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Biodiversitas : Journal of Biological Diversity
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.203  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 2  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 1412-033X - ISSN (Online) 2085-4722 Published by Society for Indonesian Biodiversity  [11 journals]
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- Differences in the vegetation dynamic patterns of three tropical secondary
forests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: PUTU SUPADMA PUTRA, TOSHIHIRO YAMADA, AMRAN ACHMAD, NASRI NASRI, ANDI SIADY HAMZAH, PUTU OKA NGAKAN
Abstract: Abstract. Putra PS, Yamada T, Achmad A, Nasri N, Hamzah AS, Ngakan PO. 2023. Differences in the vegetation dynamic patterns of three tropical secondary forests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5065-5073. Degraded forests experience dynamics that drive them towards stable ecological conditions as a result of the succession process. Understanding the dynamics of forests through succession is a requirement for secondary forest management activities. The purpose of this research was to uncover the dynamics of population, species composition, and dominance in three secondary tropical forest communities: (i) Karst forest, (ii) Lowland forest, and (iii) Pinus merkusii plantation forest. Permanent plots with areas tailored to the richness of each forest community were constructed, and vegetation studies were conducted annually from 2019 to 2022. The results revealed that the ten most dominant species in each plot shared only one species. The rest were exclusive to a single community. During the four years of research, 25 out of a total of 90 species (Karst), 27 out of a total of 68 species (Lowland), and 12 out of a total of 43 species (Pine) experienced dynamics in the form of an increase or decrease in population. Tree density decreased in the Karst plot and fluctuated slightly in the Lowland and Pine forest plots. Meanwhile, the basal area cover continued to increase during the 4 years of observation. Comparing age and pre-succession land use history, soil type and restoration history appear dominant in determining the forest dynamics.
PubDate: 2023-10-15
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Diversity and habitat characteristics of gastropods and bivalves
associated with mangroves on the east coast of Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: ABDUL L. MAWARDI, MUHAMMAD KHALIL, TRI MUSTIKA SARJANI, FAHMY ARMANDA
Abstract: Abstract. Mawardi AL, Khalil M, Sarjani TM, Armanda F. 2023. Diversity and habitat characteristics of gastropods and bivalves associated with mangroves on the east coast of Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5146-5154. Mangrove areas are vital for various gastropod and bivalve species as breeding, nursery, and stable nutrient supply grounds. This study aims to understand the habitat characteristics and diversity index of gastropods and bivalves and identify the associated species with mangrove vegetation along the east coast of Aceh Province, Indonesia. This research utilized a survey method with gastropod and bivalve sampling conducted using purposive sampling. Sampling was carried out at 6 research locations with varying environmental conditions. Gastropods and bivalves were collected from each research location using 1 m x 1 m plots. All collected gastropod and bivalve samples were preserved in a 4% formalin solution and later identified at the Biology Laboratory of Samudra University. A total of 5,293 individuals of gastropods and bivalves were found in the research locations, comprising 48 species and 21 families. The diversity index of gastropods and bivalves across all research locations showed a moderate criterion, indicating slight pollution on the east coast of Aceh Province. The highest diversity was observed at location 5, far from settlements and active fishing vessel activities. On the other hand, the lowest diversity was found at location 2, an area with active fishing vessel transportation to and from the fish auction site (TPI).
PubDate: 2023-10-12
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Community structure of periphyton on bamboo substrate in whiteleg shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) pond with semi-biofloc system
Authors: DIANA ARFIATI, UMI ZAKIYAH, SEPTI ANITASARI, ZAKIYYAH NUR INAYAH, RIZKY KUSMA PRATIWI
Abstract: Abstract. Arfiati D, Zakiyah U, Anitasari S, Inayah ZN, Pratiwi RK. 2023. Community structure of periphyton on bamboo substrate in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) pond with semi-biofloc system. Biodiversitas 24: 5080-5087. Periphyton is one aquatic organism that attaches to the substrate and can be used as a bioindicator. This study analyzes the community structure and dynamics of periphyton on bamboo substrates in whiteleg shrimp ponds with a semi-biofloc system. The study was conducted from May to July 2022. The bamboo substrate was placed in the ponds, and the samples were taken every seven days to 8 weeks. Identification and calculation of periphyton using Lackey Drop Micro transect Counting Method. The periphyton was found on a bamboo substrate in whiteleg shrimp ponds with a semi-biofloc system consisting of phyto-periphyton and zoo-periphyton. The phyto-periphyton group contains 4 phylum, 21 species, including the Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Ocrophyta. The zoo-periphyton group has 4 phylum, 10 species consisting of Arthropoda, Ciliophora, Nematoda, and Rotifera. The abundance of periphyton found changes every week. The relative abundance of phyto-periphyton includes phylum Bacillariophyta (17-69%), Chlorophyta (1-22%), Cyanophyta (30-65%), and Ocrophyta (0-25%), while zoo-periphyton includes phylum Arthropoda (0-3%), Ciliophora (69-99%), Nematodes (0-2%) and Rotifers (0-28%). The total abundance of phyto-periphyton on bamboo substrate ranged from 223,806-989,398 cells/L, while zoo-periphyton ranged from 396-1,924 individual/L. The diversity, uniformity, and dominance index of phyto-periphyton and zoo-periphyton are moderate. Water quality parameters during the study were relatively good for aquatic organism growth, except for very high total organic matter levels in several weeks.
PubDate: 2023-10-12
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Reef fish monitoring as a coral reef resilience indicator in the Sempu
Strait, South of East Java, Indonesia
Authors: GATUT BINTORO, ANDIK ISDIANTO, NUDDIN HARAHAB, ANDI KURNIAWAN, AGUS DWI WICAKSONO, RELIA MAHARDITHA, AULIA LANUDIA FATHAH, BERLANIA MAHARDIKA PUTRI, MUCHAMAD FAIRUZ HAYKAL, MUHAMMAD ARIF ASADI, ARIEF SETYANTO, TRI DJOKO LELONO, OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI, DWI CANDRA PRATIWI
Abstract: Abstract. Bintoro G, Isdianto A, Harahab N, Kurniawan A, Wicaksono AD, Maharditha R, Fathah AL, Putri BM, Haykal MF, Asadi MA, Setyanto A, Lelono TD, Luthfi OM, Pratiwi DC. 2023. Reef fish monitoring as a coral reef resilience indicator in the Sempu Strait, South of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4950-4959. Sempu Island is designated as a nature reserve which is surrounded by a fairly high diversity of coral reefs. Since the high activities of fishing ports near this island, the anthropogenic pressure seriously became a threat to the biodiversity of coral reefs in this nature reserve. Continuous observation of reef fish is an important activity to monitor the coral reef health condition. Since then, bimonthly monitoring using an underwater visual census has been conducted from October 2021 to May 2022. Based on these observations obtained that the average reef fish abundance was in the "low" category, namely 0.516 ind/m2 in October 2021, 0.527 ind/m2 in December 2021, 0.522 ind/m2 in February 2022, and 0.378 ind/m2 in May 2022. The abundance of reef fish obtained consisted of three categories: indicators, targets, and majors. Overall, the Pomacantridae family, from the major fish category, has the largest abundance compared to other families. While the range of coral coverage was 6-21.3%, which was included in the "bad" category. There was a relationship with a value of 0.462 (medium) between coral cover and fish abundance. The abundance of reef fish at 21.4% was influenced by coral cover, while the remaining 78.6% was influenced by other factors outside of the tested variables. The decline in reef fish abundance in 2015-2022 can be caused by a decrease in coral cover in the Sempu Strait.
PubDate: 2023-10-12
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry
farms in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Authors: EMMANUEL NNABUIKE UGBO, MUSTOFA HELMI EFFENDI, ADIANA MUTAMSARI WITANINGRUM, WIWIEK TYASNINGSIH, BERNARD NNABUIFE AGUMAH, AGATHA IFUNANYA UGBO, CHARITY CHINYERE NNABUGWU, DIVINEGIFT OLUCHI OKATA-NWALI
Abstract: Abstract. Ugbo EN, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Tyasningsih W, Agumah BN, Ugbo AI, Nnabugwu CC, Okata-Nwali DO. 2023. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry farms in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Biodiversitas 24: 5207-5214. Salmonella is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen that can cause serious illness in humans and animals worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance caused by microorganisms has greatly challenged veterinary and human medicine regarding disease treatments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry farms in Abakaliki, Nigeria. One hundred eighty samples (90 broiler feces; 90 broiler cloacal swabs) were collected from three (3) poultry farms in the Abakaliki metropolis. Samples were analyzed and identified for the presence of Salmonella isolates using standard microbiological and biochemical analysis. The antimicrobial sensitivity test of Salmonella isolates against the selected antibiotics was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. The results showed 61 samples (33.9 %) were positive for Salmonella. Feces and cloacal swab samples positive for Salmonella were 46.7% and 21.1%, respectively. Multidrug resistance Salmonella (MDR) strains had an overall prevalence of samples (16.2%), i.e., 7 samples of broiler feces had 7 (16.7%) and 3 samples of cloacal swab (15.8%). Thus, all the MDR Salmonella isolates were 100% resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin. The multiple antibiotic-resistant indexes of the MDR were 0.51. This study indicated that broilers chicken and their products were potential sources of human salmonellosis and sources for transmitting MDR Salmonella in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Poultry farmers should use antibiotics in appropriate dosages in their poultry farms.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- A comparative assessment of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from
chicken and humans as candidates for probiotics
Authors: JESSICA SUNARDI, EMILY TANIA PURNAMA, MARCELIA SUGATA, HANS VICTOR, TAN TJIE JAN, JUANDY JO
Abstract: Abstract. Sunardi J, Purnama ET, Sugata M, Victor H, Jan TT, Jo J. 2023. A comparative assessment of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from chicken and humans as candidates for probiotics. Biodiversitas 24: 5198-5206. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is commonly analyzed as a potential probiotic. We hereby investigated two strains isolated from chicken crop (Lpb. plantarum F75) and human breast milk (Lpb. plantarum SU-KC1a). Ability to withstand osmotic stress (1.5%, 2.5% or 3.5% of NaCl) and phenol compounds (0.2% or 0.5%), ability to survive gastric juices for a maximum of 120 minutes and bile salt for a maximum 3 hours, as well as susceptibility to 25 antibiotic discs, were compared between both strains. Whole genomes of both strains were sequenced and analyzed in silico to determine the availability of antibiotic-resistance genes as well as the presence of mobile genetic elements and plasmid. Both strains were sensitive to increased concentrations of NaCl and phenol as well as to prolonged exposure to gastric juices. In contrast, both strains could withstand a prolonged exposure of 0.3% of bile salt. Both isolates had similar genome sizes and were susceptible to many tested antibiotics. The detected resistance genes were observed within the chromosomal genomes but no mobile genetic element nor plasmid was found. In conclusion, both strains of Lpb. plantarum displayed several characteristics of beneficial bacteria and could be used as probiotic candidates for poultry and human beings, respectively.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Genetic diversity and molecular analysis using RAPD markers of banana
cultivars in the five regions of East Java, Indonesia
Authors: SLAMETO SLAMETO
Abstract: Abstract. Slameto. 2023. Genetic diversity and molecular analysis using RAPD markers of banana cultivars in the five regions of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5035-5043. The study explored banana plants in East Java, Indonesia, specifically in the districts of Jember, Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, Situbondo, and Lumajang, using Random Amplified Polymorphic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (RAPD) markers. Thirty accessions of Musa ssp. were collected from these five districts, revealing a high level of genetic diversity. Primers OPA-04 and OPC-05 were suitable for assessing genetic variation in banana plants. It was found that the OPD-07 primer produced the fewest DNA bands (8 bands and 7 polymorphic bands), while the OPA-04 primer produced the maximum number of DNA bands (14 bands, with 9 polymorphic bands). The OPB-08 primer had the lowest polymorphism percentage (56%), and the OPC-05 primer had the greatest percentage (92%). With genetic similarity scores ranging from 0.04 (Bigih Tanjung Glugur and Lilin Banyuwangi) to 0.94 (Agung Banyuwangi and Let). The phylogenetic tree of 30 banana plants formed two primary clusters: cluster I and II, included 26 and 4 banana varieties respectively. In addition, molecular variance (AMOVA) resulted a significant proportion (93%) of genetic diversity within the population. Further studies using more precise genetic markers are still needed to determine the exact identity of the banana plant genome.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Forests over limestone in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, the Philippines: Species
composition and influencing environmental factors
Authors: INOCENCIO E. BUOT JR., ELAINE LOREEN C. VILLANUEVA, MARNE G. ORIGENES, REN DIVIEN R. OBEÑA
Abstract: Abstract. Buot Jr IE, Villanueva ELC, Origenes MG, Obeña RDR. 2023. Forests over limestone in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, the Philippines: Species composition and influencing environmental factors. Biodiversitas 24: 5123-5136. Forests over limestone are critical ecosystems providing numerous ecosystem services. However, the ecology of these ecosystems is less studied like the Guiuan Marine Resource Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS) in Eastern Samar, Philippines which incidentally is affected by strong typhoons. Studies on forests over limestone are even more essential to understand the vegetation ecology providing insights in crafting appropriate management strategy to sustain ecosystem services. Hence, the study aims to identify the woody vegetation diversity and composition of forests over limestone in GMRPLS, and to analyze the environmental factors influencing the physiognomy and ecology of the forests. Standard vegetation techniques were used and a total of nine plots with size of 20 × 20m each were established to assess the tree species ('1m height). Plant abundance data were recorded and computed. Soil samples were collected while climate data were obtained from the Guiuan, Eastern Samar Weather Station. Cluster analysis using relative density of trees per plot was done in order to identify major plant communities. Subsequently, a canonical correspondence analysis was carried out to pinpoint which environmental variables influenced the plant data set. Results show a total of 37 species belonging to 17 families, with 18 species are listed under by IUCN and seven species are listed by DAO 2017-11. Cluster analysis indicated 3 vegetation groupings or clusters named after the dominant species per plot, namely Cluster I (Hancea-Calophyllum-Macaranga-Ficus-Gnetum), Cluster II (Monoon-Wallaceodendron-Artocarpus-Hancea-Bago-eho), and Cluster III (Bridelia-Monoon-Neonauclea-Gnetum-Artocarpus-Sterculia-Hancea). GUI 02 plot (Cluster 1) was observed as the most diverse with the highest Simpson’s index and Fisher’s alpha, as well as the highest in total number of tree species. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated elevation, temperature and anthropogenic disturbances as the major factors influencing the vegetation diversity and composition. This can be used to formulate forest management strategies for the sustainable conservation of forests over limestone in GMRPLS.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Ultracentrifugation method for exosome isolation of HEK293 cells as a
candidate model in-vitro therapy of breast cancer
Authors: RIZKI NOVA AMELIDA, SILMI MARIYA, BELLA FATIMA DORA ZAELANI, YULIANA YULIANA, HEPY DAYANA, HUDA S. DARUSMAN
Abstract: Abstract. Amelida RN, Mariya S, Zaelani BFD, Yuliana, Dayana H, Darusman HS. 2023. Ultracentrifugation method for exosome isolation of HEK293 cells as a candidate model in-vitro therapy of breast cancer. Biodiversitas 24: 5074-5079. Exosomes are secreted by all cells and found in all body fluids, providing the biological system. They have great potential in cancer immunotherapy and have different roles and targets. The biological function of an exosome relies on its bioactive activities, supported by lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes can be isolated by the ultracentrifugation method, widely used to produce exosomes from various sources and intended to pellet containing heterogeneous particles and the exosomes. In this study, we isolated exosomes derived from HEK293 cells using the ultracentrifugation method and applied directly in vitro to MCF-7 cells. The exosomes were added to the MCF-7 cells at various concentrations, 3,5 µg/mL, 7 µg/mL, and 14 µg/mL, evaluated using P53 and PCNA markers. The study showed that the exosomes had been successfully isolated; the concentration obtained was 24,95 µg/mL and expressed exosome markers CD9 and CD81. The MCF-7 cells were treated by exosome and demonstrated epithelial-like morphology. The cell population survived, but the confluency decreased at higher concentrations, as did viability. The marker of P53 and PCNA expression resulted from the effect of exosome treatment. The results indicate that the exosome can potentially inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Unraveling metabolite profile variations among resistance and susceptible
Authors: RIZKI ABI AMRULLAH, AWANG MAHARIJAYA, AGUS PURWITO, SURYO WIYONO
Abstract: Abstract. Amrullah RA, Maharijaya A, Purwito A, Wiyono S. 2023. Unraveling metabolite profile variations among resistance and susceptible shallot genotypes related to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Biodiversitas 24: 5113-5122.This study used a metabolomics approach to reveal the shallot metabolite profile under anthracnose disease conditions through GC-MS analysis. The aim of this study was to obtain candidate metabolite markers that differentiate shallot genotypes resistant to anthracnose. The results of non-targeted metabolite analysis with GC-MS revealed a shallot metabolite profiles of 54 compounds. The principal component analysis (PCA) model was conducted for reliable and accurate discrimination between uninoculated and inoculated genotypes. Four metabolites were revealed as putative biomarkers of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. infection, namely linoleic ethyl ester, squalene, octadecanoic acid, and nonacosane. At least some putative biomarkers were applicable for early resistance genotype detection in shallot. These metabolites may help characterize pathogen infection and plant defense responses. This study confirmed metabolomics as a tool to develop a strategy to clarify the mechanism of plant-pathogen interaction. Furthermore, the data presented may be helpful to developing a new method for detecting shallot, that may be resistant to anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Supernatant of Actinomycetes isolates with antiquorum sensing and
antibiofilm activity against food spoilage bacteria
Authors: GLORIA ANNE, DIANA ELIZABETH WATURANGI
Abstract: Abstract. Anne G, Waturangi DE. 2023. Supernatant of Actinomycetes isolates with antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm activity against food spoilage bacteria. Biodiversitas 24: 5189-5197. High processing food facilities occur to remove spoilage bacteria that can risk the food safety. However, bacteria can form biofilms as a survival strategy in extreme conditions. They generally use autoinducer signals in communication called quorum sensing as their modulation mechanism. Chemical agents usually treat the biofilm matrix, but side effects may occur in most cases. Therefore, it is necessary to explore natural metabolite compounds to overcome it, one of which comes from Actinomycetes. This study was conducted to determine the anti-biofilm activity of Actinomycetes supernatants, which had previously been performed using their crude extracts. The transition to using supernatant production was motivated by its higher yield and practical application. Supernatants from six Actinomycetes isolates showed positive inhibition of quorum sensing assay using Chromobacterium violaceum wild-type and mutant 026 as indicator bacteria through agar well diffusion techniques and validation assay using absorbance measurement of violacein pigment production. Based on the quantification of antibiofilm activity assay, the supernatant showed the ability to inhibit and destroy biofilm from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Shewanella putrefaciens with various percentages of antibiofilm activity, with the highest antibiofilm activity of 88.34% observed for isolate SW03 specifically targeting B. subtilis biofilm destruction. It also appeared in the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation that the addition of supernatant showed inhibition and dispersion of biofilm visually compared with the untreated ones. In conclusion, Actinomycetes supernatants have the capability to be used as antibiofilm agents, therefore potential and efficient to be applied in food industry equipment and environment to increase food safety.
PubDate: 2023-10-11
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Short Communication: The oleaginous Candida tropicalis isolated from
mangrove soil in eastern Thailand and the fatty acid composition profile
of its intracellular lipids
Authors: SUDARAT WONGCHAMREARN, PARIMA BOONTANOM, SUNISA UNGWIWATKUL, NANNAPHAT EMNIN, AIYA CHANTARASIRI
Abstract: Abstract. Wongchamrearn S, Boontanom P, Ungwiwatkul S, Emnin N, Chantarasiri A. 2023. Short Communication: The oleaginous Candida tropicalis isolated from mangrove soil in eastern Thailand and the fatty acid composition profile of its intracellular lipids. Biodiversitas 24: 5088-5095. Oleaginous yeasts are microorganisms that can accumulate intracellular lipids at a rate of more than 20% of their cell dry weight. They are considered ideal microbes for a sustainable bioeconomy and a promising source for biotechnological applications. Thus, the exploration of efficient oleaginous yeasts from various environments is necessitated. At present, the number of oleaginous yeasts that have been discovered from mangrove environments remains scarce. Therefore, this study isolated and screened for lipid-accumulating yeast strains in mangrove soil samples collected from Rayong Province and Chonburi Province, Thailand. The intracellular lipids of isolated yeasts were extracted and quantitatively analyzed to evaluate the efficient oleaginous strains. Fifteen yeast strains were considered lipid-accumulating yeasts based on the Sudan IV staining method and lipid content determination, with intracellular lipid accumulation ranging from 5.71±1.89% (w/w) to 33.83±1.41% (w/w). The isolated yeast strain MJ13 was designated the most efficient oleaginous strain and subsequently genetically identified as Candida tropicalis. The fatty acid composition of its intracellular lipids was analyzed by gas chromatography, which consisted of five saturated fatty acids and five unsaturated fatty acids with 10-22 carbon atoms. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids. Some fatty acids essential to the human body and pharmacological sciences were detected, involving a-linolenic (C18:3n3) and cis-13,16-docosadienoic (C22:2) acids. This oleaginous yeast strain could be applied in lipid-related biofuel and high-value bioeconomy applications.
