JournalTOCs

Adversity and Resilience Science : Journal of Research and Practice
Number of Followers: 3

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 2662-2424 - ISSN (Online) 2662-2416
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2468 journals]

Childhood Adversity, Emotional Well-Being, Loneliness, and Optimism: a
National Study
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  Abstract: Optimism and loneliness, which reflect the expected inverse associations with excess morbidity and mortality, are theoretically and empirically associated with early adversities and offer potential avenues for clinical support. The current study first estimates latent classes of adverse childhood experiences and, second, assesses the role of these experiences on later reports of optimism and loneliness in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, and the role of emotional regulation and common mental disorders. Surveys were conducted in a longitudinal household sample of adolescents recruited in 2013 (average age of 20 at wave 6 follow-ups). The analytic sample included 1177 female and male respondents representative of their age group in the USA at baseline. Latent classes were estimated based on 10 indicators of childhood adversity. Respondents were assigned to classes using posterior probabilities of latent class membership, and class membership was used to predict psychological outcomes in multivariable models. Three latent classes of childhood adversity were identified in the current sample, representing low childhood adversity (81.5%), higher probability of family dysfunction with lower levels of interpersonal abuse (13.4%), and high adversity including higher probabilities of parental discord and violence as well as child abuse (5.1%). Both classes of respondents who faced greater childhood adversity were more likely to report greater loneliness and lower optimism in emerging adulthood. Results were attenuated by measures of emotional well-being. Addressing adolescent loneliness and supporting optimistic outlooks in emerging adulthood are two pathways with potential benefits to reduce mental and physical morbidities.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Development and initial validation of a short form of the Memories of Home
and Family Scale
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  Abstract: Background The Memories of Home and Family Scale (MHFS; Shevlin et al., 2022) was developed as a multidimensional measure of subjective memories of experiences at home and with family during childhood. Due to the length of the scale, a short version of the MHFS (MHFS-SF) has been developed. Data were from Wave 7 of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium Study (C19PRC-UK), a population based UK survey (N = 1405). Two items with the highest factor loadings from each of the six dimensions of the original MHFS were selected for inclusion. Confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) models were estimated to test the dimensionality of the scale. Convergent and discriminant validity were tested by examining associations with criterion variables. CFA results supported the multidimensionality of the scale. MHFS-SF total and sub-scale scores were negatively correlated with measures of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and paranoia, and were positively correlated with wellbeing. Regression analyses revealed that MHFS-SF total and sub-scale scores significantly predicted loneliness, paranoia, and wellbeing, even after accounting for age, gender, and current internalising symptoms. Results from this study suggest that the MHFS-SF scores retain the excellent psychometric properties of the original scale while improving efficiency. The MHFS-SF demonstrated high levels of convergent and discriminant validity with mental health and wellbeing measures. Future research should seek to validate the MHFS-SF in different populations and assess its usefulness in clinical settings.
  PubDate: 2023-04-29
The worst and the best: new insights into risk and resilience in young
adults from the COVID-19 pandemic
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  Abstract: Historic declines in young people’s mental health began to emerge before the COVID-19 pandemic. In the face of this youth mental health crisis, the pandemic constituted a naturalistic stressor paradigm that came with the potential to uncover new knowledge for the science of risk and resilience. Surprisingly, approximately 19-35% of people reported better well-being in the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic than before. Therefore, in May and September 2020, we asked N=517 young adults from a cohort study to describe the best and the worst aspects of their pandemic lives (N=1,462 descriptions). Inductive thematic analysis revealed that the best aspects included the deceleration of life and a greater abundance of free time, which was used for hobbies, healthy activities, strengthening relationships, and for personal growth and building resilience skills. Positive aspects also included a reduction in educational pressures and work load and temporary relief from climate change concerns. The worst aspects included disruptions and changes to daily life; social distancing and restrictions of freedoms; negative emotions that arose in the pandemic situation, including uncertainty about the future; and the growing polarization of society. Science that aims to reverse the youth mental health crisis must pay increased attention to sources of young people’s distress that are not commonly measured (e.g., their educational, work, and time pressures; their fears and uncertainties about their personal, society’s, and the global future), and also to previously untapped sources of well-being – including those that young people identified for themselves while facing the COVID-19 pandemic.
