship was found between the BMI and the right hand 2D:4D ratio (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between the BMI and certain nasal parameters. Furthermore, significant relationships were identified between the 2D:4D ratio and certain nasal parameters (p < 0.05). The data obtained from our study will contribute to the understanding of nasal development, sex determination in forensic medicine, and the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies related to the nose. Additionally, it will assist clinicians involved in planning any nasal operations in describing anatomical points related to this region.
  PubDate: 2024-08-04
  DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00792-4

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