PubDate: 2023-10-10
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Nutrition composition of commercial full-fat and defatted black soldier
fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) as a potential protein resource for
aquafeeds
Authors: ISHAAQ SAPUTRA, YIH NIN LEE
Abstract: Abstract. Saputra I, Lee YN. 2023. Nutrition composition of commercial full-fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) as a potential protein resource for aquafeeds. Biodiversitas 24: 4877-4884. Black Soldier Fly or BSF (Hermetia illucens) is one of the most researched insect species for its potential as a protein source in aquafeeds. In the present study, two commercially available full-fat and defatted BSF larvae were analyzed in terms of nutrition profiles including proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, and mineral contents. The defatted BSF was in the form of a meal and the full-fat BSF was in the form of overdried. The full-fat BSF larvae were ground using a food-grade milling machine and strained to obtain small particles. BSFL meals were then sent for laboratory analysis. Results indicated that the defatted BSFL have higher crude protein content than full-fat BSF, with crude protein value of 47.70% and 30.72%, respectively. In contrast, the crude lipid in the full-fat BSFL was 36.20%, higher than in defatted BSFL, with only 8.11% lipid content. The amino acids analysis indicated that only histidine was the amino acid that was higher in defatted BSF than in full-fat BSF. The availability of fatty acids in defatted BSFL was lower than in full-fat BSF. On the contrary, the Ca, Na, mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu in defatted BSF were higher than in the full-fat BSFL. In conclusion, full-fat and defatted BSF have comparable nutrition value to fishmeal sourced from bycatch fishes and the defatting process of BSFL improves the nutritional composition of BSFL including protein and amino acids. Therefore, it can be used as information for the correct choice of BSFL used in aquafeeds.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Influences of zonation on water fertility and structure communities of
phytoplankton and benthos in Batukaras Mangrove Forest, Pangandaran
District, Indonesia
Authors: DESTY PRATIWI, DINA OKTAVIA, DADAN SUMIARSA, SUNARDI SUNARDI
Abstract: Abstract. Pratiwi D, Oktavia D, Sumiarsa D, Sunardi S. 2023. Influences of zonation on water fertility and structure communities of phytoplankton and benthos in Batukaras Mangrove Forest, Pangandaran District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4978-4988. Mangrove forests are coastal areas with several advantages, including access to natural resources that other regions do not provide. Pangandaran has mangrove forest areas, namely Batukaras mangroves, located in Batukaras Village, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia. This study aims to identify the primary productivity and community structure of phytoplankton and benthos as one of the natural resources in the Batukaras mangrove with different zone patterns of mangrove (seaward and landward). The purposive sampling method determined the observation stations based on the vegetation density. The obtained data of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) was analyzed with the light and dark bottle (Winkler method). In addition, the data community structure of phytoplankton and benthos was analyzed using the Shannon Wienner diversity index (H'), equitability index (E), and Simpson dominance index (D). The results show that the NPP in seaward and landward are mesotrophic with values of 105.833 mgC/m3/h and 36.463 mgC/m3/h. The abundance of phytoplankton and benthos in seaward is 560 ind/m3 and 387 ind, while landward ranges from 1140 ind/m3 and 135 ind. Planktoniella sp. and Faunus ater dominated the community structure of phytoplankton and benthos seaward, while the landward location consisted of Oscillatoria sp. and Terebralia sulcata. The community structure of phytoplankton and benthos in seaward and landward has significant differences (<0.05). The seaward and landward zone shows relatively stable and non-polluted waters.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Effect of different drying methods on phenolic content, antioxidant,
antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and inhibition kinetic properties of selective
green leafy vegetables
Authors: WAHYU HARYATI MASER, SUPATRA KARNJANAPRATUM, PASSAKORN KINGWASCHARAPONG, KARTHIKEYAN VENKATACHALAM, ALI MUHAMMED MOULA ALI, SRI CHARAN BINDU BAVISETTY
Abstract: Abstract. Maser WH, Karnjanapratum S, Kingwascharapong P, Venkatachalam K, Ali AMM, Bavisetty SCB. 2023. Effect of different drying methods on phenolic content, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and inhibition kinetic properties of selective green leafy vegetables. Biodiversitas 24: 4896-4909. The present study assessed the impact of dehydration drying, oven drying, and freeze drying on Total Phenolic Content (TPC), antioxidant activities (DPPH, metal chelating, and FRAP), and the inhibition activity of a-amylase, a-glucosidase, and lipase in selected green leafy vegetables, namely celery (Apium graveolens L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss), and spring onion (Allium cepa L.). FTIR analysis was conducted to examine the functional groups, GC-MS was utilized to characterize the compounds, and a kinetic study of a-glucosidase inhibition was undertaken to assess its inhibitory mode as an antidiabetic agent. Freeze drying exhibited the highest extraction yield (17.89% to 26.15%). However, freeze-drying showed lower drying efficiency, TPC, and bioactivities. Oven drying showed the highest bioactivities, including antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Spring onion demonstrated the highest bioactivity with dehydration drying, particularly in a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results notified that oven drying can be highly suitable for green leafy vegetables with thinner structures, facilitating an efficient drying process. On the other hand, dehydration drying is better suited for thicker green leafy vegetables with the appropriate heat pump intensity. The results for bioactivities were aligned with the observed inhibition mechanism, functional groups, and bioactive compounds in the samples analyzed via FTIR and GC-MS analysis. Therefore, selecting the drying method for a specific sample should consider its unique characteristics to ensure optimal bioactivity.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- The first occurrence of Kemp’s Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
in Raja Ampat, Indonesia
Authors: FERLIANA WIDAYSARI, AJI NUGROHO, GULAM ARAFAT, RAHMADI SUNOKO, RUDI ALEX WAHYUDIN, MOHAMMAD SAYUTI, ELISA BAKKULA, FERDIEL BALLAMU
Abstract: Abstract. Widaysari F, Nugroho A, Arafat G, Sunoko R, Wahyudin RA, Sayuti M, Bakkula E, Ballamu F. 2023. The first occurrence of Kemp’s Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4934-4942. Territory Indonesian waters are one of the waters in Southeast Asia that have been a turtle habitat; six of the seven types of turtles live in these waters, and Kemp ridley's turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) is the seventh reported to have recently emerged. The research objectives of the study were to identify the area location emergence of Kemp’s Ridley turtle, determine morphology, and release Kemp’s Ridley turtle. Location identification was based on the Raja Ampat District Central Statistics Agency data. Visual identification of turtles proceeds by looking at their morphology, namely carapace shape, number of vertebral and costal scutes, the form of the plastron, number of inframarginal scutes, and appearance of head shape juxtaposed on External Morphology. The water area where Kemp’s Ridley turtle was found had a constant temperature, moderate wind speed, high humidity, and rainfall. The results of identifying the turtle morphology matched Kemp’s Ridley turtle. After outreach to the community, Kemp’s Ridley turtles were released into nature. The first appearance of the Kemp’s Ridley turtle in Indonesia is undoubtedly an exciting study material for further study regarding the migration map, distribution, and other factors that cause changes in its migration.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Assessing the taxonomic identity and distribution of endemic and
critically endangered Cynometra cebuensis F. Seid. (Fabaceae) in Cebu
Island, Philippines
Authors: EDGARDO P. LILLO, ARCHIEBALD B. MALAKI, STEVE MICHAEL T. ALCAZAR, MARIA LEVY M. CHAVEZ, DEMETRIO M. CAÑARIJO III, ERWIN M. PANTINOPLE, BERNARDO R. REDOBLADO, MARVIN A. MARGATE, JOHN LOU DIAZ, KRISTEL MAY C. FLORES, JESSA MARIE P. LILLO, CHRISTINE FAYE O. GONZAGA, RAAMAH ROSALES, ARNALDO ALMIRANTE, CHRISTINE JOY TOMOL
Abstract: Abstract. Lillo EP, Malaki AB, Alcazar SMT, Chavez MLM, Cañarijo III DM, Pantinople EM, Redoblado BR, Margate MA, Diaz JL, Flores KMC, Lillo JMP, Gonzaga CFO, Rosales R, Almirante A, Tomol CJ. 2023. Assessing the taxonomic identity and distribution of endemic and critically endangered Cynometra cebuensis F. Seid. (Fabaceae) in Cebu Island, Philippines. Biodiversitas 24: 4854-4861. Cynometra cebuensis F. Seid. is a newly discovered species and considered endemic to Cebu Island, Philippines. Yet, it faces extinction threats, making it a critically endangered species. Information on the taxonomical certainty and geographical ranges is important to facilitate its protection and conservation. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification and distribution of C. cebuensis in Cebu Island, Philippines. Field surveys were conducted across various Key Biodiversity Areas and the Cebu Central Protected Landscape, specifically the Tabunan forest, to ascertain the distribution of these species. The Leaf Architectural Working Group Manual was employed to meticulously describe leaf characteristics, supplemented by information from published literature. Contrary to previous assumptions that C. cebuensis F. Seid. exclusively inhabited the Tabunan forest within Cebu Central Protected Landscape, this study reveals its presence in multiple areas outside Tabunan. Notably, C. cebuensis F. Seid. displays several distinct characteristics that differentiate it from other congeners, encompassing leaf structure, shape, fruit dimensions, growth patterns, and a unique identification key. Given its confinement to Cebu Island, C. cebuensis F. Seid. is acknowledged as an endemic species. Accurate identification of this species assumes pivotal importance in steering effective conservation endeavors. However, its distribution is observed to be confined to a few remaining forested patches. This emphasizes the urgency of safeguarding the Key Biodiversity Areas within Cebu Island, Philippines, where the exclusive presence of C. cebuensis F. Seid. has been ascertained.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Characterization and molecular identification of bacteria from mackerel
bekasam in Sorong City, Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia
Authors: SUKMAWATI SUKMAWATI, RATNA RATNA, SIPRIYADI SIPRIYADI, MELDA YUNITA
Abstract: Abstract. Sukmawati S, Ratna R, Sipriyadi, Yunita M. 2023. Characterization and molecular identification of bacteria from mackerel bekasam in Sorong City, Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4967-4977. Bekasam is traditional food type produced by traditional fermented fish. Microbes that grow through fermentation play an important role in forming the product’s aroma, texture, and overall quality. The study aimed to determine the biochemical characteristic of bacteria from mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.) bekasam in Sorong City and identify bacteria at the molecular level. This research was a descriptive study, which described the results of the characterization of bacteria from fermented mackerel fish and the results of molecular identification to the species level through the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. Then, the DNA sequences were further analyzed using the agarose gel electrophoretic separation method to visualize the bacterial DNA profile. The biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates from mackerel showed that all isolates were negative indole, and eight isolates were positive in reducing nitrate. In comparison, four isolates were negative in reducing nitrate, then all isolates had proteolytic activity except the FST 3.1 and FST 3.2 isolates. Eleven isolates were positive in hydrolyzing fat, and one isolate could not hydrolyze fat. According to the DNA patterns seen in electrophoresis and alignment of the 16 sRNA gene sequences, several types of bacteria had been identified as Bacillus paramycoides strain 2883 FST 1.1, Bacillus paramycoides strain 3665 FST 2.1, Bacillus mobilis strain ICA-144 FST 3.1, Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 FNT 1.1, Bacillus mobilis strain ICA-144 FNT 2.1, and Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 FNT 3.1.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater as reservoirs for spreading
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Abakaliki,
Nigeria
Authors: EMMANUEL NNABUIKE UGBO, JENNIFER INIOBONG JACOB, MUSTOFA HELMI EFFENDI, ADIANA MUTAMSARI WITANINGRUM, BERNARD NNABUIFE AGUMAH, AGATHA IFUNANYA UGBO, BENJAMIN IKECHUKWU MOSES
Abstract: Abstract. Ugbo EN, Jacob JI, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Agumah BN, Ugbo AI, Moses BI. 2023. Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater as reservoirs for spreading extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Biodiversitas 24: 4960-4966. The emergence of antimicrobial and multi-resistance extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms (ESBL) from the environment and hospitals is a serious global health concern. This research focused on the role of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater as a reservoir for spreading extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Exactly 110 poultry slaughterhouses wastewater was collected using sterile universal containers from abattoirs in Abakaliki. The samples were analyzed microbiological for the presence of E. coli using standard techniques. The E. coli isolates found were subjected to a sensitivity test to antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and further tested for ESBL-producing E. coli using a double disc synergy test and chromogenic media Brilliance ESBL agar. Of 110 wastewater samples analyzed, 55 (50.0%) were positive for E. coli contamination. The E. coli isolates showed antibiotic resistance ranging between 21.8% (amoxicillin clavulanic acid) to 69.1% (tetracycline), and good susceptibility was observed on cefepime (72.7%). Thus, among 55 E. coli isolates, 11(20.0%) were ESBL-producing E. coli with resistance patterns as follows: TET-STX-CAZ-CTX-FEP (four isolates); TET-STX-CAZ-CTX (four isolates); TET-STX-CAZ-CTX-FEP-CRO (three isolates), and average multidrug resistance index of 0.7. This study revealed that poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was a reservoir for multidrug resistance ESBL-producing E. coli. Therefore, properly treating wastewater from poultry production or farms before disposing into the drainage channel or water bodies is highly recommended to avoid spreading ESBL-producing organisms from animal waste products to humans and their environment.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Short Communication: The biodiversity of aquatic organisms in Anak Laut
Lake, Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia
Authors: AHMAD MUHTADI, RUSDI LEIDONALD, OKTI YOLANDA, RUHHIYAH HARAHAP, NENENG PRATIWI MATONDANG, KHAISYA PUTRI, LAURA F. M. SIMAMORA, GABRIYELLA SITOMPUL
Abstract: Abstract. Muhtadi A, Leidonald R, Yolanda O, Harahap R, Matondang NP, Putri K, Simamora LFM, Sitompul G. 2023. Short Communication: The biodiversity of aquatic organisms in Anak Laut Lake, Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4837-4844. Anak Laut Lake is a unique and strategic coastal lake, significantly recognized for its diverse marine biota and the potential to be a spawning, nursery, and feeding ground. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the types of aquatic organisms, including plankton, fish, crustaceans, benthos, seagrasses, and mangroves in Anak Laut Lake. The experiment was conducted in October 2022 in the Anak Laut Lake ecosystem, North Singkil Sub-district, Aceh Singkil District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The plankton was taken using a plankton net tool, extracted vertically from a depth of 2 m, and pulled to the surface. Fish and crustaceans were observed and caught with purse seines, ring nets, and gill nets. Benthic organisms were directly observed on the edge of the lake, along with the identification of mangroves, while at the bottom, the fishermen dove into the water. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and compared with similar research. The results showed a rich biodiversity in Anak Laut Lake, with at least 165 species/genera of aquatic biota, 9 species of mangroves, and 2 Seagrass species. The marine nekton found consisted of fish (55 species), shrimp (3 species), and crabs (10 species). The macrozoobenthos found in Anak Laut Lake consisted of 13 species of clams, 12 gastropods, 3 sea cucumbers, 2 sand dollars, 2 horseshoe crabs, and 1 sea urchin. Various species of aquatic biota whose existence was threatened in nature and found in this lake included golden sea cucumber (Stichopus herrmanni), seahorse (Hippocampus comes and Hippocampus kuda) with Vulnerable status (VU), tap ray (Maculabatis gerrardi), and sand cucumber (Holothuria scabra) with Endangered species status (EN). This shows that this coastal lake is an important and crucial habitat for several species that are vulnerable to extinction. For this reason, in the future, further studies are needed regarding the habitat characteristics and spatial and temporal distribution of aquatic organisms in Lake Laut, so that more appropriate management can be implemented for the sustainability of the lake.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Evaluating the quality of aquatic environment on the Planktonic-Index of
Biotic Integrity (P-IBI) based whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
(Boone, 1931) ponds
Authors: MUHAMMAD AKBARURRASYID, VINI TARU FEBRIANI PRAJAYATI, ACHMAD SOFIAN, MUSTIKA KATRESNA
Abstract: Abstract. Akbarurrasyid M, Prajayati VTF, Sofian A, Katresna M. 2023. Evaluating the quality of aquatic environment on the Planktonic-Index of Biotic Integrity (P-IBI) based whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) ponds. Biodiversitas 24: 4845-4853. Plankton is one of the biotic indicators used to evaluate the quality of the aquatic environment in the ponds. This study aims to find out the quality of the aquatic environment of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) ponds using Planktonic-Index Biotic of Integrity (P-IBI). Samples were collected in intensive L. vannamei farming in Pandeglang, Banten, and analyzed by the P-IBI method using 4 categories and 35 attributes. Matrix attributes include community composition, number of species, species density and species diversity. The P-IBI value is compared with the assessment category to obtain the status of aquatic environmental quality. The environmental quality assessment categories are: very good (83-100%), good (73-82%), moderate (57-72%) and bad (0-56%). The results of the study showed the assessment of Community Composition (CC) of 66 (66%) and the scoring of Amount of Species (AS) of 65 (59.09%) on the attributes of the number of Bacilloryophycea, percentage of Cyanophycea, Dinophyceae, and Protozoa. The scoring of Species Density (SD) obtained 65 (59.09%) on attributes of the abundance of Chlorophyceae and Bacilloryophycea and the low abundance of Dinophyceae and Protozoa. Meanwhile, the scoring of Species Diversity (SDI) obtained a maximal score of 30 (100%), which showed that the species diversity of plankton based on the Shannon-Wiener Index (H'), Margalef Index (E), and Pielou Index (D) was still in good condition, the species diversity was stable, and there were no dominating species. The P-IBI score obtained was in the moderate category for L. vannamei farming activities.
PubDate: 2023-10-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Isolation of bacteria displaying potent antagonistic activity against
fungi causes anthracnose disease in chili
Authors: TRAN THI NGOC TRAM, HOANG TAN QUANG, NGUYEN QUANG HOANG VU, PHAN THI THAO NGUYEN, TON NU MINH THI, TRUONG THI BICH PHUONG, PHAM THI DIEM THI
Abstract: Abstract. Tram TTN, Quang HT, Vu NQH, Nguyen PTT, Thi TNM, Phuong TTB, Thi PTD. 2023. Isolation of bacteria displaying potent antagonistic activity against fungi causes anthracnose disease in chili. Biodiversitas 24: 4919-4926. Anthracnose is a common disease on many crops caused by Colletotrichum species, and it leaves serious consequences, especially on chili. Beta-1,3 glucanase is a semi-constitutive hydrolytic enzyme that is involved in the biological regulation of plant pathogens. Its main function is the breakdown of '-1,3-glucan, a major constituent of the fungal cell wall. In a study conducted in Vietnam's Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue Provinces, researchers isolated five bacterial strains from soil where chili plants were grown. To induce the production of beta-1,3 glucanase, these isolates were cultivated in a nutrient-rich medium supplemented with 1% laminarin. The activity of beta-1,3-glucanase in the bacterial strains ranged from 0.31 to 1.72 U mL-1, and antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum spp. causes of anthracnose reached from 50.68 to 69.04%. Strain AT4 had strong antagonistic activity against C. scovillei HUCL1, C. siamensis PV6, and CL3 of 76.44, 62.65, and 68.04%, respectively. Molecular identification based on 16S-rRNA sequences showed that the strains were Paenibacillus polymyxa AT4, B. siamensis ML3, B. tequilensis ML4 and ML6, and B. velezensis GL7. AT4 and ML6 are potential strains for the control of anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. on chili peppers.
PubDate: 2023-10-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Agronomic and morphological characteristics of two rice genotypes plant in
open land and under two years of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria)
Authors: DULBARI DULBARI, ZAINAL MUTAQIN, HERY SUTRISNO, NI SILUH PUTU NURYANTI, YURIANSYAH YURIANSYAH, DENNY SUDRAJAT, DESTIEKA AHYUNI, HIDAYAT SAPUTRA, LINA BUDIARTI, PRIYADI PRIYADI, FAJAR ROCHMAN, RIZKY RAHMADI, MUHAMMAD ALAM FIRMANSYAH, SAIJO SAIJO
Abstract: Abstract. Dulbari, Mutaqin Z, Sutrisno H, Nuryanti NSP, Yuriansyah, Sudrajat D, Ahyuni D, Saputra H, Budiarti L, Priyadi, Rochman F, Rahmadi R, Firmansyah MA, Saijo. 2023. Agronomic and morphological characteristics of two rice genotypes plant in open land and under two years of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria). Biodiversitas 24: 4927-4933. The increase in population is the biggest challenge for the agricultural sector in providing food needs. The main problem in increasing food production in Indonesia is the limited agricultural land. There is a need to explore alternative land options to address this issue and enhance production capacity, specifically for rice at the national level. One of the potential solutions is to use land currently occupied by plantation crops and forests that can be managed through agroforestry. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) I.C.Nielsen) is a forestry plant that offers a comparative advantage for investigation in agroforestry systems due to its relatively open canopy cover and classification as a legume. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the response of the morphological and agronomic characters of two rice genotypes planted in open land under 2-year-old sengon stands. The experiment was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018 in the Sengon community forest of Cikarawang, Bogor, with coordinates 06° 33.061' S and 106° 43.987' E. The results showed that two rice genotypes grown under one-year-old sengon stands experienced decreased productive tillers, plant height, stem strength, and the number and weight of grains per panicle. The IR 64 genotype decreased by 40.65% in grain weight per panicle, while the Situ Patenggang genotype experienced a 56.21% decrease.