  PubDate: 2023-04-27
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in
2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review
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  Abstract: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) represent traumatic contexts negatively impacting mental health. Additional adversity is experienced by 2SLGBTQIA + persons, in the forms of discrimination and rejection. While minority stress theory predicts greater mental health challenges for 2SLGBTQIA + persons, resilience theory proposes pathways of adaptation. Little attention has been given to the impact of ACEs among 2SLGBTQIA + adults and the role of resilience. Given the emergent literature base, a scoping review, adhering to Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework, documents the extent and nature of extant research in this complex area. Peer-reviewed, English-language publications investigating relationships between ACEs, resilience, and mental health among 2SLGTBQIA + persons were searched from five databases (EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and CINAHL). s and full texts were reviewed by two authors independently. Data were charted and synthesized qualitatively. Searches yielded 16,183 records; of these, 11,915 abstracts and 76 full texts were reviewed, and 19 studies (eight qualitative, 11 quantitative) were included. Most studies did not explore all ACEs on the original, 10-item ACE questionnaire. ACEs, especially child sexual abuse, were elevated in 2SLGBTQIA + persons and linked with poorer mental health, exacerbated by intersecting oppressions (i.e., racialization). Studies assessing the effects of resilience on the ACE-mental health relationship found mediation or moderation meriting further empirical clarification. Though 2SLGBTQIA + identity is associated with greater ACEs and poorer mental health in adulthood, higher resilience buffers or explains the ACE-mental health relationship. Resilience interventions may counter minority stress experienced by 2SLGBTQIA + persons.
  PubDate: 2023-04-14
Family Risk Exposure Profiles During Early Childhood: Developmental
Processes and Adolescent Well-Being
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  Abstract: Although prior work indicates that exposure to multiple family risk factors negatively impacts adjustment in childhood and adolescence, few studies have examined whether children in high-risk families transition in and out of adversity during early childhood and whether patterns of change matter for adjustment in adolescence. Using data from a sample of 216 caregiver-child dyads participating in a study of prenatal cocaine exposure (116 exposed and 100 non-exposed; 50.9% girls), we used latent transition analysis to identify distinct profiles of early exposure to caregiver substance use (SU) and SU-related familial risk (caregiver psychological distress, exposure to violence, harshness, and low sensitivity) and the association between these profiles and adolescent well-being (i.e., hope, happiness, and life satisfaction). Assessments occurred when children were 13, 24, 36, and 48 months and during kindergarten (Mmonths = 66.16, SD = 4.47) and early adolescence (Myears = 13.26, SD = 0.88). Caregivers self-identified as 72.09% Black, 15.81% White, 10.23% Hispanic/Latinx, 1.40% other, and 0.47% American Indian. Four profiles of varying levels of exposure to caregiver SU and SU-related risks were identified from infancy to kindergarten: SU/family risks, no SU/low family risks, SU/negative parenting, and SU/low family risks. Most children stayed in the same profile (64.2%), while the rest transitioned between profiles. Children exposed to caregiver SU and family adversity had lower positive outcomes in adolescence. Stable membership in the SU/family risks profile had significant maladaptive consequences on adolescent well-being. Implications for research and the design of tailored interventions to promote well-being among at-risk youth are discussed.