PubDate: 2023-10-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Curcuma suraponii sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae), a new species of Curcuma
subgen. Curcuma from Thailand
Authors: THAWATPHONG BOONMA
Abstract: Abstract. Boonma T. 2023. Curcuma suraponii sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae), a new species of Curcuma subgen. Curcuma from Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4885-4895. A new species, Curcuma suraponii Boonma sp. nov. has been collected in Tak Province, Northern Thailand during an exploration of Zingiberaceae diversity. This species belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and the genus Curcuma subgen. Curcuma. The plant materials were collected from their natural habitats and measurements were recorded from both living and preserved specimens. This species bears resemblance to Curcuma rubrobracteata Škorni'ková, Sabu & Prasanth, but differs in certain morphological characteristics and does not match any existing species. Therefore, the author described it as a new species to science under the name Curcuma suraponii Boonma. The description includes detailed information on its morphological characteristics, supported by illustrations, and provides the vernacular name, ecology, phenology, traditional utilization, conservation status, distribution map, and a comparative table to highlight its differences with allied species. Additionally, a revised key of 29 species within the Curcuma subgen. Curcuma in Thailand is also presented.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Antibacterial activity of mangrove plant extract of Rhizophora apiculata
in inhibiting the growth of various strains of Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: DINI SISWANI MULIA, SUCI DWI RAHAYU, AMAN SUYADI, IKHSAN MUJAHID, ALIM ISNANSETYO
Abstract: Abstract. Mulia DS, Rahayu SD, Suyadi A, Mujahid I, Isnansetyo A. 2023. Antibacterial activity of mangrove plant extract of Rhizophora apiculata in inhibiting the growth of various strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Biodiversitas 24: 4803-4810. Aeromoniasis is a bacterial disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Synthetic antibiotics are often used to treat this disease. However, using antibiotics for too long with excessive doses can cause side effects for the environment, fish, and other aquatic biota. One of the natural ingredients with the potential as an antimicrobial is the mangrove plant Rhizophora apiculata. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of mangrove plant extract R. apiculata in inhibiting the growth of various strains of A. hydrophila. The study used a completely randomized design experimental method with a factorial pattern with 3 factors (plant part, bacterial strain, and extract concentration) with 48 treatments and 3 replications. Methanol (polar) and n-hexane (non-polar) were used as extract solvents. The parts of the plant used are leaves and stems. The bacterial strains used were GPl-04, GB-01, GK-01, GJ-01, GL-01, and GL-02. The concentration of mangrove extract used was 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The inhibition zone diameter measured the antimicrobial activity using a paper disc (Kirby Bauer method). The data analysis used was the non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test and qualitative descriptive. The results showed that R. apiculata methanol extract's leaves and stems contain bioactive compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, while the n-hexane extract contains terpenoids. Leaves methanol extract R. apiculata exhibited better than stems, namely the inhibition zone diameter of 2.87 mm, at a concentration of 20% against the GJ-01 bacterial strain, while the methanol extract of stem R. apiculata showed the best antimicrobial activity, namely the diameter of the inhibition zone of 2.10 mm, at a concentration of 30% against the bacterial strain GL-02. Leaves n-hexane extract R. apiculata had the best antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 10% against the bacterial strain GL-01, with an inhibition zone diameter of 2 mm. The n-hexane extract of stems R. apiculata showed antimicrobial activity at a 30% concentration of 1.23 mm in the same strain. Mangroves plant R. apiculata have bioactive compounds that can be used as natural bactericides to control A. hydrophila bacterial disease.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Seed morphometry of Rheum L. (Polygonaceae) species from Kazakhstan and
its implications in taxonomy and species identification
Authors: AIDAR A. SUMBEMBAYEV, OLGA A. LAGUS, SŁAWOMIR NOWAK
Abstract: Abstract. Sumbembayev AA, Lagus OA, Nowak S. 2023. Seed morphometry of Rheum L. (Polygonaceae) species from Kazakhstan and its implications in taxonomy and species identification. Biodiversitas 24: 4677-4692. In the article, the evaluation of morphometric and weight parameters of seeds of 7 species of the genus Rheum L. from Kazakhstan is presented, as well as an analysis of their biometric parameters from different ecological and geographical habitats. The purpose of the study was to determine the variability of the seeds of the studied taxa and the importance of the results in determining the taxonomic relationships within the genus. The external structure was described for all species of the genus. Seeds of all studied species are illustrated with photos and scale drawings, and their features are summarized in a table. Stable and taxonomically significant features were identified for the species of the section Ribesiformia, represented by R. cordatum and R. maximowiczii, allowing their identification. The correlation between seed metric parameters and environmental conditions of the site and growth area was established and found a significant relationship between morphometric data and most of the environmental factors studied. The low adaptive potential of rhubarb species in Kazakhstan and the species' narrow ecological range were found. The comparison of the results obtained with the taxonomic relationships and phylogeny of representatives of the genus are briefly discussed.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Abundance and habitat suitability of Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus
siamensis, Schneider 1801) in Phetchaburi River, Kaeng Krachan National
Park, Thailand
Authors: KASIDIS CHANPRADUB, ANAK PATTANAWIBOOL, APINYA SAISAMORN, NARIS BHUMPAKPHAN, SOMJATE CHANTHANA, CHARONG THONGSONG, YAN OUANSING, WARONG SUKSAWATE, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG
Abstract: Abstract. Chanpradub K, Pattanawibool A, Saisamorn A, Bhumpakphan N, Chanthana S, Thongsong C, Ouansing Y, Suksawate W, Sukmasuang R. 2023. Abundance and habitat suitability of Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis, Schneider 1801) in Phetchaburi River, Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4755-4765. The Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis, Schneider 1801) is one of the critically endangered species with a remnant population reported in Kaeng Krachan National Park. This study aimed to investigate Siamese crocodiles' abundance and habitats along the Phetchaburi River. Thirteen rafting trips from December 2021 to July 2023 were conducted at a total distance of 315 kilometers, recording 68 encounters with an encounter rate of 0.22 per kilometer. It was estimated that the population size of Siamese crocodiles was four individuals. Environmental factors that influenced crocodile distribution, with slope, elevation, forest types, cumulative flow rates upstream, and land use patterns, were identified. These findings underscore the significance of the Phetchaburi River area for freshwater crocodile conservation, as indicated by a highly reliable model with a reliable score of 0.99±0.02. Important recommendations include habitat protection, development of a crocodile threat surveillance system, ongoing population studies, and community involvement, which are essential for sustainable conservation practices, public awareness campaigns, captive breeding and reintroduction programs, and population restoration efforts. This research provides valuable insights into the habitats and environmental factors impacting Siamese crocodiles, highlighting the critical role of preserving Kaeng Krachan National Park as an important habitat for this species.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Morphometric study of Lola Rochia nilotica (Linnaeus 1767) shells from
natural harvest found in Indonesian
Authors: NATHANIA DINAR WAHYUDI, DEWI HIDAYATI, UCU YANU ARBI, ASMIDA ISMAIL
Abstract: Abstract. Wahyudi ND, Hidayati D, Arbi UY, Ismail A. 2023. Morphometric study of Lola Rochia nilotica (Linnaeus 1767) shells from natural harvest found in Indonesian. Biodiversitas 24: 4711-4722. The population of Rochia nilotica or Lola snails is declining due to shell exploitation for industry, which requires monitoring. The government has implemented a policy to determine R. nilotica regulated on a restricted basis depending on the number (quota) and size of the shell (diameter) with a standard width of 80 cm. Based on the morphometric compositions and size trends of shells, this study aimed to map the potential trade of R. nilotica in Indonesia using the percentage of calculated morphometric data, including Sumatra, Sulawesi, Maluku-East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and Papua. Morphometric analysis was carried out using caliper parameters of length, width, weight, and the data distribution of morphometrics using descriptive statistics. The results revealed fluctuating yearly data. Good quality of shell size ('80 mm) found from Sumatra (length = 95.13-104.49 mm; width = 86.61-103.46 mm; weight = 172.21-321.96 gram), Malulu-East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) (length = 91.26-106.72 mm; width = 86.53-108.73 mm; weight = 228.01-365.62 gram), Sulawesi (length = 86.92-99.1 mm; width = 84.31-96.25 mm; weight = 205.39-317.33 gram), and Papua (length = 82.46-99.58 mm; width = 76.49-101.24 mm; weight = 182.57-283.07 gram) respectively. Among 909 samples of R. nilotica observed, 89% had a standard width ('80mm), indicating potential mapping of Sumatra (33%), Maluku-East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) (24%), Sulawesi (18%), and Papua (14%). In Sumatra (1.65%), Maluku-East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) (0.9%), Sulawesi (5.6%), and Papua (3.19%), non-standard width shells were sized at 51.46-72.15 mm, respectively. In total, 53.9% of protoconchs were classified as damaged. From 2014-2020, morphological observations of R. nilotica shells traded in Indonesia fluctuated but met the standard size. It is critical to continue monitoring the population and trade of R. nilotica, and the study findings can be used to make catch quota recommendations for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Biodiversity of hard coral (Scleractinia) and relation to environmental
factors turbid waters in Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: DEDI PARENDEN, JAMALUDDIN JOMPA, CHAIR RANI, WILLEM RENEMA, JEREMIAS RUMALA TUHUMENA
Abstract: Abstract. Parenden D, Jompa J, Rani C, Renema W, Tuhumena JR. 2023. Biodiversity of hard coral (Scleractinia) and relation to environmental factors turbid waters in Spermonde Island, South Sulawesi, Indonesia s. Biodiversitas 24: 4521-4529. Water turbidity has an impact on coral growth and the diversity of coral species in the waters. Calculation of coral cover, coral diversity and environmental parameters need to be done to determine the effect of environmental parameters on growth. This research was conducted in July 2020-February 2021 in the Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, which focused on the inner zone area with high turbidity levels. The research was conducted at four observation locations, namely Kayangan Island, Samalona Island, Gusung Tallang and Lae-Lae Island. Primary data in the form of coral cover using the Underwater Photo Transect method, diversity data using the quadrant transect method and environmental parameters measured in-situ and ex-situ. The results of this study showed (1) the percentage of coral cover at each research location was classified as poor because it was in the range of 3-15%, (2) coral diversity on Samalona Island was classified as high (H'=3.2) while on Kayangan Island, Laelae Island and Gusung Tallang was classified as medium with values ranging from 2.21-2.83; and (3) environmental parameters such as turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), nitrate, and phosphate and based on the results of regression analysis has a negative effect on coral cover, while turbidity and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) parameters have a significant effect on coral cover (p<0.05). These results have the potential to determine the composition of hard corals (Acropora sp.) in turbid areas and potentially serve as transplant fragments to mitigate coral damage.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- The knowledge, attitude and practice of local Sabahan in Malaysia on Sunda
pangolin
Authors: Elsiey Ercy Jomes, Fred Tuh, Walter Lintangah, Jephte Sompud
Abstract: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species listed Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) as critically endangered and remained among the most traded mammals and other pangolin species. In Malaysia, various conservation works on this species have been conducted these past years through government and NGO works. Nevertheless, their population is still declining despite all the efforts. To date, little to nothing is known about the local perception regarding the Sunda pangolin conservation. Therefore, through the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) approach, this study evaluates Sabahan’s awareness level regarding the Sunda pangolin conservation. A total of 109 respondents were interviewed from all across Malaysia to investigate their perception of Sunda Pangolin conservation. The KAP index score shows that respondents’ attitude toward Sunda Pangolin conservation is the highest (93.34%), followed by Knowledge (81.15%) and Practice (79.63%), of which all three fall within good KAP score. They also agreed that spreading awareness and being proactive in supporting conservation work helps to prevent this species from extinction. Interestingly, the correlation analysis using Spearman rho’s coefficient shows a positive relationship between KA and education but not for Practice. Generally, Malaysians had a positive understanding of the Sunda pangolin’s current status and the legal information regarding this species. This research may help improve species conservation strategies, particularly in Sabah, Malaysia. There is an urgent need to improve the Sunda pangolin conservation program in the future. Factors that influence Practice needs to be identified and scrutinized. Public awareness is not the only factor that needs to be considered for improvement in conservation works. More importantly, the people who work in the conservation field.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Microbial diversity in pesticidal and non-pesticidal paddy soil
microbiomes
Authors: R. SUSANTI, NAINA RIZKI KENARNI, ADI FRANATA JAYA, FARAH FITROTUN NISA’, RISKA LAILA MUKAROMAH, TALITHA WIDIATNINGRUM, NANA KARIADA TRI MARTUTI, MARGARETA RAHAYUNINGSIH
Abstract: Abstract. Susanti R, Kenarni NR, Jaya AF, Nisa’ FF, Mukaromah RL, Widiatningrum T, Martuti NKT, Rahayuningsih M. 2023. Microbial diversity in pesticidal and non-pesticidal paddy soil microbiomes. Biodiversitas 24: 4723-4730. The use of pesticides can affect the physical and chemical properties of paddy soil. Soil physical and chemical properties can indicate soil quality because they affect soil microbial activity. This study used an exploratory observational method to analyze the diversity and abundance of microbes in the soil microbiome of pesticide paddy fields (PPF) and non-pesticide paddy fields (PF). The PPF samples were taken from Purwosari Village, Mijen Subdistrict, Semarang City, while the PF samples were taken from Tambangan Village, Mijen Subdistrict, Semarang City. Soil samples were taken for chemical and metagenomic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene marker region V3-V4. The results showed that microbial PPF diversity was higher than PF's based on the Shannon and Simpson index. The PPF microbiome is dominated by 3 bacterial phyla, namely Proteobacteria (26.61%), Actinobacteriota (15.13%) and Acidobacteriota (11.44%). Meanwhile, the PF microbiome was dominated by Proteobacteria (28.73%), Acidobacteriota (12.80%), and Chloroflexi (11.41%). The Archaea phylum that dominates PPF are Halobacterota (62.78%), Euryarchaeota (20.82%), and Crenarchaeota (10.89%), while in PF it is dominated by Halobacterota (80.43%), Crenarchaeota (11.03%) and Euryarchaeota (5.04%). The phylum that plays an important role in the biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides is Actinobacteria, which dominates in PPF; low abundance of Nitrospirota in PPF as a bioindicator of organochlorine pesticide contamination.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- The effect of plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Melientha
suavis Pierre. and assessment of genetic fidelity of regenerants based on
iPBS and SRAP markers
Authors: THANAPOOM SIRINGAM, ONGKARN VANIJAJIVA
Abstract: Abstract. Siringam T, Vanijajiva O. 2023. The effect of plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Melientha suavis Pierre. and assessment of genetic fidelity of regenerants based on iPBS and SRAP markers. Biodiversitas 24: 4628-4634. Melientha suavis Pierre, a significant deciduous edible plant species with high nutritional value and belonging to the Opiliaceae family, holds paramount importance for both agricultural and conservation purposes in its native Southeast Asia. However, the species faces challenges due to habitat fragmentation and negative anthropogenic impacts, leading to a decline in its population. This study aimed to explore the effects of various concentrations of plant growth regulators (cytokinin and auxin) on the shoot and root development of M. suavis, and to assess the genetic stability of micropropagated plants obtained from nodal explants. In vitro shoot regeneration and proliferation were conducted on Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid medium, supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (Kn) at different doses. The optimal shoot length, shoot number, and leaf volume were observed in the modified MS medium with 1.0 mg/L BAP after an 8-week incubation period. Efforts to enhance the rooting of micropropagated shoots included the addition of auxins, such as '-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, the species exhibited recalcitrant behavior during the reproduction and rooting stages, as the rooting percentage did not correlate with the increase in auxin concentration. Interestingly, the highest root number and length were achieved in the MS medium without plant growth regulators after 8 weeks of incubation. To ensure genetic fidelity, regenerants were subjected to inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker analysis. The results revealed no genetic variation between the micropropagated plants and the mother trees, confirming the production of genetically stable progeny. Overall, this protocol presents a promising alternative for profitable propagation and establishment of genetically constant progeny of M. suavis, with important implications for sustainable applications and germplasm conservation in Southeast Asia. Addressing the challenges faced by this valuable species through micropropagation and genetic fidelity assessment can contribute significantly to its preservation and utilization for agricultural and conservation initiatives.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 9 (2023)
- Site assessment for a small-scale Javan rusa (Rusa timorensis) captive
breeding in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: SUBENO SUBENO, SATYAWAN PUDYATMOKO, MUHAMMAD ALI IMRON, TRI SATYA MASTUTI WIDI
Abstract: Abstract. Subeno, Pudyatmoko S, Imron MA, Widi TSM. 2023. Site assessment for a small-scale Javan rusa (Rusa timorensis) captive breeding in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4568-4576. Javan deer (Rusa timorensis Blainville, 1822) is a protected wild animal with high potential economic value; captive breeding can be done to avoid extinction and sustainably utilize it. Most land ownership by rural communities in Indonesia is less than 5 ha; therefore, it is essential to design small-scale captive breeding, which local people can adopt to meet economic isxadwnterests and species conservation. We assessed a site part of the Perum Perhutani area in East Java dedicated to developing captive breeding models. Assessment is an essential consideration in exploring location feasibility and designing optimal allocation of available space; data collection on bio-physical conditions used nested sampling, circular plots, and profile diagrams. Feed availability is obtained by identifying the grass type and calculating its productivity. The collected data were then analyzed and compared with the needs of the Javan deer. The selected location was then made a captive design for space allocation based on the management and basic needs of the Javan deer. The results showed that the location at RPH (Resort Pemangkuan Hutan=Forest Management Resorts) Malo (Bojonegoro District, East Java, Indonesia) could be declared feasible to be developed as a Javan deer breeding area. The captive site design is mini ranching; this captive design consists of the breeding/management and office blocks.
PubDate: 2023-09-15
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240860
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 8 (2023)
- Applying culturomics to understand the motives behind the surrender of pet
gibbons: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: AFRIZAL MAULANA ABDI
Abstract: Abstract. Abdi AM. 2023. Applying culturomics to understand the motives behind the surrender of pet gibbons: Evidence from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4606-4616. Seven of nine gibbon (Hylobatidae) species in Indonesia are protected by national regulation with threats to habitat fragmentation and illegal trade. People persist in owning gibbons as pet animals, violating the protected species law. To date, numerous pet gibbons have been surrendered to the authorities, which could result from intensified public awareness. More targeted demand reduction campaigns may be possible with a better understanding of the motivations behind these handovers. This study aims to document gibbon surrenders by the public to authorities and the motives behind these actions. Instagram posts and online local news were collated and analyzed between 2016 and 2023, comprising information on gibbon handovers to the authorities. From the 138 posts analyzed, 161 gibbon individuals, including 6 species from Sumatra (47.2%), Kalimantan (29.8%), Java (21.7%), and Bali (1.2%) were surrendered. Since 2016, the annual number of gibbons received by authorities has steadily increased. Handover motives appear to be overwhelmingly based on legal reasons. Although regarded as ineffective in mitigating trade, law enforcement and fear of the law were the primary reasons for gibbon handovers. Therefore, publicizing successful law enforcement cases of gibbon trade in the media could deter future buyers and reduce demand.
PubDate: 2023-09-14
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240865
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 8 (2023)
- Potential of carbon sequestration enhancement through intensive
silvicultural techniques using Shorea leprosula plantation in Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: M. ISKANDAR, ISKANDAR ZULKARNAEN SIREGAR, HARUNI KRISNAWATI
Abstract: Abstract. Iskandar M, Siregar IZ, Krisnawati H. 2023. Potential of carbon sequestration enhancement through intensive silvicultural techniques using Shorea leprosula plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4699-4713. Various sectors are involved in achieving Indonesia’s Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), including Forestry and Other Land Uses (FOLU) sector. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) implementation by forest concessionaires (PBPHs) enormously contributes to land-based mitigation activities, primarily at the local level. One of the SFM activities is forest enrichment with Intensive Silvicultural (SILIN) technique using Shorea leprosula Miq. to enhance carbon stock and sequestration. This study was conducted in PT Sarmiento Parakantja Timber (PT Sarpatim) in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia) and used the measurement data from 32 purposive sampling plots. Each plot was 40m × 40m in size, constructed under three different SILIN patterns (conventional strip, effective strip, and gap) as well as natural forest stands. This study found that SILIN gap pattern had higher carbon stock and sequestration potential, compared to the natural forest (reference) stands, and reached a net sink condition after 30 years. For the stands of SILIN conventional and effective strip patterns, the carbon stocks were lower than the reference stand, even when the vegetation aged 30 years. PBPHs applying SILIN technique as part of the SFM and the mitigation actions demonstrate an enhanced carbon stock and sequestration. This effort supports Indonesia’s Enhanced NDC target and FOLU Net Sink 2030.
PubDate: 2023-09-13
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240852
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 8 (2023)
- Isolation of Pediococcus pentosaceus to compete Vibrio harveyi in the
shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei hatchery
Authors: RUBIYANTO WIDODO HALIMAN, METHODIUS DIGNA KURNIA, MOHAMMAD NURUL IMAN, SATRIA AJI KUSUMA, BENI HALALLUDIN, RIFKY RIZKIANTINO, PUTRI PURNAMA SARI, MUFTI RAHAYU, RACHMAWATI NUR FITRIANA, BESTRAN VIRLANDO PANJAITAN, ADINDA KINASIH JACINDA, HENDRI LAIMAN
Abstract: Abstract. Haliman RW, Kurnia MD, Iman MN, Kusuma SA, Halalludin B, Rizkiantino R, Sari PP, Rahayu M, Fitriana RN, Panjaitan BV, Jacinda AK, Laiman H. 2023. Isolation of Pediococcus pentosaceus to compete Vibrio harveyi in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei hatchery. Biodiversitas 24: 4514-4520. Shrimp is an aquaculture commodity with high economic value, and is widely cultured in Asia and South America. Among diseases in the shrimp hatchery, vibriosis is considered as the main problem, with emphasize on Vibrio harveyi infection. Probiotics are life microbes with defense mechanism against pathogens, and have been used in aquaculture as an alternative strategy in disease management through application into the water or through the feed. In order to renew the current probiotics available, exploration of probiotic candidate isolates with ability to compete with the luminous bacteria has been done in mangrove area of Merak Belantung, Kalianda, Lampung Province, Indonesia, and also from shrimp intestine, raised in the tank of research facility. Nine bacteria isolates were obtained from this exploration, and based on the references, 4 isolates had the potential to compete Vibrio harveyi. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing result, those 4 isolates were Bacillus cereus, B. aryabhattai, Weisella paramesenteroides, and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Further analysis of in vitro test using agar-well diffusion inhibition method and in vivo test showed that among those 4 isolates, only P. pentosaceus had strong antibacterial activity against V. harveyi and could be used as probiotic in shrimp rearing with optimal dose at 5-10 µL L-1.
PubDate: 2023-09-13
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240853
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 8 (2023)
- Short Communication: Molecular identification of Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on shallot in Bantul, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
Authors: LUTHFIANA M. SYAFITRI, ARIF WIBOWO, ANI WIDIASTUTI, SITI SUBANDIYAH, STEPHEN HARPER
Abstract: Abstract. Syafitri LM, Wibowo A, Widiastuti A, Subandiyah S, Harper S. 2023. Molecular identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on shallot in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4530-4534. Anthracnose is one of the most common diseases in shallot cultivation which contributes to cause a significant production loss in Indonesia. Morphological identification of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in Indonesia had been described, however there is no report on the molecular identification to confirm the pathogen species. This report is conducted to reveal species of Colletotrichum causing shallot anthracnose based on specific primer for special complex of Colletotrichum. The method used in this study was sample isolation, morphological observation and molecular identification. The symptomatic leaf sample was collected from Bantul, Yogyakarta, one of Indonesia's shallot productions, to be cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Morphological identification was carried out by using macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Molecular identification of the isolated fungi was amplified using specific primers for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, CgInt and ITS4. Based on molecular identification, the pathogens were identified as C. gloeosporioides Penz, which showed 98.07% percent identity with C. gloeosporioides AJ311884.1 isolate. This study elucidated that CgInt and ITS4 primers showed as a reliable primer set to be used for Colletotrichum species complex identification. The primer set was able to differ the conserved region among some Colletotrichum spp. Therefore, it is potential to be used for molecular identification. To our best knowledge, this is the first novel report on molecular identification of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in shallot in Indonesia.
PubDate: 2023-09-12
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240855
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 8 (2023)
- Growth performance and survival rate of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus
(Linnaeus, 1758) with formulated feeding enriched by spinach extract
Authors: AMELIA SRIWAHYUNI LUBIS, EFRIZAL EFRIZAL, SYAIFULLAH SYAIFULLAH, RUSNAM RUSNAM, NURMIATI NURMIATI, ANINDA TIFANI PUARI
Abstract: Abstract. Lubis AS, Efrizal, Syaifullah, Rusnam, Nurmiati, Puari AT. 2023. Growth performance and survival rate of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) with formulated feeding enriched by spinach extract. Biodiversitas 24: 6010-6016. In the context of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) aquaculture and marine conservation, assessing factors that influence growth and survival is critical. Spinach extract can be added as a feed additive to enhance the growth and survival rate of lobsters. This study aimed to analyze the effect of formulated feed enriched with spinach extract on spiny lobsters' growth and survival performance. A completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications: formulated feed with spinach extract 0 mg (Feed A1), 0.4 mg (Feed A2), 0.5 mg (Feed A3), 0.6 mg (Feed A4), and 0.7 mg (Feed A5) were used. The result showed that the formulated feed enriched with spinach extract had a significant effect on absolute weight, specific growth rate, length, and width of the carapace in growth performance (P<0.05) but had no significant on the survival rate and the molting frequency (P>0.05). The best result was treatment A3, adding 0.5 g of spinach extract to lobster feed with absolute weight 39.67±6.20 g, length of carapace 0.46±0.06 cm, width of carapace 0.28±0.05 cm, specific growth rate 0.38±0.06% day-1, molting frequency 1.00±0.00 times lobster-1, and survival rate 100±0.00%. The Spinach extract of 0.5 mg was the best for the survival and growth of the lobster (Duncan's test). The chemical of the feed showed that the tested feed met the nutritional needs of lobsters with a protein content of 39.74-42.60%. However, the number of amino acids in the best test feeds was still low quantity compared to several other studies, so the growth of lobsters was still slow. Based on research results, enriched 0.5 g of spinach extract to formulated feed is the best result for increasing the growth and survival rate of lobsters.
PubDate: 2023-12-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Identification of blaSHV and blaTEM extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes
in Klebsiella pneumoniae in the dairy wastewater, East Java Province,
Indonesia
Authors: FIDI NUR AINI EKA PUJI DAMEANTI, SHEILA MARTY YANESTRIA, MUSTOFA HELMI EFFENDI, HANI PLUMERIASTUTI, WIWIEK TYASNINGSIH, EMMANUEL NNABUIKE UGBO, RAHAYU SUTRISNO, M. ALI AKRAM SYAH SAFRI
Abstract: Abstract. Dameanti FNAEP, Yanestria SM, Effendi MH, Plumeriastuti H, Tyasningsih W, Ugbo EN, Sutrisno R, Safri MAAS. 2023. Identification of blaSHV and blaTEM extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae in the dairy wastewater, East Java Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6092-6099. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in dairy cows causes various livestock production hazards and threatens public health because it acts as a Multi-Drug Resistance Bacteria (MDRB), especially Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) strains. Livestock wastewater is a repository for commensal isolates including K. pneumoniae and potentially can be a reservoir for ESBL spreaders for the environment. The aim of this study was to identify the blaSHV and blaTEM ESBL genes in K. pneumoniae from wastewater of dairy cattle farms in East Java Province. This study used a sample of 342 dairy farm wastewater isolated on 2% BPW media from 6 cities/regencies with the highest population of dairy cows in East Java, Indonesia, namely Pasuruan District, Malang District, Tulungagung District, Blitar District, Batu City and Kediri District. Samples were identified on MCA media, Gram staining, EMBA, and biochemical tests. Confirmation of ESBL phenotypically used the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test to detect the ESBL gene. The result showed that bacterial isolation and identification were 14.32% (49/342), confirmed K. pneumoniae. DDST confirmation results of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from the wastewater of dairy farms in East Java obtained were 5.55% (19/342). The sample was continued with the PCR test showing positive for the blaSHV gene 63.1% (12/19) and blaTEM 31.57% (6/19). In conclusion, the ESBL gene blaSHV and blaTEM identification in K. pneumoniae isolates, indicate that wastewater from dairy farms has the potential to be a reservoir of ESBL carriers in the environment and pose a threat to public health in East Java Province, Indonesia.
PubDate: 2023-12-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Exploration of bacteriophages from waters in Palembang, Indonesia as
biocontrol of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: RIRI NOVITA SUNARTI, POEDJI LOEKITOWATI HARIANI, SRI BUDIARTI
Abstract: Abstract. Sunarti RN, Hariani PL, Budiarti S. 2023. Exploration of bacteriophages from waters in Palembang, Indonesia as biocontrol of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. Biodiversitas 24: 6069-6081. The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the aquatic environment demand for utilization of bacteriophage (phage) therapy as an ecologically conscious alternative to mitigate the consequences of drug resistance. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the river of Palembang City is a matter of concern for public health. It is imperative to explore the potential of phages as biocontrol agents against antibiotic-resistant E. coli sourced from the rivers of Palembang City. The effectiveness of the phage was then evaluated in managing antibiotic-resistant E. coli in contaminated water. The exploration resulted in the acquisition of 12 phage isolates from various water sources. Specifically, three phage isolates were obtained from Kedukan River (FgSK11.2, FgSK22.2, FgSK31.3); three phage isolates were obtained from Buah River (FgSB13.2, FgSB13.3, FgSB33.1); and six phage isolates were obtained from PU River (FgPU11.2, FgPU11.3, FgPU31.3, FgPU33.1, FgPU33.2, FgPU33.3). The isolates have demonstrated the ability to lyse antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria. The findings indicate that bacteriophages can mitigate pollution in collected water samples. The phage cocktail utilized effectively inhibited the growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, reducing their population. Furthermore, the treatment resulted in satisfactory water quality improvements by reducing the Fe and Pb levels. The results of this study show a significant advancement in the use of phages as a first step in addressing the problem of E. coli pathogen-caused water pollution in Palembang City.
PubDate: 2023-12-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Quality and fatty acid profiles of fish oil from tuna by-products
extracted using a dry-rendering method
Authors: HEDER DJAMALUDIN, TITIK DWI SULISTIYATI, ANIES CHAMIDAH, PUTRI NURASHIKIN, MIFTAHUR ROIFAH, HARTOYO NOTONEGORO, PAMUNGKAS RIZKI FERDIAN
Abstract: Abstract. Djamaludin H, Sulistiyati TD, Chamidah A, Nurashikin P, Roifah M, Notonegoro H, Ferdian PR. 2023. Quality and fatty acid profiles of fish oil from tuna by-products extracted using a dry-rendering method. Biodiversitas 24: 5757-5763. Tuna is an export commodity with a high-fat content, making it a valuable source of fish oil. However, a substantial portion of tuna, including viscera, eyes, and liver, some parts are underutilized, leading to waste. The study aims to determine the impact of extraction temperature (50°C, 60°C, and 70°C) on the yield, peroxide value, free fatty acids (%), p-anisidine value, and total oxidation value of the extracted oil from tuna (Euthynnus sp.) by-products. This research used the dry-rendering method to extract crude oil from tuna by-products and analyze quality characteristics and fatty acids. The results from the proximate value indicated that the crude lipid content in tuna by-products ranged from 13.03% to 19.01%. Extraction temperature significantly affected the yield, with the highest yield at 70°C correlating with the highest lipid content in innards. The lowest peroxide value is obtained from an extraction temperature of 50°C from all parts of tuna by-products, ranging from 2.01 to 2.09 meq/kg. Free fatty acid (%) levels in this study met the International Fish Oil Standards (IFOS), and different temperature treatments had a significant effect (P<0.05). The lowest value of p-anisidine, 6.11 meq/kg, was obtained from an extraction temperature of 50°C for innards samples, and the p-anisidine value increased with temperature, reflecting secondary oxidation products. The total oxidation lowest value was obtained from extraction at 50°C (14.84 meq/kg) from viscera by IFOS ('20 meq/kg), and it was within acceptable limits. The fatty acid profile of the crude extract of tuna by-product oil resulting from extraction at a temperature of 50°C, where extraction results at 50°C obtained a fatty acid profile of saturated fatty acids>mono-unsaturated fatty acids>polyunsaturated fatty acids, with significant levels of omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
PubDate: 2023-12-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Detection and analysis of mangrove cover change in Kepalajerih Island,
Batam, Indonesia using Landsat Imagery
Authors: AUNURRAHMAN AUNURRAHMAN, SUTRISNO ANGGORO, MAX RUDOLF MUSKANANFOLA, SURADI WIJAYA SAPUTRA
Abstract: Abstract. Aunurrahman, Anggoro S, Muskananfola MR, Saputra SW. 2023. Detection and analysis of mangrove cover change in Kepalajerih Island, Batam, Indonesia using Landsat Imagery. Biodiveritas 24: 6126-6133. For small islands, the mangrove ecosystem is crucial since it offers a variety of goods and services. In this study, we analysed the distribution and coverage of the mangrove ecosystem in Kepalajerih Island, Batam, Indonesia as well as the changes in mangrove ecosystem coverage over time. We also identified the required bands and their value range of Landsat data for mangrove detection. The research was carried out by applying reflectance selection to detect mangrove ecosystems. Landsat Imagery was used in the analysis, including Landsat 5 TM imagery of 1997 and Landsat 8 OLI imagery of 2015 and 2022. The result found that the combination of bands 1 and 5 of Landsat 5 TM or bands 2 and 6 of Landsat 8 OLI are applicable for mangrove detection. Reflectance of B1 or B2 less than 0.0325 indicates vegetation, while reflectance of B5 ranges from 0.0337 to 0.0837 or B6 ranges from 0.0454 to 0.0928, indicating wetland area. Therefore, the combination of both bands makes up for the mangrove area. Based on the analysis result, mangrove coverage in Kepalajerih Island fluctuated from 1,310.27 ha in 1997 to 1,117.29 ha in 2015 and then to 1,188.77 ha in 2022. The fluctuation was caused by a mangrove loss of as much as 262.17 ha and an expansion of 69.18 ha during 1997-2015, and a mangrove loss of 99.39 ha and an increase of 170.88 ha during 2015-2022. The natural drivers likely caused the fluctuation of mangrove coverage.
PubDate: 2023-12-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- First record of red seabream, Pagrus major existence in the eastern Indian
Ocean south of Java, Indonesia revealed by DNA barcoding
Authors: AGUS NURYANTO, DIAN BHAGAWATI, ELLY TUTI WINARNI, ASWI ANDRIASARI ROFIQOH
Abstract: Abstract. Nuryanto A, Bhagawati D, Winarni ET, Rofiqoh AA. 2023. First record of red seabream, Pagrus major existence in the eastern Indian Ocean south of Java, Indonesia revealed by DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 24: 6023-6030. The red seabream, Pagrus major, is widely believed to be mainly inhabited in the Northwest Pacific region. Although there are no previous studies reporting its existence in the Indian Ocean, a morphologically similar species of silver seabream, P. auratus, has been discovered. To comprehensively assess the geographical distribution of both species, there is a need to carry out a taxonomic study using DNA barcoding technique. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the taxonomic status of seabream (Sparidae) in the east Indian Ocean south of Java, Indonesia, using the cytochrome c oxidase 1 barcoding. Fish specimens were collected during the June to August 2023 field trips at fishing ports and auction centers along West Java and Banten southern coastlines. A total of 51 specimens were successfully barcoded and 99% genetic similarity was used as a species border. The results showed that three seabream species were identified, with intraspecific genetic similarity ranging from 99.77% to 100% and low genetic distance between 0.000 and 0.005 to one top hit conspecific. Furthermore, 21 specimens were identified as P. major with high genetic similarity ranging from 99.43% to 100% and genetic homology ranging from 99.44% to 100%. This discovery represented the first record of P. major in the east Indian Ocean, South Java, presenting essential data need for capture fisheries management in the region.
PubDate: 2023-11-28
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Evaluation of proximate analysis and yield production of watermelon in
Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: ANUNG WAHYUDI, MIRANDA FERWITA SARI, IRSAN RAJAMIN, MUSTIKA ARSRI
Abstract: Abstract. Wahyudi A, Sari MF, Rajamin I, Arsri M. 2023. Evaluation of proximate analysis and yield production of watermelon in Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6010-6015. The breeding of watermelon plants is carried out to produce new superior varieties. This study aimed to test the moisture, fat, carbohydrate, ash, and vitamin contents, and the yield potential of a hybrid watermelon line (F1). The materials used were 6 hybrid watermelon and 2 commercial lines as control varieties. A randomized block design was adopted in this study and was analyzed by LSD test, dendrogram, and proximate analysis. The result showed that the 6 hybrid watermelon lines had high yield potential. Furthermore, the moisture content of the fruit of the WM 2110-1204 lines (92.24%) was higher than other lines. Proximate data analysis showed that the WM 2110-0616 line had a higher ash content (0.16%), and the carbohydrate content of the fruit of the WM 2110-0806 line (3.64%) was also higher. The vitamin C-vitamin content of the fruit of the WM 2110-0308 line (0.36 mg.g-1) was higher, while the 4 watermelon lines, namely WM 2110-0308, WM 2110-204, WM 2110-0806, and WM 2110-1606 had advantages in terms of skin color and striation, fruit sweetness level and weight. In a dendrogram analysis, qualitative characters were divided into two clusters, with clusters I and II containing 8 and 1 lines, respectively.
PubDate: 2023-11-28
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Physical, mechanical, and anatomical properties of 12 jabon (Neolamarckia
cadamba) provenances wood in Indonesia
Authors: NELLY ANNA, ISKANDAR Z. SIREGAR, SUPRIYANTO SUPRIYANTO, DEDE J. SUDRAJAT, LINA KARLINASARI
Abstract: Abstract. Anna N, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto, Sudrajat DJ, Karlinasari L. 2023. Physical, mechanical, and anatomical properties of 12 jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) provenances wood in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5895-5904. Jabon is a raw wood material for paper industries and has a fast-growing ability. Comprehensive information on the fundamental qualities of wood from the 12 provenances of jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) is a critical aspect of understanding their superior properties. The age of the samples at the trial was 42 months old, and the number of trees tested was 12, representing one provenance. Wood samples for physical (disk samples), mechanical, and anatomical properties were sampled at a height and length of 1.3 m and 35 cm. The logs were divided into 5 cm and 30 cm for wood samples with anatomical and mechanical properties. The physical and mechanical properties were tested according to ASTM D 4442, ASTM D 2395, and ASTM D 143 standards. The physical (density, specific gravity, and moisture content), mechanical properties (MOE and MOR), and anatomical properties (fiber length and microfibril angle) were carried out on wood from 12 provenances. Physical and anatomical properties were tested, from the pith to the outer bark. The average green wood density was 0.94 gcm-3, while the highest was obtained in the Rimbo Panti, Nusakambangan, Kapuas Tengah, and Batu Hijau provenances. The average specific gravity value from the 12 provenances of jabon was 0.46 in Batu Licin and Batu Hijau provenances; the average moisture content on oven-dry weight was 105.13%; and the highest value was in the Kuala Kencana provenance. The average MOE and MOR values were 51,039.93 kgcm-² and 488.37 kgcm-², with a dry air moisture content of 13.62%. The highest MOE and MOR values were in the Batu Licin and Gowa provenance, with MFA testing varied at 11.54°. The fiber length from the pith to the outer bark tended to increase, with an average of 1183.28 'm. Based on the value of physical, mechanical, and anatomical properties, 12 provenances of jabon can only be used as non-structural raw materials. The Batu Hijau provenances have the highest density and specific gravity. However, the highest fiber length was found in Gowa provenance.
PubDate: 2023-11-28
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Variation of weekly home range characteristics of Sumatran elephants
(Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Bentang Seblat, Bengkulu Province,
Indonesia
Authors: IRMA KUSUMA NINGRUM, YANTO SANTOSA, YUDI SETIAWAN
Abstract: Abstract. Ningrum IK, Santosa Y, Setiawan Y. 2023. Variation of weekly home range characteristics of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Bentang Seblat, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5854-5862. Bentang Seblat is one of the areas of conflict between Sumatran elephants and humans arising from space use problems because Sumatran elephants have specific preferences for habitat characteristics. This study aims to identify the characteristics of the weekly home range and analyze the relationship of weekly home range with habitat characteristics of Sumatran elephants in Bentang Seblat. GPS collar data from November 2020 until August 2022 were obtained from the Natural Resources Conservation Agency of Bengkulu-Lampung Province and habitat characteristics were obtained from Landsat 8 imagery. The data obtained were analyzed using chi-square test and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) with five variables: land cover, slope, distance from water sources, roads, and settlements. The results showed that the weekly home range was between 2.67 ha-239.98 ha, averaging 46.1 ha. The highest percentage of each habitat characteristic includes secondary forest (55.38%), flat slopes (59.01%), distances of 0-450 m from water sources (35.11%), distances of 0-400 m from roads (70.81%), and distances of 6-8 km from settlements (50.37%). The weekly home range is closely related to all habitat characteristics, with the highest level of relationship significance being the distance from water sources and the distance from the settlement.