  PubDate: 2023-04-10
Defining and Measuring Resilience in Children with a Chronic Disease: a
Scoping Review
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  Abstract: More than 25% of all children grow up with a chronic disease. They are at higher risk for developmental and psychosocial problems. However, children who function resiliently manage to adapt positively to these challenges. We aim to systematically review how resilience is defined and measured in children with a chronic disease. A search of PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and PsycINFO was performed on December 9, 2022, using resilience, disease, and child/adolescent as search terms. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion according to predefined criteria. Extraction domains included study characteristics, definition, and instruments assessing resilience outcomes, and resilience factors. Fifty-five out of 8766 articles were identified as relevant. In general, resilience was characterized as positive adaptation to adversity. The included studies assessed resilience by the outcomes of positive adaptation, or by resilience factors, or both. We categorized the assessed resilience outcomes into three groups: personal traits, psychosocial functioning, and disease-related outcomes. Moreover, myriad of resilience factors were measured, which were grouped into internal resilience factors (cognitive, social, and emotional competence factors), disease-related factors, and external factors (caregiver factors, social factors, and contextual factors). Our scoping review provides insight into the definitions and instruments used to measure resilience in children with a chronic disease. More knowledge is needed on which resilience factors are related to positive adaptation in specific illness-related challenges, which underlying mechanisms are responsible for this positive adaptation, and how these underlying mechanisms interact with one another.
  PubDate: 2023-04-10
Relationships Among Adverse and Benevolent Childhood Experiences, Emotion
Dysregulation, and Psychopathology Symptoms
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  Abstract: This cross-sectional study sought to examine adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs), and emotion dysregulation as they relate to psychopathology symptoms (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], anxiety, depression) in university students in emerging adulthood. Students at a United States university (N = 1,498) completed an online survey during the fall 2021 and spring 2022 semesters. Measures include the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale—Short Form, PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, Patient Health Questionnaire 8, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Scale. ACEs significantly related to greater symptoms and positive screens for PTSD, depression, and anxiety. BCEs significantly related to fewer symptoms and positive screens for PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Emotion dysregulation was a significant mediator of relationships between ACEs and all symptom types (direct and indirect effects were both significant, supporting partial mediation). Emotion dysregulation was a significant partial mediator of relationships between BCEs and all symptom types (direct and indirect effects were both significant, supporting partial mediation). Results showed significant small moderation effects of BCEs on the relationships of ACEs-emotion dysregulation, ACEs-depression symptoms, ACEs-anxiety symptoms, and emotion dysregulation-PTSD symptoms. Implications for colleges and universities are discussed.
  PubDate: 2023-03-31
Childhood Centeredness is a Broader Predictor of Young Adulthood Mental
Health than Childhood Adversity, Attachment, and Other Positive Childhood
Experiences
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  Abstract: This study introduced the novel concept of Centeredness, a measure of the emotional atmosphere of the family of origin and a target adult individual’s perception of feeling safe, accepted, and supported from childhood primary caregivers and other family members. This study developed a Centeredness scale for adult respondents and tested hypotheses that higher levels of overall Centeredness would predict lower levels of depression and anxiety symptoms; suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs); and aggressive behavior; and higher levels of life satisfaction. Predictive effects of Centeredness were compared against attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, and adverse and benevolent childhood experiences (ACEs and BCEs). Participants were recruited via the Prolific-Academic (Pro-A) survey panel into two large independent samples of US young adults aged 19–35 years [Sample 1 (test sample), N = 548, 53.5% female, 2.2% gender non-conforming, 68.3% White, recruited before the pandemic; Sample 2 (replication sample), N = 1,198, 56.2% female, 2.3% gender non-conforming, 66.4% White; recruited during the pandemic]. Participants completed the novel Centeredness scale, which showed strong psychometric properties, and standardized, publicly available assessments of childhood experiences and mental health outcomes. Centeredness was the only variable that significantly predicted each mental health outcome across both samples. BCEs predicted all outcomes except aggressive behavior in the test sample. Centeredness and BCEs were also the only two variables that significantly predicted a dimensional mental health composite in both samples. Neither attachment-related anxiety and avoidance nor ACEs were as broadly predictive. The Centeredness scale assesses emotional aspects of childhood family relationships with individuals of diverse backgrounds and family compositions. Clinical and cultural implications are discussed.