PubDate: 2023-11-27
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Diversity and abundance of sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) resources in the
Waters of Duroa Island, Tual City, Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: NENENG SUARNO KALIDI, MAX RUDOLF MUSKANANFOLA, SURYANTI SURYANTI
Abstract: Abstract. Kalidi NS, Muskananfola MR, Suryanti S. 2023. Diversity and abundance of sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) resources in the Waters of Duroa Island, Tual City, Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6002-6009. The people of Duroa Island, Tual City, Indonesia, have been utilizing sea cucumber resources continuously without considering its impact on ecological factors and sustainability. Formulating management initiatives is one possible solution to sustain the stock. However, it is hampered by the lack of information on its current status. This study aims to assess the abundance and diversity as well as the condition of the aquatic environment. In the observation 9 sea cucumbers were found from Holothuria, Bohadschia, Actinopyga, Stichopus, and Thelenota genera. The density of sea cucumber was highest at station 4 (0.417 ind/m²), and lowest at station 1 (0.083 ind/m²). Holothuria edulis dominated the sea cucumber community at a density of (0.450 ind/m2). Habitat characteristics of sea cucumber observation stations on Duroa Island are dominated by seagrass, rocky sand, rough sand, and sand. Ecological indices such as diversity are classified as moderate, high uniformity, and low dominance. All observation stations have water quality that is still in the optimal range according to water quality standards for marine biota, except at station 1 because the station has a pH value below the national quality standard of <6.5.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Grain quality indicators and their phenotypic variability of ancient
varieties of Triticum aestivum in the mountains of Uzbekistan
Authors: FARID RUZIYEV, IBROHIM DJABBAROV, SADOKAT OLIMJONOVA, ULUGBEK NIYOZOV, SIROJIDDIN UROKOV, DILAFRUZ ISHANKULOVA, UMIDJAN BAKHADIROV
Abstract: Abstract. Ruziyev F, Djabbarov I, Olimjonova S, Niyozov U, Urokov S, Ishankulova D, Bakhadirov U. 2023. Grain quality indicators and their phenotypic variability of ancient varieties of Triticum aestivum in the mountains of Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 24: 5995-6001. Today, creation of varieties of agricultural crops that are resistant to adverse environmental factors and produce stable crops under the influence of stress factors has become one of the most important issues in the world. In the following years, scientific and research work is being carried out on the wide use of the diversity of its genetic resources in the creation of new varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this regard, there are opportunities to use wild, semi-wild and ancient local forms of wheat with high protein and high gluten content to create varieties that meet modern production requirements. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the quality indicators of ancient varieties and the degree of phenotypic variation in the selection of wheat varieties that are resistant to adverse environmental factors, fertile and high-quality. This research work, aimed at researching ancient wheat varieties cultivated by the people living in the mountainous regions of Uzbekistan for many years. According to the research results, the grain quality indicators (grain hardness, diameter of grains, grain quality indicators, rheological properties, etc.) of the ancient wheat varieties distributed in the mountain regions are different. According to the results of the experiment, the grain hardness of the studied ancient wheat varieties is 73-82 µm, grain diameter 2.65-2.71 mm, hectolitre of weight 818.2-838.1±8.7 g/L, vitreousness 62.2-70.3%, gluten content in grain 31.5-34.6%, sedimentation index 64.4-77.2 mL. It was also observed that the phenotypic variability of the quality indicators was different in the wheat varieties that were the object of the study. Differences in the grain quality indicators of ancient wheat varieties are explained by the different effects of climatic parameters, abiotic and biotic factors in the regions where wheat grows. The information presented in the article provides an opportunity to select ancient wheat varieties distributed in the mountainous regions of Uzbekistan as starting sources for the creation of varieties with high nutritional value, resistant to adverse factors.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a potential source of protein
and biopolymer compounds in the future
Authors: YASINTA LETEK KLEDEN, LINCE MUKKUN, MELYCORIANDA HUBI NDAPAMURI, FADLAN PRAMATANA
Abstract: Abstract. Kleden YL, Mukkun L, Ndapamuri MH, Pamatana F. 2023. The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria Meyen) as a potential source of protein and biopolymer compounds in the future. Biodiversitas 24: 5979-5987. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria Linnaeus 1758, is an edible insect posing significant challenges to the agricultural industry in Indonesia, particularly in East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Province. However, apart from the status of the migratory locust as a highly destructive insect pest, it has great potential as a source of protein, amino acids, and other bioactive compounds. This study aimed to determine the nutritional and other bioactive characteristics of locusts. Proximate analysis was performed using SNI 01-2891-1992 to identify protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates, and energy. The amino acid analysis was conducted using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). The chitin from the nymph and imago stages of the locust was obtained through a process including demineralization and deproteinization. Subsequently, the chitin was subjected to deacetylation in order to obtain chitosan. Proximate content analysis shows that locust has promising potential as a source of nutrients in order to address the nutritional problems of the population that are still a problem in Indonesia including in ENT Province. The protein content of locust ranged from 63.72 to 75.26% dry weight. These contents are close to those of egg protein (83%), beef protein (85%), and even most plant proteins, like soybean (81%). The imago stage exhibited the highest total amino acid content, measuring 411.41 mg/100 g, with essential amino acids such as lysine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, histidine, and tryptophae. Imago contains chitin from 8.79 to 12.05% dry weight and chitosan from 59.3% to 71.26% by weight of chitin. The study suggests that locusts can be an alternative source of nutrition to dial with stunting in term of their availability of protein and amino acid. Additionally, chitin and chitosan in migratory locusts are promising nutrient sources for agriculture and health applications.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Morphological trait variation of the immature liberica coffee (Coffea
liberica) from West Java applied difference of coffee husk compost and
biofertilizer
Authors: YUDITHIA MAXISELLY, FERRANI RIEFALINA NAFY, INTAN RATNA DEWI ANJARSARI
Abstract: Abstract. Maxiselly Y, Nafy FR, Anjarsari IRD. 2023. Morphological trait variation of the immature liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) from West Java applied difference of coffee husk compost and biofertilizer. Biodiversitas 24: 5988-5994. Improving the growth of immature Liberica coffee is achievable through fertilizer application. This is because nutrients can be provided to plants by microorganisms from organic and biological fertilizers. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the response and the best treatment for applying coffee husk compost and consortium biofertilizer, which contained nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth of immature Liberica plant. The experiment was held at Ciparanje Research Center, Padjadjaran University, West Java, with an altitude of ±750 meters above sea level (masl) from January to May 2023. Furthermore, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with six treatment combinations. Each treatment was repeated four times including control (Urea 20 g.plant-1 + SP36 25 g.plant-1 + KCl 15 g.plant-1), solid coffee husk compost 3 kg.plant-1, liquid coffee husk compost 80 mL.L-1, biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1, solid coffee husk compost 3 kg.plant-1 + biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1, and liquid coffee husk compost 80 mL.L-1 + biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1. The results showed that biofertilizer significantly affected for increasing the morphology trait of immature Liberica coffee, namely the plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches, length of primary branches, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll index. The best treatment for immature Liberica plants was the liquid coffee husk compost 80 mL.L-1 + biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1. Based on this research, the combination of coffee husk compost, especially the liquid form, and biofertilizer is the potential application to boost the immature Liberica coffee growth.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Phytochemical profiling and antidiabetic evaluation of Peperomia pellucida
as a potential alpha glucosidase inhibitor
Authors: SHOLIHATIL HIDAYATI, AYU TRI AGUSTIN, ENI KARTIKA SARI, SHINTA MAYA SARI, RIAN ANGGIA DESTIAWAN, WARDA ATIKA SILVANA
Abstract: Abstract. Hidayati S, Agustin AT, Sari EK, Sari SM, Destiawan RA, Silvana WA. 2023. Phytochemical profiling and antidiabetic evaluation of Peperomia pellucida as a potential alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Biodiversitas 24: 5972-5978. One strategy in post-prandial hyperglycemic control can be done by inhibiting the digestion of dietary carbohydrates through the inhibition of alpha glucosidase enzymes. This study was conducted to determine the antidiabetic activity of Peperomia pellucida in inhibiting the alpha glucosidase. An inhibitory activity analysis test was carried out on alpha glucosidase in vitro and in silico using alpha glucosidase. Molecular docking between receptors and ligands was performed using Hex 8.0 software. The setting column is set in Shape+Electro+DARS mode. The results showed ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction in vitro showed the ability to inhibit the activity of alpha glucosidase enzyme with C50 values of 13.43 mg/mL and 9.73 mg/mL respectively with IC50 positive control acarbose values of 8.11 mg/mL. The results of in silico analysis showed that the Patuloside A component was able to bind to the binding site of alpha glucosidase and gave the smallest binding energy value with a value of -321.4 kcal/mol compared to isovitexin, isoswertisin, pellucidatin, and caryatin-7-O-'-rhamnoside compounds. P. pellucida has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic agent that has activity in inhibiting the work of the enzyme alpha glucosidase so that it can reduce blood glucose levels.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Hibiscus tiliaceus ethanolic leaf extract modulates quorum
sensing-facilitated virulence factors
Authors: MILDA HUSNAH, SUHARTONO SUHARTONO, YULIA SARI ISMAIL
Abstract: Abstract. Husnah M, Suhartono S, Ismail YS. 2023. Hibiscus tiliaceus ethanolic leaf extract modulates quorum sensing-facilitated virulence factors. Biodiversitas 24: 5962-5971. Bacterial pathogenicity and infections are often associated with the presence of virulence factors generated mostly through quorum-sensing (QS) mechanisms. Therefore, QS suppression is considered an effective strategy for combatting pathogens. Many studies to search for new anti-QS agents, particularly those of plant origin, have been intensively conducted. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. is one of the medicinal plants exhibiting various pharmacological activities including antibacterial potential; however, the study regarding its effects on bacterial QS systems has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potency of Hibiscus tiliaceus ethanolic leaf extract (HELE) as a modulating agent against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC122472, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. The extract was obtained through maceration and phytochemical screening was carried out by GC-MS. To evaluate antibacterial and anti-QS potentials of HELE, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC); growth inhibition rate; disc diffusion; and inhibition of violacein, pyocyanin, swarming motility, and biofilm formation were assayed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPPS software and Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) was employed to determine significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of 16 different compounds in HELE, represented predominantly by diterpenoids (phytol), fatty acids (palmitic acid and oleic acid), and p-Tolualdehyde. MIC was found at 10 mg/mL against both C. violaceum ATCC122472 and S. aureus ATCC 29213, and 160 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa PA01. The MBC for the first two bacteria was 20 mg/mL, whereas that against P. aeruginosa PA01 remains to be determined. HELE was able to suppress the production of violacein, pyocyanin, and swarming motility at sub-MIC concentrations, highlighting the anti-QS potential of the extract. HELE at sub-MICs was found to stimulate biofilm formation, whereas at 2 x MIC exhibited an inhibitory effect. These findings justified that HELE might serve as a promising candidate not only as a future QS-inhibitory but also as a concentration-dependent QS-modulating agent.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Optimization of deoxyribonucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain
reaction methods for gene detection of Toxoplasma gondii in goat milk
Authors: MIRA FATMAWATI, LUCIA TRI SUWANTI, MUFASIRIN MUFASIRIN, DIDIK TULUS SUBEKTI, FITRINE EKAWASTI, NUNUK DYAH RETNO LASTUTI, MIRNI LAMID, ENDANG SUPRIHATI, MUSTOFA HELMI EFFENDI, ANAM AL-ARIF
Abstract: Abstract. Fatmawati M, Suwanti LT, Mufasirin, Subekti DT, Ekawasti F, Lastuti NDR, Lamid M, Suprihati E, Effendi MH, Al-Arif A. 2023. Optimization of deoxyribonucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain reaction methods for gene detection of Toxoplasma gondii in goat milk. Biodiversitas 24: 5905-5911. Dairy goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are intermediate hosts that transmit Toxoplasma gondii to humans through goat milk consumption. T. gondii can invade mammary glands and secrete into milk. The method of detecting gene of the T. gondii in milk is through a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test based on specific genes. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy methods of the T. gondii molecular assay from the extraction, master mix for PCR assay, and primer that is possible to amplify the gene of T. gondii in goat milk for PCR assay. The research method for purification used flotation using concentrated sugar. This research compared the extraction kit from Kit Extraction 1 (K1), Kit Extraction 2 (K2), and Kit Extraction 3 (K3) with the extraction method listed in the brochure. Meanwhile, for the PCR assay, three types of master mix were used, including Master Mix 1 (M1), Master Mix 2 (M2), and Master Mix 3 (M3). The specific genes used included primers B1, ROP, GRA 1, GRA 7, BAG 1, and P30. Tris borate EDTA (TBE) or Phosphate Buffer Saline Solution (PBS) as buffer milk samples gave the same PCR test results. The results show that the principle of a flotation method test using PBS can be used to prepare the milk sample. The research showed that extraction kit 1 (K1) and extraction kit 2 (K2) gave positive results for the positive control. However, in terms of price, K2 is cheaper than K1. So, to optimize DNA extraction, K2 can be used. The master mix that can be used for PCR testing of milk samples is M1 because M1 gives positive results for positive controls and negative results for negative controls. Primers for optimal results used GRA 7 and B1 with denaturation temperature of 94°C, annealing at 56°C, and an extension of 73°C 33. This research concluded that the type of DNA extraction kit affects the PCR test results for detecting T. gondii in goat milk. It is necessary to optimize the type of master mix to be used in PCR testing and primers capable of amplifying the T. gondii gene.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Fermentation of rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal using mixed microbes
to improve its nutritional quality
Authors: ASNI ANWAR, ZAINUDDIN ZAINUDDIN, MUHAMMAD IQBAL DJAWAD, SITI ASLAMYAH
Abstract: Abstract. Anwar A, Zainuddin, Djawad MI, Aslamyah S. 2023. Fermentation of rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal using mixed microbes to improve its nutritional quality. Biodiversitas 24: 5863-5872. Rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal is a source of protein; however, its utilization remains limited due to the presence of anti-nutrients, such as tannins acting as protein inhibitors, high crude fiber content, dissolved protein, and low digestibility of dry and organic matter. Fermentation using mixed microbes potentially enhances the nutritional value of rain tree seed meal. This study aims to improve the nutritional quality and reduce anti-nutritional factors in rain tree seed flour using mixed microbes at various doses and incubation times in vitro. Microbes utilized in this study include Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus sp. The study was designed using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design, using two factors, i.e., 3 doses of mixed microbes (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 mL/100 g rain tree seed meal) and 3 different incubation times (42, 72 and 96 hours). There were significant interactions between the microbe doses and incubation times. The treatment of 4.5 mL of mixed microbes/100 g rain tree seed meal and a 72 hours incubation time reduced substantially crude fiber content (59.60%) and crude fat (73.20%), coupled with an increase in crude protein content (11.62%), NFE (6.52%), dry matter digestibility (DMD) (36.78%), organic matter digestibility (OMD) (50.42%), and dissolved protein content (20.27%). Tannin content reduced significantly (37.72%) at the treatment of 4.5 mL of mixed microbes/100g rain tree seed meal with an incubation time of 96 hours. These findings suggest that rain tree seed meal, subjected to fermentation for 72 hours or more, improves nutritional quality, DMD, and OMD.
PubDate: 2023-11-24
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Estimation of genetic parameters and variability of various cayenne
peppers under net shading
Authors: GRETTY FEBRIOLA SIAHAAN, MUHAMMAD ACHMAD CHOZIN, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, ARYA WIDURA RITONGA
Abstract: Abstract. Siahaan GF, Chozin MA, Syukur M, Ritonga AW. 2023. Estimation of genetic parameters and variability of various cayenne peppers under net shading. Biodiversitas 24: 5912-5919. The intercropping systems are important concerning the decreasing agricultural land and the increasing population. Chili could be planted as intercrops, but not all chili genotypes were adapted to low light-intensity stress. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of cayenne pepper under 50% plastic net shade conditions based on morphological and agronomic traits. The study was conducted at the Cikabayan Experimental Field, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Dramaga, Bogor, from January to July 2021. The genetic material consisted of ten genotypes of cayenne pepper from Capsicum annuum L. and ten from Capsicum frustescens L.. Each genotype of chili was planted with three replications, so there were 60 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of six plants planted in an area of 1.5 m2. The shade used was a plastic net shade with a 50% shading level. The estimation of genetic parameters showed that leaf area, number of leaves, fruit weight, number of fruits, and yield per plant had a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and broad-sense heritability (Hbs). Cluster analysis resulted in two main clusters based on twelve chili growth and agronomic characters. All chili genotypes included in Cluster 1 were C. annuum chilies. On the other hand, all the chili genotypes in Cluster 2 were C. frutescens chilies except for the G19 genotype. Cayenne pepper in Cluster 2 had a higher number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, fruit diameter, pedicle length, fruit weight, number of fruits, and yield per plant than cayenne pepper in Cluster 1. The result of this study indicates that C. frutescens cayenne pepper has more potential to be planted under shading conditions and used in intercropping than C. annuum.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Antibacterial activity of Paederia foetida leaves using two different
extraction procedures against pathogenic bacteria
Authors: MELDA YUNITA, MORGAN OHIWAL, MUHAMMAD ZEIN ELFITRASYA, HALIDAH RAHAWARIN
Abstract: Abstract. Yunita M, Ohiwal M, Elfitrasya MZ, Rahawarin H. 2023. Antibacterial activity of Paederia foetida leaves using two different extraction procedures against pathogenic bacteria. Biodiversitas 24: 5920-5927. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the extraction methods between maceration and infundation of Paederia foetida (Linn.) leaves in suppressing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% using the disc-diffusion method. While phytochemical testing was performed by decoction method. The results of this study revealed that the macerated extract was able to inhibit both S. aureus and E. coli at all concentrations with the inhibition zones varied ranging from 5.8 ± 0.85 - 20.43 ± 0.06 mm and 4.9 ± 0.57 - 18.18 ± 0.67 mm, respectively. While the leaf infusion obtained from infundation method was found to be less able to inhibit both pathogenic bacteria (<1 mm). Results of phytochemical testing confirmed the result of inhibitory testing where macerated extract contained alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins, while the leaf infusion only contained alkaloids and terpenoids. It can be concluded that macerated extracts of P. foetida leaves were far more effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. The study implies that the leaf extract of P. foetida can be considered and developed into a strong antibacterial in the future through good and appropriate bioprospecting.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Effect of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus on anthracnose disease in
postharvest papaya fruit
Authors: QUACH VAN CAO THI, TRAN QUOC DUNG, NGUYEN THI NHU HUYNH, NGUYEN TRUNG TRUC, NGUYEN PHUONG THUY
Abstract: Abstract. Thi QVC, Dung TQ, Huynh NTN, Truc NT, Thuy NP. 2023. Effect of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus on anthracnose disease in postharvest papaya fruit. Biodiversitas 24: 5883-5894. Anthracnose disease of papaya fruit caused by Colletotrichum (isolate TD1), identified by 5.8S rRNA sequence homology, is a main obstacle in papaya fruit, influencing fruit quality and minimizing shelf life. Therefore, to diminish the disease and sustain the fruit quality, the impact of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus on the growth of anthracnose disease and fruit quality was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 13 LAB and 12 Bacillus isolates were collected from traditional fermented vegetables and papaya rhizospheric soils. The results showed that 13 LAB isolates and 6 isolates of Bacillus were inhibitory against Colletotrichum in an in vitro test. Two isolates of LDC11 and BHL21 with the highest antifungal activity were selected to evaluate their effect on Colletotrichum growth and papaya fruit quality under in vivo conditions. These findings indicated that the isolates LDC11 and BHL21 at a density of 106 CFU/mL reduced the disease incidence and severity. The LAB and Bacillus treated papaya fruit increased a number of parameters, such as weight loss, TSS, and L*, a*, and b* values. However, vitamin C content, TA, and fruit firmness were reduced compared to the control. The research shows a potential applications of LAB and Bacillus in the postharvest preservation of papaya fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply Bacillus and LAB bacteria to control diseases in postharvest papaya in Vietnam.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Distribution and ranging area of elephant in Simpan Panti Forest, Kota
Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia
Authors: NURUL HAZIRAH NOR HASSAN, Nazirah Mohamad Abdullah, NOR ATIQAH NORAZLIMI, Salman Saaban, MUHAMMAD FADLLI AB YAZI
Abstract: Abstract. Hassan NHN, Abdullah NM, Norazlimi NA, Saaban S, Yazi MFA. 2023. Distribution and ranging area of elephant in Simpan Panti Forest, Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 24: 5731-5738. Home range estimation is one of the most used animal ecology studies using a Geographic Information System (GIS). One adult female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) was fitted with a telemetry satellite collar African Wildlife Tracking (AWT) to determine its home range size distribution through its ranging behaviour and to identify the relationship between the GPS collar location record and the area covered. The home range estimation was determined using GPS collar location data from a satellite telemetry system and analyzed by using the Minimum Convex Polygon methods. GPS collar location data were obtained from the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP). The movement of elephant data was overlayed with the land use data of the Simpan Panti Forest (Hutan Simpan Panti), Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia before being exported to ArcGIS Pro software. The ArcGIS Pro software can estimate this Asian elephant home range sizes by using the MCP method for twelve months, from 1 June 2019 until 31 May 2020. The total home range size is 447.17 km². Home range size is estimated to be 31.77 to 303.86 km² in one year. The size of this home range has presumably been impacted by extensive human activities such as highways and settlement areas. So, good and strong management is needed to control this conflict for humans to live in harmony in one area and protect the remaining forest reserve area from expanding to agricultural activity and human development areas.
PubDate: 2023-11-15
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Effects of meliponiculture Tetragonula laeviceps on pollinator diversity
and visitation rate and citrus productivity in West Java, Indonesia
Authors: MUHAMAD ALDI NURDIANSYAH, Muhammad Yusuf Abduh, Agus Dana Permana
Abstract: Abstract. Nurdiansyah MA, Abduh MY, Permana AD. 2023. Effects of meliponiculture Tetragonula laeviceps on pollinator diversity and visitation rate and citrus productivity in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5757-5763. Citrus reticulata var. Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) is a prominent Indonesian citrus variety, yet its global productivity is facing challenges due to decreasing diversity in pollinators. This study aimed to bolster the productivity of C. reticulata var. RGL in Bandung by introducing Tetragonula laeviceps Smith 1857 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Simultaneously, the study explored the influence of pollinator diversity, foraging behavior, and visitation rates and compared the results with open and wind pollination. Field investigations were conducted to observe the pollination activities of T. laeviceps and eight wild pollinator species, including Apis cerana Fabricius 1793, Ceratina cognata Smith 1879, Xylocopa confusa Pérez 1901, Xylocopa latipes Drury 1773, Vespa affinis Linnaeus 1764, Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith 1860, Papilio demoleus Linnaeus 1758, and Catopsilia pyrantel Linnaeus 1758. T. laeviceps exhibited the highest relative abundance (34.87%) and an average time spent of 72.11 seconds per flower. Visitation rates were highest during noon (10:00 to 13:00) at 0.31 pollinators/hour/flower, influenced by temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity. The phenological stages of C. reticulata var. RGL spanned 240 days. Fruit set, fruit weight, and estimated citrus productivity were significantly higher in T. laeviceps and open pollination compared to wind pollination. This study highlights the suitability of T. laeviceps as an effective pollinator for C. reticulata var. RGL. The findings have implications for the conservation and management of pollinator populations to ensure sustainable citrus production in the declining global diversity.
PubDate: 2023-11-15
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Factors affecting movement pattern of Sumatran elephant in Air Rami
Production Forest, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Authors: NADYA LAKSMITHA, YANTO SANTOSA, Dede Aulia Rahman, DEDE AULIA RAHMAN
Abstract: Abstract. Laksmitha N, Santosa Y, Rahman DA. 2023. Factors affecting movement pattern of Sumatran elephant in Air Rami Production Forest, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5539-5546. The decline in the quality and quantity of elephant natural habitat is a trigger factor for human-elephant conflict and results in a decrease in the elephant population. Research related to movement and habitat factors determining elephant movement is important to obtain information that can be used as a basis for conflict management and mitigation in the long term. We analyzed collared GPS data from a female adult elephant (n=1) in Air Rami Production Forest with recordings from November 2020 to August 2022. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the Sumatran elephant’s daily movement distance and movement period with habitat factors. The data obtained were analyzed using multiple regression analysis with tested variables, including secondary forest land cover, altitude, slope, distance from water sources, settlements, roads, and daily movement distance/movement period. The results showed that secondary forest land cover, slopes, movement period, distance from water sources, settlements, and roads influence the elephant's daily movement distance. Meanwhile, the relationship between the movement period is only influenced by slopes, distance from settlements and roads, and daily movement distance. Our study further provides information recognizing the preferred habitat factor of the Sumatran elephant, which gives stakeholders an essential tool for conservation.
PubDate: 2023-11-15
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Podia histology and ultrastructure of tropical sea cucumber Phyllophorus
sp. (Phyllophoridae) and Colochirus quadrangularis (Cucumaridae) from
Madura Strait, Indonesia
Authors: DWI WINARNI, SIFERA ANGGITA ERIDIANTI, LISTIJANI SUHARGO, FIRAS KHALEYLA, ISMILIANA WIRAWATI
Abstract: Abstract. Winarni D, Eridianti SA, Suhargo L, Khaleyla F, Wirawati I. 2023. Podia histology and ultrastructure of tropical sea cucumber Phyllophorus sp. (Phyllophoridae) and Colochirus quadrangularis (Cucumaridae) from Madura Strait, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5685-5692. Phyllophorus sp. and Colochirus quadrangularis are sea cucumber species found in Madura Strait, East Java, Indonesia. Both species possess distinctive podia structures, which are protrusions on their body walls resembling spines. These structures serve as tube feet for movement (ventral podia) and sensory organs (dorsal papillae). This research aimed to compare the podia structures of Phyllophorus sp. and Colochirus quadrangularis. Five samples of each species were collected from the Madura Strait. Histological slides were prepared for the papillae (dorsal) and podia (ventral) on the anterior, median, and posterior body sections. Simultaneously, an examination of the ultrastructure was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Analysis revealed differences between the podia of the two species. Phyllophorus sp. papillae had semi-flat tips, were non-suckered (SFNS), and exhibited squamous to short columnar epithelia, while their tube feet had flat tips, were non-suckered, and had columnar epithelia. Papillae were denser than tube feet. Conversely, C. quadrangularis papillae were pointed and non-suckered (PNS), and tube feet were flat and non-suckered (FNS). Notably, ossicle-dense areas in C. quadrangularis papillae had a pyramidal shape. In summary, the histology and ultrastructure of podia in these species displayed significant differences, highlighting their unique characteristics. They also imply to the adaptation biology of sea cucumber in Indonesian waters.
PubDate: 2023-11-15
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Abundance and factors affecting the appearance of Siamese fireback and Red
junglefowl in the lowland forest of Thailand
Authors: RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, PHRAEMAI CHAISOMBOON, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, YONGYUT TRISURAT, PEMIKA KANKA, NORASET KHIOWSREE, BUNYATHIPORN KAEWDEE, KITTIWARA SIRIPATTANUKUL, ANDAMAN CHANKHAO
Abstract: Abstract. Sukmasuang R, Chaisomboon P, Paansri P, Trisurat Y, Kanka P, Khiowsree N, Kaewdee B, Siripattanukul K, Chankhao A. 2023. Abundance and factors affecting the appearance of Siamese fireback and Red junglefowl in the lowland forest of Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 5718-5730. Pheasants are indeed important species in various ecosystems. Studies of the abundance and factors influencing the presence of pheasant species have been conducted in the lowland areas of the Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, using camera trapping and species distribution models. A total of 23 factors, 2 bio-physiological, 2 geophysical, and 19 climate factors, were used to analyze in this study. The study revealed the presence of only two species of pheasants in the surveyed area, namely the Siamese fireback (Lophura diardi) and the Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). The encounter rates were calculated as 1.74 photos per 100 trap nights for the Siamese fireback and 2.28 photos per 100 trap nights for the Red junglefowl. The factors influencing the presence of both Siamese fireback and the Red junglefowl were climate factors followed by biophysical and topography factors, respectively. The study's results highlight the importance of climate factors to the appearance of the pheasants, even in lowland areas. The results showed that the both pheasants responded more positively to the secondary forests, the grassland followed by dry dipterocarp forest than to other forest types. Therefore, conservation efforts to protect the areas inside are crucial for conserving the species' population.
PubDate: 2023-11-15
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used by the Tenggerese community in
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia
Authors: WEKA SIDHA BHAGAWAN, WIWIED EKASARI, MANGESTUTI AGIL
Abstract: Abstract. Bhagawan WS, Ekasari W, Agil M. 2023. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used by the Tenggerese community in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5464-5477. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is a repository of biodiversity with profound cultural significance. The Tenggerese community residing within the park possesses rich ethnopharmacological knowledge, using medicinal plants for various ailments. This study aims to comprehensively explore the medicinal plant diversity, traditional uses, and potential pharmacological activities among the Tenggerese people. Ethnopharmacological data was gathered through interviews with informants in seven Tenggerese villages. Ethnopharmacological indices like Species Use Value (SUV) and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated to identify the most important medicinal plants. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants was conducted using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and its pharmacological potential was assessed through antibacterial tests. A total of 124 medicinal plant species from 54 families were documented. The Tenggerese community utilizes plants to treat diverse diseases, with reproductive healthcare being prominently featured. Elaeocarpus longifolius emerged as a key species with high SUV and FL values. Phytochemical analysis identified 25 compounds, including major and minor compounds, already known for their pharmacological activities elsewhere. Elaeocarpus longifolius extract showed inhibitor activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The findings contribute to bridging traditional knowledge and modern scientific research, offering potential avenues for the development of drug candidates from indigenous medicinal plants.
PubDate: 2023-11-13
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Spatial, seasonal variation and impacts of anthropogenic factors on insect
assemblages (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Northwest Morocco
Authors: HANAE EL HARCHE, SARA EL HASSOUNI, MOHAMED FADLI
Abstract: Abstract., El Harche H, El Hassouni S, Fadli M. 2023. Spatial, seasonal variation and impacts of anthropogenic factors on insect assemblages (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Northwest Morocco. Biodiversitas 24: 5368-5375. Agriculture has been identified as one of the main causes of biodiversity loss due to the vast area dedicated to this activity. In Morocco, agroecosystems are becoming increasingly developed, which makes it necessary to study their impact on the local entomofauna. We studied the influence of seasonality and anthropogenic activities, including habitat type, on insect diversity in northwestern Morocco. The insects were collected between March 2019 and February 2020, covering all seasons, using three sampling techniques (sweep nets, pitfall traps, and sight hunting). Our study revealed the presence of 83 species, which were classified into 7 orders belonging to 32 families. Our findings demonstrate that insects diversity changes with the seasons, being higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. In addition, insect richness varies according to habitat type, with heterogeneous fields showing greater diversity than homogeneous ones. Research also indicates that anthropogenic pressures have had a detrimental impact on insect diversity, particularly in agricultural activities such as grazing, tillage, and the widespread use of pesticides. The results of this study are essential for the effective conservation and management of insect species worldwide. Accordingly, we make several recommendations to help preserve insect diversity and improve their survival, including reducing the massive use of pesticides and contributing to the global effort to reduce the impacts of climate change, which will not be possible without the cooperation of landowners, farmers, managers, and researchers. Therefore, we can enhance effective conservation and ensure insect species' long-term survival by fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing among these groups.
PubDate: 2023-11-13
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Phenotypic characteristics of Sakub sheep as local livestock genetic
resources
Authors: ARI DWI NURASIH, MAS YEDI SUMARYADI, CHOMSIATUN NURUL HIDAYAH, ARAS PRASETIYO NUGROHO, AGUSTINAH SETYANINGRUM, IMBANG HARYOKO, PAMBUDI YUWONO, AKHMAD SODIQ
Abstract: Abstract. Nurasih AD, Sumaryadi MY, Hidayah CN, Nugroho AP, Setyaningrum A, Haryoko I, Yuwono P, Sodiq A. 2023. Phenotypic characteristics of Sakub sheep as local livestock genetic resources. Biodiversitas 24: 5671-5675. Sakub sheep is an indigenous sheep with a giant body in the Brebes Regency. Phenotypic characterization is important to increase the population and productivity of Sakub sheep. By combining quantitative and qualitative data, this study will provide a comprehensive insight into the phenotypic profile of Sakub sheep. This study determined the quantitative and qualitative phenotypic characteristics of Sakub sheep. The Sakub sheep used were owned by smallholder farmers using the survey method with interview techniques, observation, and direct measurement of livestock. Samples were taken using purposive sampling in Pandansari and Wanareja villages, which have the largest sheep populations and are easily accessible. The sheep used were rams and ewes sheep in the age group of 1-1.5 years (P0), 1.5-2 years (P1), 2-2.5 years (P2), 2.5-3 years (P3). Phenotypic characteristics observed included quantitative characteristics of body size and qualitative characteristics of body morphology. Body size was measured using measuring tape and hanging scales, including Body Weight (BW), Body Length (BL), Whither Height (WH), Chest Girth (CG), Ear Length (EL), And Tail Length (TL). Body morphology includes head color, body color, face profile, and tail shape. Quantitative characters were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative characters were analyzed descriptively using relative frequency. The results showed quantitative phenotypic characteristics of Sakub sheep at the age of 1-1.5 years; 1.5-2 years; 2-2.5 years, and 2.5-3 years, such as body weight, body length, chest circumference, whither height, ear length, and tail length increased with age. The qualitative phenotypic characteristics of Sakub sheep are having a head and body with a combination of colors but dominant white, a convex head profile, no horns, and a thin and fat tail.
PubDate: 2023-11-10
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 11 (2023)
- Vegetation structure and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned
shrimp pond in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX,
Thailand
Authors: JETSADA WONGPROM , SUTIDA MANEEANAKEKUL, ANUCHA TARA, WASAN CHANDAENG, DECHA DUANGNAMON, APISADA RUEANGKET, DUSIT WECHAKIT, POONSRI WANTHONGCHAI, CHATREE MAKNUAL
Abstract: Abstract. Wongprom J, Maneeanakekul S, Tara A, Chandaeng W, Duangnamon D, Rueangket A, Wechakit D, Wanthongchai P, Maknual C. 2023. Vegetation structure and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 5821-5830. The conversion of mangrove forest into shrimp aquaculture has severely impacted biodiversity and increased carbon emissions. Restoration program is thus urgently needed for such mangrove forests. In this study, we investigated the vegetation structure and composition, and biomass and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond. Observation plots at restoration sites with age of 3-year-old (MF3) and 14-year-old (MF14) were established in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand and at abandoned shrimp pond (ASP) and protected mangrove forest (PMF) as reference sites. The diameters and heights of mangrove species were measured and identified in order to determine the vegetation structure, composition, biomass, and carbon stock. Soil samples from four soil depths, i.e. 0-15, 15-30, 30-50, and 50-100 cm, were collected to quantify the soil carbon stock. The results showed the good growth of Rhizophora stand planted at the restored sites with high vegetation biomass and carbon stock. This species also promoted species diversity, suggesting that Rhizophora spp. are suitable species for the restoration of abandoned shrimp pond. The vegetation biomass and carbon stock of MF14 (230.99 t ha-1 and 102.54 t C ha-1, respectively) was higher than that of PMF (133.84 t ha-1 and 64.94 t C ha-1, respectively). Higher vegetation and soil carbon stocks of the restored mangrove forest was positively influenced by the Rhizophora stand. However, the ecosystem carbon pool of PMF was higher (366.38 t C ha-1). This result indicates that the conservation of mangrove forest is significant to maintain the forest diversity, ecosystem function, and reducing carbon emissions, while mangrove forest restoration is essential to improve the vegetation structure and increase the soil and vegetation carbon stocks.
PubDate: 2023-11-12
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Shell size distributions, land use, and water quality relationships of a
freshwater apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) in Maninjau
Lake, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: NOVERITA DIAN TAKARINA, TRI RETNANINGSIH SOEPROBOWATI, PUTI SRI KOMALA, LUKI SUBEHI, MARTHA WOJEWÓDKA-PRZYBYŁ, DJABANG NURDIN
Abstract: Abstract. Takarina ND, Soeprobowati TR, Komala PS, Subehi L, Wojewódka-Przyby' M, Nurdin D. 2023. Shell size distributions, land use, and water quality relationships of a freshwater apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) in Maninjau Lake, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5478-5484. The freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822), is a common mollusk in lake ecosystems, including Maninjau Lake, West Sumatra. Despite its presence in Maninjau Lake, the information about its shell size, land use, and water quality variable relationships is very limited. This paper aims to study how the land use surrounding the lake and water quality variables can affect the shell size distributions of P. canaliculata. The samples were collected from several locations representing the varieties of land uses, including settlements, paddy fields, forest covers, and river mouths, along with water quality variables. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and validated by Tukey's post hoc test to analyze differences among locations. Pearson’s correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between shell size and water quality variables. The results show that the differences in land use and water quality variables affected the variations of shell length (P < 0.05, F = 4.925) and width (P< 0.05, F = 12.369) of P. canaliculata. The average shell length was 2.709 cm and 2.022 cm for the width. The large shell size was observed in settlement land uses (P< 0.05), and the small shell was observed in forest and paddy field land uses (P< 0.05). The water near settlement land uses was characterized by high temperatures, while colder water was observed in forest and paddy field land uses. Pearson’s test confirms that increases in shell length and width were correlated with increases in temperature and dissolved oxygen.
PubDate: 2023-11-12
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Carrying capacity of mangrove ecotourism area in Pantai Indah Kapuk, North
Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: KEVIN EWALDO, MAHAWAN KARUNIASA, NOVERITA DIAN TAKARINA
Abstract: Abstract. Ewaldo K, Karuniasa M, Takarina ND. 2023. Carrying capacity of mangrove ecotourism area in Pantai Indah Kapuk, North Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5809-5820. Mangroves are crucial in providing various ecological and economic benefits to local communities. This study focuses on the economic aspect of mangroves by analyzing their potential as a tourist attraction in the Mangrove Ecotourism, Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK). The objective of this study is to analyze the carrying capacity of the mangroves as a tourist attraction to ensure sustainable tourism development. The study was conducted in the Mangrove Ecotourism area, Pantai Indah Kapuk, from January to March 2023, utilizing a quantitative approach. The carrying capacity of the mangrove ecosystem was assessed using the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) methods. The calculated values for PCC, RCC, and ECC were 107, 16, and 313 visitors/day, respectively. The analysis revealed that the number of visitors at the PIK Mangrove Ecotourism in 2022 had exceeded the PCC and RCC limits, indicating potential ecological impacts. However, the number of visitors had remained within the ECC limits, suggesting that with proper management, the site could accommodate the current visitor levels sustainably. To achieve long-term sustainability, several initiatives are recommended, such as creating zoning in tourist areas to distribute visitor pressure, increasing the number of field officers to monitor the site, and implementing an online ordering system to manage visitor flow efficiently. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the carrying capacity concept in ecotourism and provide valuable insights for the management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems as tourist attractions.
PubDate: 2023-11-12
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Glucanase activity produced by rhizospheric Streptomyces tritolerans ARJ
32 and Streptomyces collinus ARJ 38 and the analysis of their encoding
genes
Authors: DEMMA ZILBA BUDIMAN, WIDYA ESTI PURWANINGTYAS, JEPRI AGUNG PRIYANTO, IVAN PERMANA PUTRA, ABDJAD ASIH NAWANGSIH, ARIS TRI WAHYUDI
Abstract: Abstract. Budiman DZ, Purwaningtyas WE, Priyanto JA, Putra IP, Nawangsih AA, Wahyudi AT. 2023. Glucanase activity produced by rhizospheric Streptomyces tritolerans ARJ 32 and Streptomyces collinus ARJ 38 and the analysis of their encoding genes. Biodiversitas 24: 5831-5837. The enzyme '-1,3-glucanase is capable of breaking down the glucan components in the cell walls of phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces spp. isolated from the maize rhizosphere, are believed to produce enzymes with glucanolytic activity, making them promising candidates for use as a biological control agent against these fungi. This work aims to quantitatively analyze the enzymatic activity of glucanase in Streptomyces tritolerans ARJ 32 and Streptomyces collinus ARJ 38 and identify their encoding genes (bglS) and the three-dimensional modeling of their protein structures. The dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method quantitively assays the glucanase enzyme. The TA-Cloning of the bglS gene was performed using pGEM-T Easy Plasmid Vector, and the three-dimensional protein structure was constructed using the I-TASSER program. According to the findings, both Streptomyces isolates exhibited glucanolytic activity. The glucanase enzyme activities of S. tritolerans ARJ 32 and S. collinus ARJ 38 peaked at eight days of incubation, with values of 31.116 U/mg and 41.599 U/mg, respectively. The partial bglS gene was present in both Streptomyces and identified as endo-'-1,3-glucanase from the glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH 16). The deduced partial amino acid sequences were aligned and showed some highly conserved residue in the catalytic domain of GH 16. The three-dimensional structural model built from the partial bglS amino acid sequences displayed high-quality parameters and overlapped with the protein model of partial endo-'-1,3-glucanase from Nocardiopsis sp. F96 (2HYK). These preliminary results suggest that the two Streptomyces isolates had the potential to be used as glucanase enzyme producers.