  PubDate: 2023-03-23
Relations Between Stress-Adapted Communication Skills and Toxic Social
Networks Among Young Adults with Childhood Adversity
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  Abstract: Adverse childhood experiences are associated with deleterious outcomes across the lifespan. However, some individuals who grow up in adverse environments may develop stress-adapted skills or resilience factors that enable them to function in their current lived environments. This study explored whether communication is a stress-adapted skill among young adults with co-occurring forms of childhood adversity and the extent to which these communication skills are implicated in toxic social networks. This cross-sectional study included 384 young adults, ages 18–35 years, who completed an online survey. Mixture modeling was used to conduct latent class models estimating subgroups of young adults with co-occurring forms of early adversity; then, regression models estimated the association between communication skills and toxic social networks among subgroups. Four latent classes were identified: (1) high childhood adversity; (2) high to moderate household dysfunction and emotional abuse; (3) high emotional abuse and moderate physical abuse and emotional neglect; and (4) low or no childhood adversity. Results from regression models indicate that participants classified in the high emotional abuse and moderate physical abuse and emotional neglect class had more adaptive communication skills with friends than their counterparts in the low or no childhood adversity class, and participants in the high childhood adversity or low or no childhood adversity classes with higher communication skills were less likely to report toxic social networks. Findings suggest that stress-adapted communication skills may be one resilience factor that supports adaptation among young adults with early adversity exposures.
  PubDate: 2023-03-15
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00093-1
Historical Trauma and Loss Among South East Asians: Examination of a
Modified Scale of Historical Loss
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  Abstract: Historical trauma and loss are central to the mental health of Southeast Asian refugees who have endured collective grief due to multiple losses stemming from genocide, civil war, and political violence. This study examines the relevance of historical loss for the mental health of Southeast Asian refugee populations by examining the reliability and validity of the modified Historical Loss Scale, originally developed for Native Americans. To validate the modified Historical Loss Scale, data from 212 Southeast Asian adults was examined. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine the factor structure and construct validity was examined via bivariate correlations and multivariate regression analyses with measures of depression and anxiety. Results indicated that the modified scale appropriately assesses experiences of historical loss and related distress, following the structure identified in the original scale for Native Americans, and indicated good internal consistency reliability and satisfactory construct validity. The measure will be an important tool for examining historical loss and trauma among refugee populations, and their effects continue in the subsequent generations through intergenerational trauma.
  PubDate: 2023-03-14
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00091-3
Exploring Interrelatedness of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Infancy and
Toddlerhood: Using Latent Class Approaches to Examine Developmental
Outcomes
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  Abstract: Researchers have documented that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), particularly in the absence of a nurturing caregiver, can negatively impact cognitive, social-emotional, and physical development. ACEs can be co-occurring, which increases the number of adversities that individuals may experience. Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (N = 2361), this study examined the interrelatedness of ACEs for 14-month-old children. Three classes of ACEs exposures were identified: ACEs-Low (N = 1431, 60.6%), ACEs-Parent Maltreatment Risk (N = 636, 26.9%), and ACEs-Household Dysfunction (N = 294, 12.5%). Class membership was significantly associated with children’s cognitive, social-emotional, and physical development. Children in the ACEs-Parent Maltreatment Risk group had lower developmental scores across many domains than children in the ACEs-Low group, including cognitive and language development, and social-emotional measures. Children in families with greater household dysfunction (ACEs-Household Dysfunction) had fewer differences in development from the ACEs-Low group of children, primarily in domains that measure emotionality and in parent rating of health. Our study suggests that infants experience patterns of ACEs, which are differentially associated with outcomes at 14 months of age. Results highlight the need for informed early intervention efforts to mitigate the effects of ACEs.