PubDate: 2023-11-10
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Used macroinvertebrates as bioindicators to compare water quality from
different land uses in Watumokala and Nokambu Rivers, Southeast Sulawesi,
Indonesia
Authors: KAHIRUN KAHIRUN, BASRUDIN BASRUDIN, LA ODE SIWI, LIES INDRIYANI, SAHINDOMI BANA, LA BACO SUDIA, LA ODE MUHAMMAD ERIF, LA ODE MIDI, NUR MAULINA, NURLIN JAMALUDDIN
Abstract: Abstract. Kahirun, Basrudin, Siwi LO, Indriyani L, Bana S, Sudia LB, Erif LOM, Midi LO, Maulina N, Jamaluddin N. 2023. Used macroinvertebrates as bioindicators to compare water quality from different land uses in Watumokala and Nokambu Rivers, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5693-5708. Macroinvertebrates are animals that live in waters, both on the surface of the water, in riverbeds attached to substrates or mud, and in several biotypes, which are used as bioindicators of water quality due to anthropogenic disturbances that can change land use around rivers. This study aimed to describe the physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrate community in the Watumokala and Nokambu rivers in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, and to compare the water quality in the two rivers based on ecological index measurements. This study used a survey method at the upstream, middle, and downstream sampling locations for each river with different land use. Data collection on macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters was carried out at each station in each river. The data analysis carried out in this study was to calculate the Shannon-Wienner diversity index, species abundance index, uniformity index, Margalef richness index, and the Family Biotic Index (FBI). The results of this study indicated that in the Watumokala River, there were 17 families from 9 macroinvertebrate orders with an abundance of 1852 individuals, more than in the Nokambu River where 14 families were found from 8 orders with an abundance of 904 individuals. There is an influence of land use habitat on macroinvertebrates in the Watumokala and Nokambu Rivers. In the Watumokala River station 1 and station 3 are similar and have a significant correlation with several indicators indicating that the water quality is still good, while at station 2 there is a positive correlation with physicochemical parameters which indicates that the water quality is slightly polluted. Likewise, in the Nokambu River, at station 1 and station 2, there are similarities and significant correlations between physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrate communities in providing indicators that water quality is still good, while station 3 shows a significant correlation with physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrates as indicators of water quality polluted. So, the results of this research are useful in efforts to manage land and water in rivers that are experiencing pollution.
PubDate: 2023-11-10
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Morpho-physiology and metabolite content of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. and
yellow and orange Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
Authors: ISMAIL SALEH, SANDRA ARIFIN AZIZ, MAYA MELATI, NURI ANDARWULAN
Abstract: Abstract. Saleh I, Aziz SA, Melati M, Andarwulan N. 2023. Morpho-physiology and metabolite content of yellow and orange Cosmos sulphureus Cav. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Biodiversitas 24: 5739-5746. Cosmos sp., known as kenikir in Indonesia, is an underutilized vegetable commodity. Cosmos sulphureus Cav. (C. sulphureus), with orange and yellow flowers, is commonly found as an ornamental plant. C. sulphureus can also be used as vegetable crops, although the Cosmos species widely used as a vegetable is Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (C. caudatus). This study investigated the growth, shoot production, primary and secondary metabolite content, and antioxidant activity of yellow and orange C. sulphureus and C. caudatus. This experiment was arranged using a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with one factor: Cosmos species (yellow and orange C. sulphureus and C. caudatus) with six replications. The result showed that plant height, leaf number, and branch number were not significantly different among the three Cosmos studied; however, the shoot weight per plant of orange C. sulphureus was significantly higher than the others. The antioxidant activity and phenol content of C. sulphureus were lower than that of C. caudatus. Meanwhile, crude fiber, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content were not significantly different among the three kinds of Cosmos. Orange C. sulphureus could be a functional vegetable, although its antioxidant activity is lower than C. caudatus.
PubDate: 2023-11-10
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Effect of endophytic entomopathogenic fungal conidia and blastospores
induced in maize plants by seed inoculation on Spodoptera frugiperda
immune response and mortality
Authors: JELLY MILINIA PUSPITA SARI, SITI HERLINDA, SUWANDI SUWANDI, ELFITA ELFITA
Abstract: Abstract. Sari JMP, Herlinda S, Suwandi S, Elfita. 2023. Effect of endophytic entomopathogenic fungal conidia and blastospores induced in maize plants by seed inoculation on Spodoptera frugiperda immune response and mortality. Biodiversitas 24: 5709-5717. Endophytic entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can produce conidia and blastospores; however, the pathogenicity of conidia and blastospores inoculated in plants on Spodoptera frugiperda larvae is limited. This research aimed to detect the effect of the endophytic entomopathogenic fungal conidia and blastospores induced in maize plants by seed inoculation on S. frugiperda's immune response and mortality. A total of 10 isolates of endophytic EPF were used in this experiment. The study revealed that 9 days after treatments, S. frugiperda larvae consuming maize leaves inoculated with blastospores of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi; their hemocyte concentration did not show any significant differences between the fungal treatments and control. However, 1 up to 7 days after treatments, the concentration significantly differed from the control. Furthermore, B. bassiana JgSPK, JaGiP, and JaSpkPGA(2) isolates tended to be the most pathogenic compared to other isolates. Feeding on leaves colonized by endophytic EPF could reduce the larval and pupal weight of S. frugiperda. The percentage of S. frugiperda non-emergence pupae from larvae-eating maize leaves colonized with B. bassiana JgSPK and JaGiP isolates was significantly higher than other fungal treatments and the control. The endophytic entomopathogenic fungal conidia and blastospores inoculated in maize plants by seed inoculation have a lethal effect on S. frugiperda larvae. However, exposure to conidia and blastospores did not reduce or increase the hemocyte concentration in the larvae hemolymph of S. frugiperda.
PubDate: 2023-11-09
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Diversity of endophytic bacteria in different tissues of sengon
(Falcataria moluccana)
Authors: MUSTIKA DEWI, NOOR RAHMAWATI, ALFI RUMIDATUL
Abstract: Abstract. Dewi M, Rahmawati N, Rumidatul A. 2023. Diversity of endophytic bacteria in different tissues of sengon (Falcataria moluccana). Biodiversitas 24: 5747-5756. Endophytes are endosymbionts, usually bacteria or fungi, that live inside plants without causing disease. Endophytes are available in all plant species and play a role in enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens, and herbivores, increasing host growth, nutrient uptake, and increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought. The endophyte's ability to do all that is a result of the production of biological components or secondary metabolites, which may be the result of co-evolution or genetic transfer between endophytic microorganisms and host plants. In this study, the isolation, characterization and identification of endophytic bacteria from several different plant organs of sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) was carried out using the plant piece method in nutrient agar medium, and identification of selected isolates was carried out based on 16S rRNA. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that 31 endophytic bacterial communities were successfully isolated from various parts of the sengon tree. Bacteria isolated from the stem were 3 strains, bark 7 strains, leaves 11 strains, and galls 10 strains. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the endophytes on the stem were Curtobacterium citreum and C. luteum, respectively. The endophytic bacteria on the bark are C. herbarum, C. luteum, C. pusillum, C. citreum and Azotobacter chroococcum. The endophytic bacteria on the leaves are A. chroococcum, C. citreum, C. herbarum and Lysinibacillus sphaericus. The endophytic bacteria in the gall are Enterobacter ludwigii, Kosakonia radicincitans, Citrobacter gizzii and Erwinia endophytica.
PubDate: 2023-11-09
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Diversity of root bacterial community associated with seven orchid species
from Mount Merbabu National Park, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: ARTINI PANGASTUTI, ARI PITOYO, ARI SUSILOWATI, RIZKA MEISARI, IRVY YULIANA, KHATSANATUL AULIA, LIANA PUTRI PUSPITASARI, RUSIANI RUSIANI, HENDRO PRASOJO
Abstract: Abstract. Pangastuti A, Pitoyo A, Susilowati A, Meisari R, Yuliana I, Aulia K, Puspitasari LP, Rusiani, Prasojo H. 2023. Diversity of root bacterial community associated with seven orchid species from Mount Merbabu National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5676-5684. Indonesia has a high diversity of wild orchids. One of the orchid habitats that has not been widely explored is Mount Merbabu National Park (TNGMb), Central Java, Indonesia. The dependence of orchids on specific microorganisms for survival and growth, especially during early development, has not been widely studied. Endophytes, such as bacteria, can help the host plant grow, tolerate stress, resist disease, acquire nutrients, or form symbiotic relationships. However, bacterial endophytes associated with orchids have not been extensively explored. This research examined the diversity of bacteria associated with orchid roots in Mount Merbabu National Park using a culture-independent method. Seven orchid species were sampled for root bacterial community analysis, that identified as Spathoglottis plicata, Dendrobium sagittatum, Malaxis kobi, Apendicula alba, Pholidota carnea, Dendrobium tenellum, and Bulbophyllum compressa. Bacterial diversity in all orchid roots was high, with several dominant bacterial species. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteriodota, and Actinobacteriota were the four most abundant phyla, with Proteobacteria having the highest abundance (37 to 90%) in all samples. The top ten bacteria genera were Pseudomonas, Serratia, Rhodanobacter, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Parabulkholderia, Faecalibacterium, and Muribaculaceae family that could not be identified at the genus level. Overall, 61, 42, 838, 98, 78, 973, and 1383 OTUs were unique to S. plicata, D. sagittatum, M. kobi, A. alba, P. carnea, D. tenellum, and B. compressa, respectively, whereas all seven species shared 335 OTUs. Our research suggested that environmental factors and the host plant's genetics affect the plant microbiome's composition and diversity. These elements might be essential for ecosystem function and conservation.
PubDate: 2023-11-09
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Supporting food security through urban home gardening, Rancasari
Sub-district, Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: INDRI WULANDARI, TEGUH HUSODO, DEDE MULYANTO, OEKAN S. ABDOELLAH, CIKA ASTI AMALIA, SHOFI SITI FARHANIAH
Abstract: Abstract. Wulandari I, Husodo T, Mulyanto D, Abdoellah OS, Amalia CA, Farhaniah S. 2023. Supporting food security through urban home gardening, Rancasari Sub-district, Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5618-5625. Urban areas are closely related to the increase in human population, which triggers increased demand for land for settlements or housing. The increase in human population is in line with the increase in daily food requirements. As agricultural land decreases, agricultural productivity decreases, but much agricultural land has been converted into non-agricultural land, leading to food insecurity. Urban farming through home gardening is one of the methods to maintain food security amidst limited open land. This study aimed to reveal urban farming as a role model for food security through home gardens in the Rancasari Sub-district, Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. This study used a quantitative approach. Data were collected using purposive sampling in housing >20 years old in Manjahlega and Mekarjaya Village. Plants are divided based on their utilization, including ornamental, spice, medicine, and food plants. The results showed that 803 species and 20,366 individuals of 130 families were found in Manjahlega Village, while 680 species and 10,862 individuals were found in the Mekarjaya Village. In Manjahlega, mango (Mangifera indica L.) has the highest IVI value of 64.58, while in Mekarjaya, Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema commutatum Schott.) has the highest IVI value of 10.2. Based on their use, ornamental plants have the highest H and R values compared to food, medicines, and spice plants. Ornamental plants dominate home gardens in Rancasari Sub-district. Their home gardens tend to be aimed at providing aesthetic value and beauty rather than producing food, medicines, and spices in the household. Home gardening has not been fully effective in supporting urban farming in Rancasari Sub-district due to the selection of ornamental plants.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Seed micromorphology of tribe Desmodieae (subfamily Papilionoideae, family
Leguminosae) from Thailand with its taxonomic implications
Authors: WITSANU SAISORN, SOMRAN SUDDEE
Abstract: Abstract. Saisorn W, Suddee S. 2023. Seed micromorphology of tribe Desmodieae (subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae) from Thailand with its taxonomic implications. Biodiversitas 24: 5572-5585. The seed micromorphology of 21 genera and 58 species of the tribe Desmodieae in Thailand was studied. The result showed that the shape of the seed can be ellipsoid or transversely ellipsoid, irregular, oblongoid, quadrangular, rectangular, reniform, rhomboid, subcircular, and triangular. An oblongoid shape is restricted to the genus Sohmaea; the seeds’ length, width, and thickness are 0.94-5.93 mm, 0.78-3.65 mm, and 0.39-1.92 mm, respectively. The testa color can be light green to green, yellow, light to dark brown, or black. Testa patterns can be classified into nine types: colliculate, colliculate-rugulate, fissured, pitted, reticulate, reticulate-reticulate, reticulate-rugulate, rugulate, and smooth. The rim-arillate aril can be thin, thick, or well-developed. This tribe is classified into three groups based on aril types. Group I: a thin rim-arillate type is restricted to Akschindlium godefroyanum. Group II: a thick rim-arillate type is found on the seeds of the most studied plants. Group III: a well-developed rim-arillate type is a taxonomic characteristic of Codariocalyx. The overall shape of the rim-arillate aril is subcircular, circular, subcircular-elliptic, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, and oblong. An oblong shape of the rim-arillate aril is a unique character for Grona heterophylla compared to other species within Grona.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Effect of genotype by environment interactions on quality parameters and
grain yield of durum wheat
Authors: FAWZIA BOUCHETAT, RAFIKA GHANAI, SARA HIMOUR, SARA BOUAROUDJ, LEILA ALLAL BENFKIH
Abstract: Abstract. Bouchetat F, Ghana R, Himour S, Bouaroudj S, Benfikh LA. 2023. Effect of genotype by environment interactions on quality parameters and grain yield of durum wheat. Biodiversitas 24: 5565-5571. Two experimental trials were conducted at different bioclimatic levels, with the aim to investigate the effect of genotype x environment (Gx E) interaction on grain yield and technological parameters of eight durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block with three replications. The results showed a high Gx E effect on the expression of all evaluated traits. Varieties V4 and V1 with respectively, (24.95 q/ha and 24.73 q/ha) exhibited the highest average yield values across targeted environments. Averaged over the variety main effect, a significant difference of 42 q/ha, in favor of a humid environment, came out for yield. Varieties V3 (84.1 kg/hl) and V6 (83.36 kg/hl) demonstrated the best average specific weight values ''per hectolitre. Similarly, V2; V3; V5 and V7 had the highest rates of black point, while V2 shawled resistance to vitreous kernels (4.33 %). The V3 variety was strongly resistant to grain scalding (2.16 %). The highest levels of protein content were obtained in V6 and V4 (13.38 %; 13.3 %). Varieties: V3; V6 and V1 expressed the best wet gluten content (27.7 %; 26.15 % and 26.13 %). Indeed, the results obtained indicate that each variety is expressed by a particular behavior in relation to environmental diversity.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Tillage systems affect soil nitrogen availability and interact growth
parameters of different faba bean cultivars
Authors: AHMED F. M. AL-ENEZY, BASIM A. ZAIDAN, ALI F. ALMEHEMDI, ALAA A. HUSSEIN, MUSTAFA ABED AL-JABBAR SALIH
Abstract: Abstract. Al-Enezy AFM, Zaidan BA, Almehemdi AF, Hussein AA, Salih MAA. 2023. Tillage systems affect soil nitrogen availability and interact growth parameters of different faba bean cultivars. Biodiversitas 24: 5558-5564. A field trial was conducted during the winter season of 2021-2022 in one of the agricultural lands of Hamid Shaban village, which belongs to Abu Ghraib District of Baghdad Province (33°17'51.3"N, 44°04'55.0"E). The aim of the experiment was to investigate nitrogen availability in two different tillage systems and the growth characteristics of six broad bean varieties on clay-loamy soils. The field trial was triplicated using the Randomized Complete Block (RCBD) method. The first factor was the six broad bean varieties (Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, American and local), the second factor was the cultivation system Conservation Tiltage (no-till) and the traditional cultivation with a mouldboard plow. The results showed that the availability of nitrogen in the soil in the traditional tillage system corresponds to the superior to conservative tillage systems. Where this gives an average available nitrogen concentration of 23.3 mg kg-1, an increase of 21 in relation to conservation tillage, which resulted in an average concentration of available nitrogen of 19.1 mg kg-1. In addition, all the growth characteristics of the plants favored the traditional agricultural system. In the variety comparison, the Italian variety was characterized by the highest nitrogen content available in the soil of 26.10 mg kg-1 as well as the highest values ''of plant growth properties among the six varieties.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Carrying capacity estimation and habitat suitability of Sumatran elephant
in Datuk Gedang Wildlife Corridor, Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape, Jambi,
Indonesia
Authors: NAUFAL FIKRI, DEDE AULIA RAHMAN, NYOTO SANTOSO
Abstract: Abstract. Fikri N, Rahman DA, Santoso N. 2023. Carrying capacity estimation and habitat suitability of Sumatran elephant in Datuk Gedang Wildlife Corridor, Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape, Jambi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5548-5557. Rapid land use changes, including deforestation and land conversion into human areas, lead to the fragmentation of Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) habitat. This study aimed to assess food capacity and determine habitat suitability for Sumatra elephants in Datuk Gedang Wildlife Corridor Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape. The research was conducted from January to May 2023. Data on potential, productivity, and carrying food capacity were collected with a direct method in the field with vegetation analysis. Carrying capacity estimation is based on data on productivity, land cover area, proper use, and Sumatran elephant food needs in a day. The habitat suitability model used the present coordinate point data from the GPS collar period of January-December 2022 with eight environment variables. The data were then analyzed for the build Sumatera Elephant habitat suitability model using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. We recorded 95 species of the potential Sumatran elephant food. The total feed productivity is 1,032,740.722 kg/ha /day and the carrying capacity is 258 elephants. There were three models of habitat suitability categories: high 4,238.66 ha (7%), medium 8,522.34 ha (14%), and low 11,130.36 ha (18%). The studied landscape can adequately accommodate the current population of Sumatran elephants depending on landscape governance (policy and spatial planning) outside conservation areas.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Isolation, phylogenetic analysis and bioprospection of myxobacteria from
Vietnam
Authors: YEN NGUYEN THI NGOC, CHUNG DUONG DINH, HONG NGUYEN THI KIM, CHAM NGUYEN PHUONG, NHAN VO THI, LINH DINH THI LAN, NGOC NGUYEN LE BAO, THAI NGUYEN MINH, NGA NGUYEN DINH, ANH NGUYEN TU
Abstract: Abstract. Yen NTN, Chung DD, Hong NTK, Cham NP, Nhan VT, Linh DTL, Ngoc NLB, Thai NM, Nga ND, Anh NT. 2023. Isolation, phylogenetic analysis and bioprospection of myxobacteria from Vietnam. Biodiversitas 24: 5653-5663. Myxobacteria have been considered microbial factories for producing secondary metabolites that have a variety of potential biological actions for discovering and isolating new biological molecules. Myxobacteria were isolated from soil samples collected in some provinces/cities in Vietnam. The purified isolates were identified based on morphology, biochemical test and phylogenetic analysis inferred from 16S rRNA gene. High-throughput screening assays including 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) for antioxidant properties and microdilution for antimicrobial activity were performed with myxobacterial extracts. Compounds from potential strain were predicted using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Forty-three myxobacterial strains were isolated and classified into seven genera of Angiococcus, Archangium, Chondromyces, Corallococcus, Cystobacter, Melittangium, and Myxococcus. The extract from CT21 strain had the highest total antioxidant activity (IC50 = 52.34 ± 1.47 and 30.28 ± 0.74 'g/mL for the DPPH and ABTS, respectively). It is worth noting that all strains isolated myxobacterial strains show inhibitory activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms. The most potent antimicrobial strain was Myxococcus stipitatus GL41, which inhibited all tested microorganisms, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 1 'g/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of althiomycin - the polyketide antibiotic from ethyl acetate fraction. In the present study, myxobacteria were isolated from soil sample collected from Vietnam, analyzed phylogenetically, and screened for biological activities.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Genetic and morphological diversity of various corn lines for the
determination of waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina) parents
Authors: DIMAS AGUNG PANGESTU, SURJONO HADI SUTJAHJO, ARYA WIDURA RITONGA
Abstract: Abstract. Pangestu DA, Sutjahjo SH, Ritonga AW. 2023. Genetic and morphological diversity of various corn lines for the determination of waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina) parents. Biodiversitas 24: 5643-5652. Genetic diversity is the first step in plant breeding programs. Information about genetic diversity is essential for commodity development to run well, and crop improvement can be more focused. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and performance of various genotypes of waxy corn. A total of 18 genotypes of waxy corn were grown using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance, estimation of the genetic parameters, broad-sense heritability, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variances, and cluster analysis were carried out in this study. The results showed differences in qualitative and quantitative characters between the genotypes of the tested waxy corn. The characters of plant height, ear height, stem diameter, number of leaves, tassel length, ear weight, and number of seeds per row had a high heritability and genetic coefficient of variance. This result indicates that those traits have a high variability among genotypes. Cluster analysis based on qualitative and quantitative characters divided 18 genotypes of waxy corn into three main clusters with similarity 18.34%. The main characteristics that divide the 3 clusters include ear weight with husk, ear length, ear length with kernels, stem diameter, plant height, and ear height. Based on the cluster analysis results, it was suspected that the F1 hybrid resulting from crossing genotypes JPM-1-5-9 with JPS-13-6-5-5 was a hybrid that could produce the best ear character.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Activity of nanoemulsion botanical insecticides from Myristica fragrans