  PubDate: 2023-03-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00066-w
Cultural Dynamics, Substance Use, and Resilience Among American
Indian/Alaska Native Emerging Adults in Urban Areas
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  Abstract: Identity development during emerging adulthood helps lay down the structure of values, social bonds, and decision-making patterns that help determine adult outcomes, including patterns of substance use. Managing cultural identity may pose unique challenges for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) emerging adults in “urban” areas (away from tribal lands or reservations), who are relatively isolated from social and cultural connections. This isolation is in turn a product of cultural genocide and oppression, both historically and in the present day. This paper uses qualitative data from 13 focus groups with urban AI/AN emerging adults, parents, and providers to explore how cultural dynamics are related to substance use outcomes for urban AI/AN emerging adults. We found that cultural isolation as well as ongoing discrimination presents challenges to negotiating cultural identity, and that the AI/AN social and cultural context sometimes presented risk exposures and pathways for substance use. However, we also found that culture provided a source of strength and resilience for urban AI/AN emerging adults, and that specific cultural values and traditions — such as mindfulness, connection to nature, and a deep historical and cosmological perspective — offer “binding pathways” for positive behavioral health. We conclude with two suggestions for substance use prevention and intervention for this population: (1) incorporate these “binding pathways” for health and resilience explicitly into intervention materials; (2) emphasize and celebrate emerging adulthood itself as a sacred cultural transition.
  PubDate: 2023-03-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00058-w
Father-Child and Mother–Child Relationships as Predictors of
Injury-Risk Behaviors in Toddlers
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  Abstract: To date, few researchers have focused on the role that the parent–child relationship can play in children’s risk-taking, and none has done so while taking into account the father-child relationship. This paper examines two types of parent–child relationships, the attachment relationship and the activation relationship, both of which are theoretically connected to children’s exploration of their physical and social environment. The first objective of this study was to verify the prediction that the parent–child activation relationship in infancy as assessed with the risky situation procedure (RS) would be associated with toddlers’ risk-taking behaviors, and that parent–child attachment relationship as assessed with the strange situation procedure (SSP) would not. The second objective was to verify the prediction that the mean risk-taking scores of children in overactivated dyads would be significantly higher than those of children in activated and underactivated dyads. The third objective was to test the prediction that father-child overactivation would have a greater effect on children’s risk-taking than mother–child overactivation would, especially for boys. One hundred eighty-two father-child and mother–child dyads underwent the RS and the SSP between the ages of 12 and 18 months, and both parents filled out the Injury Behavior Checklist to assess risk-taking behaviors at 24–30 months old. As expected, the results show that parent–child attachment is not associated with risk-taking and confirm the positive association between both mother–child and father-child overactivation and children’s risk-taking. Only father-child overactivation significantly predicted child risk-taking when both father-child overactivation and mother–child overactivation were included in the same model. Finally, the higher the mother–child overactivation score, the more boys take risks that can lead to injury. This could mean that boys are more sensitive than girls to lack of maternal supervision, at least at this young age.
  PubDate: 2023-03-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00068-8
The Relationship Between Spirituality and Resilience and Well-being: a
Study of 529 Care Leavers from 11 Nations
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  Abstract: Research has found that individuals who were separated from parental care and experienced alternative care settings during childhood are more likely to have poor outcomes as adults. This highlights the importance of understanding factors that are related to resilience and well-being for care leavers. A growing body of research has supported the importance of spirituality in our understanding of resilience and well-being. However, little work to date has examined the relationship of spirituality to outcomes in care leavers. The current study investigated the relationships between spirituality, resilience, well-being, and health in a sample of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. It also examined how different themes of spirituality were related to specific outcome variables. Data revealed that spirituality was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, better mental and physical health, and more resilience even when accounting for current age, gender, age at separation, Human Development Index scores, and childhood adversity. Furthermore, findings indicate that different themes of spirituality are related to specific outcome variables, even when accounting for demographic information. Findings indicate that spirituality may play an important role in resilience and well-being for care leavers. Implications and limitations are discussed.
  PubDate: 2023-02-11
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00088-y
“It’s Always About Sharing, and Caring, and Loving, and Giving”:
Decolonized and Transcendent Indigenist Foodways Fostering Health and
Resilience
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  Abstract: Centuries of historical oppression have targeted and undermined Indigenous foodways, which fundamentally disrupts the culture and wellness, yet decolonized, resilient, and transcendent Indigenist practices persist. The purpose of this research was to use the framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence (FHORT) to understand foodway practices among Indigenous peoples. Given a limited understanding of how foodways may promote health and wellness, the focal research questions for this critical ethnographic inquiry were as follows: (a) How do participants describe Indigenist foodways' (b) How do Indigenist foodways reflect decolonized values and practices' and (c) How may Indigenist foodways be promotive for health and wellness' Data were drawn from 31 participants across a rural, reservation-based Southeast (SE) region and an urban Northwest (NW) region. Reconstructive data analysis revealed the following emergent themes: (a) Indigenous Values of Generosity Expressed Through Foodways: “It’s Always About Sharing, and Caring, and Loving, and Giving”; (b) Gardening, Subsistence, and Food Sharing: “You Bring Enough for Everybody to Share”; and (c) Decolonized Feasts and Foodways: “Everybody Pitch in and Help as Much as They Can.” Despite centuries of historical oppression, participants reported decolonized values, worldviews, and foodways that reflected unity, cooperation, sharing, and social cohesion and caring, which were promotive factors for family resilience, health, and cultural identification. This research provides promising pathways about how Indigenist foodways remain salient in daily and cultural life, reflect decolonized values and practices, and may be promotive for health and wellness within the natural world.
  PubDate: 2022-12-26
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00086-6
Associations Between Food Skills and Resilience in Adults Ages 18 to 45 in
the USA During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020 April–June): A Brief Report
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  Abstract: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, there were limited options for eating away from home, obligating many US adults to prepare foods at home, a situation that provided an opportunity to examine relationships between food skills, resilience, and coping in the initial months of the pandemic. This research surveyed a convenience sample of adults (n = 134; 18–45 years of age) from the Phoenix Metropolitan area when a “stay at home” pandemic directive was mandated in the state of AZ. The study objective was to explore how food skills correlated to resilience and whether resilience directly related to the ability to manage oneself during this time. Previously validated measures for food skills and resiliency were utilized for the online questionnaire, which also included the question, “I was able to manage myself during the Coronavirus Pandemic.” The Spearman’s rank order correlation test and a linear, stepwise regression analysis were used to examine relationships between scores. Participants scored at the 77% percentile for total food skill proficiency, and at the 84th percentile for resilience. Both total food skills and resilience were correlated to the ability to self-manage during COVID-19 (r = 0.246 and r = 0.444, respectively; p ≤ 0.004). The stepwise linear regression model retained only the food skill domain “food selection and planning” as a significant predictor of resilience (standardized coefficient, 0.278; 99% CI [− 0.056, 0.414]; p < 0.05). These data suggest that resilience and food skills factored into participants’ ability to self-manage during the COVID-19 mandate, “stay at home.”
  PubDate: 2022-12-20
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00087-5
Parenting in the Context of Adversity: Investigating Buffering Effects of
Positive Relationships and Community Connections
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  Abstract: Research on adverse childhood experiences demonstrates long-term implications of childhood abuse and family dysfunction for health and well-being in adulthood. The present study expanded prior research on the effects of adverse experiences in childhood to include community-based childhood adversities (e.g., community violence) and to investigate childhood adversities in relation to later parenting/maltreatment risk. We used a resilience framework to examine whether current resources (e.g., social support, community engagement) would buffer early adversity. A diverse U.S. sample (19% Black, 36% Hispanic, 37% White, non-Hispanic) of young mothers (approximately 700 at study enrollment) completed interviews and questionnaires at multiple timepoints during pregnancy and early parenting. Data focused on intrafamilial and community-based childhood adversity (e.g., abuse, mental illness, community violence), current protective factors (e.g., social support from peers, father of child, and family; neighborhood and community connections), and parenting maltreatment risk (e.g., parenting stress, Child Protective Services reports). Mothers reported considerable childhood adverse exposures (30% reported exposure to 7–11 adversities; 31% reported fewer than 3 adverse exposures); many also reported considerable protective factors (27% reported 4–7 protective factors); one-third reported having 0–1 protective resources. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of adverse exposures and protective resources associated with parenting outcomes. Three patterns were identified: (1) Adversity with Low Protective Factors; (2) Supported Early Parenthood; and (3) Challenging Early Parenthood. Results highlight that current social support can buffer the effects of adversities experienced during childhood and may protect the next generation from similar adverse exposures.
  PubDate: 2022-12-06
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00085-7
Positive Development and Parenting in the Face of Adversity: A Survey of
Emerging Adults
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  Abstract: Adverse childhood experiences may hinder young people from developing the positive traits and abilities they need to successfully navigate life. While parenting has been shown to support this development, its protective influence in the context of adversity is yet to be explored. This paper investigates the associations between emerging adults’ positive development and single and/or multiple experiences of adversity, and if parenting moderates those associations. Data from a new cross-sectional quantitative survey (n = 693; 28.2% male; aged 18–25 years) were used to measure positive development at age 18–25, adversities experienced up to age 18 (maltreatment, parental separation, and household substance use problems, mental health conditions, incarceration and domestic violence), and parenting received at age 15 (connectedness, hostility, and monitoring). Moderated multivariate logistic regressions indicated that respondents were at increased risk for low positive development if they had experienced cumulative adversity or lower monitoring. A significant interaction and visualised trends indicate that a higher level of hostility was associated with increased risk for low positive development only in respondents with no reported ACEs. The results indicate that young people who experience multiple types of adversity, parental hostility, and/or a lack of monitoring, may be less likely to develop the skills and attributes required to successfully tackle the challenges of life. Further investigation is warranted to tease out the multi-faceted relationships between these constructs and identify how and why adversity and parenting may impact young people’s ability to thrive.
  PubDate: 2022-11-15
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00082-w
Mechanisms to Enhance Resilience and Post-traumatic Growth in Residential
Care: a Narrative Review
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  Abstract: Residential care is primarily considered most appropriate for young people with complex needs, often due to multi-type traumas. Children in care are disproportionately disadvantaged, with children in residential care most vulnerable, which is why it is so important to understand mechanisms that support resilience and post-traumatic growth for this group of young people. This review aimed to advance our understanding of how interventions, reflections upon experience, and constructs of resilience can enhance developing resilience in children’s homes for young people in care. International quantitative and qualitative studies were sought to identify features and mechanisms of care that underpin developing resilience. Following a systematic search of six databases, 25 papers were selected for review, with a total sample of 3198 individuals up to the age of 30 years old who were either receiving residential care (N = 3037) or who were care leavers (N = 161). Themes from the quantitative studies and a narrative synthesis of qualitative studies were developed. Therapeutic mechanisms and processes to support the development of resilience included experiencing love and trust with staff in homes through therapeutic relationships, nurturing self-compassion, promoting self-value and self-belief, positive future thinking, problem-focused coping, school engagement, constructing a positive origin story, and positive visualisations of a stable future. Measures of resilience could more accurately reflect post-traumatic growth and potential for resilience development for this unique group of young people, which in turn could inform intervention design and evaluation. Measures appreciative of intrapersonal, relational, community and environmental factors could be particularly useful for intervention design.
  PubDate: 2022-09-24
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00074-w
Calculating “At-Risk” Rates and Service Utilization Disparities in
Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education Services
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  Abstract: Children with disabilities or developmental delays need to engage with intervention services as early as possible. Although prior research has recorded prevalence estimates and information about disparities in accessing early intervention (EI) services for children from birth to age three, fewer studies have documented this information for children in the preschool early childhood special education (ECSE) age range (three to five years). Using a nationally representative data set (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort), the current study estimates the prevalence rate of children who should be receiving ECSE services. Similar to prior research examining the EI age range, the current study estimates that approximately 13.22% of children in the USA likely qualify to receive ECSE services. Comparing this estimate to parent-reported rates of service utilization and Department of Education data, our study demonstrates that underutilization of services persists for this age range. Our findings provide additional evidence of disproportionate service access for children birth to age five. More specifically, White children had a higher likelihood of receiving services than Black children in this data set.
  PubDate: 2022-09-22
  DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00075-9