and Jatropha curcas essential oil against Sitophilus zeamais
Authors: NI SILUH PUTU NURYANTI, LINA BUDIARTI, DULBARI DULBARI, HERY SUTRISNO, DENNY SUDRAJAT, YURIANSYAH YURIANSYAH, PRIYADI PRIYADI, RIZKY RAHMADI, FAJAR ROCHMAN, EVI YUNITA SARI, JUWITA SURI MAHARANI
Abstract: Abstract. Nuryanti NSP, Budiarti L, Dulbari, Sutrisno H, Sudrajat D, Yuriansyah, Priyadi, Rahmadi R, Rochman F, Sari EY, Maharani JS. 2023. Activity of nanoemulsion botanical insecticides from Myristica fragrans and Jatropha curcas essential oil against Sitophilus zeamais. Biodiversitas 24: 5610-5617. Maize weevils also known as Sitophilus zeamais, are primary pests that decrease in the quality and quantity of grain products. This study aimed to examine the impact of nanoemulsion formulas of Myristica fragrans and Jatropha curcas essential oils on S. zeamais adults. The investigation focused on the toxicity, ability to inhibit population growth, intensity of damage caused, and effect on seed weight loss. The essential oils were extracted using the distillation method, and the toxicity was tested through contact, fumigant, and seed dressing. A probit program was used to analyze the toxicity level (LC50 and LC95). The results showed that M. fragrans essential oil had the highest toxicity in contact treatment and the lowest when applied via fumigation. Furthermore, this method shows an LC50 value for the contact method of 0.53% and fumigation of 1.01%, while the LC95 value is 4.38% and 10.60% respectively. Based on the LC95 botanical insecticide from J. curcas, all three methods were toxic to S. zeamais adults, with contact being the highest, followed by seed dressing, and fumigant, at 5.23, 6.44, and 19.94%, respectively. The botanical insecticides derived from M. fragrans essential oil through contact provided the best inhibitory activity on population development, intensity of damage, and seed weight loss, with values of 18.00, 16.81, and 13.96%. Plant-based pesticides not only cause pest mortality but also maintain seed quality by reducing weight loss, intensity of pest attacks, and inhibiting the development of pest populations in storage.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Floristic diversity and composition of heath forest in Kuala Tambangan
Village, Tanah Laut District, Indonesia
Authors: MOCHAMAD ARIEF SOENDJOTO, MAULANA KHALID RIEFANI, SHERLI DIANA
Abstract: Abstract. Soendjoto MA, Riefani MK, Diana S. 2023. Floristic diversity and composition of heath forest in Kuala Tambangan Village, Tanah Laut District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5418-5427. Heath forest (kerangas) is a unique ecosystem characterized with sandy soil with poor nutrients. This harsh condition makes heath forest has unique vegetation diversity as well as vulnerable to disturbances. In South Kalimantan, there is a heath forest located in Kuala Tambangan, Tanah Laut District which has never been explored. The research aims to analyze the diversity and composition of vegetation community in heath forest in Kuala Tambangan and identify factors that have the potential to damage the forest. Data was collected using the transect method placed at three sites in the heath forest. Along each transect, 10 observation plots with size 20 m × 20 m were established to record woody plants at the tree level. Within this plot, nested plots with size of 10 m × 10 m was created to record plants at pole level, 5 m × 5 m for saplings and herbaceous plants and 2 m × 2 m for seedlings, ferns and grasses. In total, there were 85 plant species across all observation plots with 79 species were found in the heath soils. Some typical heath forest species were found such as Melaleuca sp., Baeckea frutescens L. and Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Benth. & Hook.fil. ex Dyer. Important Value Index (IVI) as well as Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') varied, both by plant group and by study site. For example, the highest IVI of the tree group belonged to Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd., and for pole level was Melaleuca sp. The lowest diversity occurred at Site B, while the highest was at Site C. The results on vegetation diversity, structure and composition suggest that this forest is in degraded condition. Fires and land conversion are factors that threaten the existence of heath forest in Kuala Tambangan. Our findings recommend the needs of efforts to protect and restore this unique ecosystem.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- The identification of potato genotype diversity based on morpho-agronomy
and nutritional traits in the highland areas of Papua, Indonesia
Authors: SARASWATI PRABAWARDANI, DARMA J. YOGI, NOUKE L. MAWIKERE, NI MADE GARI, ALCE I. NOYA, SARTJI TABERIMA, IRNANDA AF DJUUNA, FIONA D. N. LUHULIMA
Abstract: Abstract. Prabawardani S, Yogi DJ, Mawikere NL, Gari NM, Noya AI, Taberima S, Djuuna IA, Luhulima FDN. 2023. The identification of potato genotype diversity based on morpho-agronomy and nutritional traits in the highland areas of Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5137-5145. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are a potential food crop in terms of economic value and food security, and, therefore, its development must be considered. The missionaries introduced several potato genotypes from 1959 to the 1960s in Papua; however, this area has not been widely studied. This research aimed to identify the agro-morphological characteristics and analyze the tuber nutritional traits of potato genotypes. The research was conducted in Mimin Village, Oksop Sub-district, Pegunungan Bintang District of Papua Province, Hungku Village, Anggi Sub-district, Pegunungan Arfak District of West Papua Province. The research in both locations was designed using a descriptive method, and the samples were collected based on the random sampling technique. There were 2 potato genotypes found in Mimin (KM-O and KP-O) and 5 in Hungku (KM-A, KH-A, KP-A, KB-A, and KT-A) with quite diverse traits, particularly in tuber components. With several prominent morphological characters, potato genotypes from Hungku (KM-A, KBH-A, KT-A) produced the highest yields (0.8 kg/plant). Based on the agro-morphological and nutritional characteristics, it shows the formation of two main clusters with a dissimilarity index of Squared Euclidean Distance ranging from 6.112 to 46,643. Cluster one consisted of genotypes KM-O, KP-O, KM-A, and KH-A, and cluster two consisted of KP-A, KBH-A, and KT-A genotypes, and the dissimilarity mainly lies in the yield and nutrient characters. Based on the nutrient analysis, the highest dry matter content was found in KH-A. The highest starch content was in KP-O and KBH-A, and the highest reducing sugar was in KM-A. The potato genotype with the lowest reducing sugar content was KP-A. Each potato genotype shows various agro-morphological and nutritional characteristics that can be used as a basis material for plant breeding.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Evaluation of body weight and morphometric characteristics of the young
queen of Apis cerana javana at different queen cup cell sizes
Authors: DEWI MASYITHOH, INGGIT KENTJONOWATY, SURAYA MOHAMAD SALLEH, USTADI USTADI, AGUSSALIM AGUSSALIM, FIQIH SHOLINA NASTAIN
Abstract: Abstract. Masyithoh D, Kentjonowaty I, Salleh SM, Ustadi, Agussalim, Nastain FS. 2023. Evaluation of body weight and morphometric characteristics of the young queen of Apis cerana javana at different queen cup cell sizes. Biodiversitas 24: 5626-5633. This study investigates body weight and morphometric characteristics of Apis cerana javana queen rearing based on differences in the queen cup sizes. The queen cell sizes were divided into three categories; the first group was a small category (T1) with a height of 0.75 cm, top diameter of 0.65 cm, and bottom diameter of 0.44 cm. The second treatment was medium category (T2) with a height of 0.85 cm, a top diameter of 0.71 cm, and a bottom diameter of 0.54 cm. The third treatment was a large category (T3) with a height of 1.00 cm, a top diameter of 0.71 cm, and a bottom diameter of 0.62 cm. The morphometrics investigated consisted of hatch weight, pupae length, body length, head, abdomen, wing, and hind leg morphometrics. The results showed that the differences in the queen cup size had no effect (P>0.05) on the hatch weight, body length, width, and length of the head, thorax, fore and hind wing (length and width), and abdomen (length and height). The different queen cell sizes did not affect the wing morphometrics (P>0.05). In addition, the leg morphometrics consisting of femur, tibia, tarsus, and metatarsus were also not affected (P>0.05) by the different queen cup sizes. These results revealed that the different queen cup sizes did not negatively impact the morphometric characteristics of A. cerana javana queen’s.
PubDate: 2023-11-06
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Ethnobotanical study of peraq api ritual in Sasak Tribe of Lombok Island,
Indonesia and its potential for sustainable tourism
Authors: SLAMET MARDIYANTO RAHAYU, JATI BATORO, KURNIASIH SUKENTI, LUCHMAN HAKIM
Abstract: Abstract. Rahayu SM, Batoro J, Sukenti K, Hakim L. 2023. Ethnobotanical study of peraq api ritual in Sasak Tribe of Lombok Island, Indonesia and its potential for sustainable tourism. Biodiversitas 24: 5485-5494. Peraq api is a ritual for giving baby names by the Sasak Tribe in Lombok Island, Indonesia. This ritual uses various species of plants and processions to symbolize values and beliefs of the Sasak people. This unique cultural knowledge and practice might interest tourists to experience the ritual. This study aims to determine the diversity of plant species used in peraq api ritual and the ethnobotanical knowledge embedded on it, and to assess the potential of utilizing this ritual for sustainable tourism development. This research was conducted in villages around the Mandalika Area, including Sengkol, Kuta, Sukadana, and Mertak Villages, located in Pujut Sub-district, Central Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The research was carried out by combining the methods of direct observation, participatory observation and interviews. Information on the species and vernacular names, plant part used, mode of use, conservation status of the plant as well as its habitat were collected and analyzed using descriptive and qualitative approaches. Based on the research, it was found that 15 families, 21 genera and 22 plant species were used in peraq api ritual. Each plant symbolizes the indigenous value and beliefs of Sasak Tribe related to their connection with God, people and environment. The use of plants in peraq api ritual also shows the indigenous intelligence of the Sasak Tribe. Traditional knowledge about the uses of plants and landscape management plays an important role in plant conservation. Plants used in the peraq api ritual can be found in various habitats, including homegarden, garden, riverside and ricefield. These various habitats resemble the indigenous ecological and ethnobotanical knowledge of Sasak Tribe in landscape management which has a very positive role in conserving biodiversity, creating a sustainable environment and socio-cultural preservation. The peraq api ritual has the potential to be develope as a sustainable tourism. The development of peraq api rituals for tourism might be useful to preserve cultural values of Sasak Tribe ''as a national cultural asset, conserve plant diversity and environment and improve the welfare of local communities.
PubDate: 2023-11-04
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- The diversity, lexicon and cultural practices of family medicinal plants
by Tetun Tribe in Malaka, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: HESTIYANA HESTIYANA, MAXIMUS M. TAEK , RIANI RIANI, JAHDIAH JAHDIAH, RISSARI YAYUK
Abstract: Abstract. Hestiyana, Taek MM, Riani, Jahdiah, Yayuk R. 2023. The diversity, lexicon and cultural practices of family medicinal plants by Tetun Tribe in Malaka, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5359-5367. Medicinal plants are part of traditional culture used by humans to cure illness and improve health. The knowledge, perception and tradition of medicinal plants are unique to certain ethnic groups and therefore imbedded in the local language and passed down for generations. This study aims to describe the diversity and lexicon of family medicinal plants (TOGA) and its cultural practices by Tetun ethnic in Malaka District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with an ethnolinguistic approach and combined primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by documenting a list of lexicons of medicinal plants in TOGA by the Tetun ethnic obtained from traditional healers, old people and community leaders through a series of interviews in the field. Secondary data was obtained from published sources related to this theme of research. The results of the study show that there are 32 lexicons of medicinal plants used by Tetun Tribe. These lexicons can be classified as basic words or monomorphemics (20 plants) and phrases (12 plants). Medicinal plant parts used include roots, rhizomes, tubers, stems, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. Methods of preparation of medicinal plants are by boiling, grinding, then rubbing on the affected body part, chewing and brewing with hot water. The Tetun’s knowledge of health benefits of medicinal plants is in line with scientific evidences.
PubDate: 2023-11-04
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Characteristics contribution and similarity of F5 soybean lines resistant
to cowpea mild mottle virus derived from different crossing
Authors: SITI ZUBAIDAH, HERU KUSWANTORO, EMERENSIANA UGE, KENNIS ROZANA, PURWANTORO PURWANTORO
Abstract: Abstract. Zubaidah S, Kuswantoro H, Uge E, Rozana K, Purwantoro. 2023. Characteristics contribution and similarity of F5 soybean lines resistant to cowpea mild mottle virus derived from different crossing. Biodiversitas 24: 5399-5408. Virus is one of the pathogens that can infect soybeans. One of the crucial viruses is Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus (CpMMV), which attacks many soybean plants in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to explore the character's contribution and similarity to identify F5 CpMMV-resistant soybean lines. The plant materials were F5 CpMMV-resistant soybean lines from 26 different crosses. CpMMV inoculation was performed naturally by placing the experiment at the site previously infected with Bemisia tabaci as the CpMMV virus vector. Observations were made on agronomic characters and disease scores. The results showed that there was a variation in the observed agronomic characters, but disease scores were generally at a score of 2. Seed yield, number of filled pods, and number of seeds showed strong character contributions. Disease scores generally had the opposite direction to seed size. There was a significant correlation between agronomic characters, but disease scores had no correlation with agronomic characters. M and N crosses showed the highest seed yields. The disease score for these two crosses was 2. These two crosses also formed a separate group. There were four groups of crosses with different numbers of members. The groups formed were more influenced by the variability of the number of seeds, filled pods, and plant height. Based on seed yield and disease score, M and N crosses should be further developed to obtain high-yielding CpMMV-resistant soybean varieties.
PubDate: 2023-11-04
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Stakeholders and network analyses in Tambora National Park, Sumbawa
Island, Indonesia
Authors: MUHAMMAD ANSHOR, SAMBAS BASUNI, HARNIOS ARIEF, TUTUT SUNARMINTO
Abstract: Abstract. Anshor M, Basuni S, Arief H, Sunarminto T. 2023. Stakeholders and network analyses in Tambora National Park, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5446-5463. The complexity of managing Tambora National Park (Tambora NP), West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia poses a challenge to be overcome effectively by Tambora NP Office alone, thus the involvement of broader stakeholders is needed. These stakeholders have their respective levels of influence and interests which affect the relationship between them and Tambora NP Office. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the stakeholders related to the management of Tambora NP, and investigate their interests and influence using social network analysis. A stakeholder analysis was conducted by the following steps: (i) identifying the stakeholders, (ii) mapping the stakeholders, and (iii) assessing the relationship among stakeholders. The analysis identified 38 stakeholders related to Tambora NP management. Tambora NP Office is the primary stakeholder with the highest level of influence and interest. The relationship established in the management network of Tambora NP is still weak and centralized among several stakeholders in which Tambora NP Office is the most central stakeholder. The relationship among stakeholders is dominated by five stakeholders, namely Tambora NP Office, Natural Resources Conservation Agency of West Nusa Tenggara (BKSDA NTB), Executive Board (DP) of Geopark Tambora, Forest Management Unit (KPH) Tambora and the Environment and Forestry Provincial Service of West Nusa Tenggara Province (Dinas LHK NTB). These five institutions also dominate the proximity between stakeholders, so the information flow is not evenly distributed to all stakeholders. The weak relationships among stakeholders could be overcome by enhancing the flow of information and communication which could be facilitated by Tambora NP Office, BKSDA NTB, and DP Geopark Tambora.
PubDate: 2023-11-04
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Morpho-physiological seed diversity and viability of Indonesian cowpea
(Vigna unguiculata)
Authors: ENY WIDAJATI, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, RIDWAN DIAGUNA, OKTI SYAH ISYANI PERMATASARI, ARYA WIDURA RITONGA, ZULFIKAR DAMARALAM SAHID, GAGAD RESTU PRATIWI, ANDI NADIA NURUL LATHIFA HATTA
Abstract: Abstract. Widajati E, Syukur M, Diaguna R, Permatasari OSI, Ritonga AW, Sahid ZD, Pratiwi GR, Hatta ANNL. 2023. Morpho-physiological seed diversity and viability of Indonesian cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Biodiversitas 24: 5319-5327. Cowpea is a legume with a potential nutritional content almost equivalent to soybeans; it can be developed as a substitute agent for raw materials for food processing. One of the factors in obtaining high cowpea production is to use of quality seeds. Our study aimed to evaluate the performance and morpho-physiological correlations and viability of cowpea seed collections from IPB University Bogor and the Indonesian Research Institute of Legume. We used ten genotypes of cowpea, which had superior seed information. The results showed that the ten cowpea genotypes had superior morpho-physiological and seed viability. The seed germination percentage was categorized as medium-high (>60%). Eight cowpea genotypes were grouped into one major group based on morpho-physiological characteristics and viability. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between the observed variables of seed viability (seed germination, seed growth speed, and seed vigor index). Our research results are useful as a source of genetic diversity for plant breeders in developing new superior varieties in the future. In addition, agronomists can use this information to plant cowpeas based on planting location.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Evaluation of phytochemical composition and metabolite profiling of
macroalgae Caulerpa taxifolia and C. peltata from the Banda Aceh coast,
Indonesia
Authors: SAID ALI AKBAR, MUHAMMAD HASAN, SARI AFRIANI, CUT NUZLIA
Abstract: Abstract. Akbar SA, Hasan M, Afriani S, Nuzlia C. 2023. Evaluation of phytochemical composition and metabolite profiling of macroalgae Caulerpa taxifolia and C. peltata from the Banda Aceh coast, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5283-5292. The study of seaweeds to extract their bioactive compounds has become increasingly important from the standpoint of broader applications. This study aimed to examine the metabolite profiles and phytochemical content of Caulerpa peltata and Caulerpa taxifolia along the coast of Banda Aceh in Indonesia. Readers interested in learning more about the biological activities of C. peltata and C. taxifolia can refer to the material gathered from this study. The three steps proposed by this study were phytochemical composition, antioxidant scavenging, and in vivo metabolite profiling by the use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) characterization, and the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. Using DPPH to measure antioxidant activity, both extracts demonstrated greater scavenging capability, with inhibition values of 42.59% and 39.81%, respectively. In both macroalgae, the GC-MS methodology has shown to be a quick, sensitive, and trustworthy way to monitor individual components and the entire chemical composition. In C. taxifolia, there are 29 phytochemical compounds, whereas in C. peltata, there are 26 types. The ethanol extract of the macroalgae C. taxifolia and C. peltata was then subjected to an FTIR spectrum. These findings at 3352 cm-1, 1654 cm-1, and 1019 cm-1 proved that alkanes, alkenes, and hydroxyl groups were present, corresponding to several compounds in the GC-MS measurement results. Caulerpa taxifolia and C. peltata are potential antibacterial agents; the bioactive compounds for this activity are Heptadecane, Hexadecanoic acid, and other ester derivatives.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Genetic and morphological analysis of complex Giuris group species from
Limboto Lake, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
Authors: ARAFIK LAMADI, AKHSAN FIKRILLAH PARICAHYA, FENI IRANAWATI, MAHENO SRI WIDODO, DEWA GEDE RAKA WIADNYA
Abstract: Abstract. Lamadi A, Paricahya AF, Iranawati F, Widodo MS, Wiadnya DGR. 2023. Genetic and morphological analysis of complex Giuris group species from Limboto Lake, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5223-5233. Wallacea, especially Sulawesi, has a high endemism level with genuine biodiversity for mammals, reptiles, freshwater, and brackish fishes. Fish biodiversity in Limboto Lake, a great natural lake of Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, still needs to be scientifically explored, in contrast with its utilization for human activities that have anthropogenic effects on their ecosystem. Eleotridae is a taxonomical complex to their identification and distributed well in Sulawesi, including Limboto Lake with genus Giuris, known locally as hulu'u fish. Ambiguous identification in Giuris margaritaceus morphologically causing misidentification in molecular analysis, including using Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) region's information. Giuris specimens from Limboto Lake were collected from June 2022 until May 2023. From 662 individuals, length and weight relationship analysis results showed the population is mildly positive allometric (W= 0.11TL3.08). Meristic measurement result (D1 VI; D2 I.8-9; A I.9; P 14-16; V I.5; C 13-14) directing to G. margaritaceus with several small differences. COI analysis using six random specimens of the Limboto Lake population, comparing with four population from NCBI and BOLD System identified as G. margaritaceus or its synonym Ophieleotris aporos, indicating all populations is separated species from one another with P-distances more than 2% and made separated groups in phylogenetic tree and haplotype network. Misidentification issues in the Giuris margaritaceus taxonomical name for all five populations indicate they're potentially separated into five different species, with or without including Giuris margaritaceus, and potentially from currently described species or being new species in the future. Limboto Lake population made three haplotypes with high haplotype diversity (0.733) and low nucleotide diversity (0.001), indicating this population is facing high stressors and starting to grow. Understanding Giuris ambiguities could help governments, researchers, conservationists, and other stakeholders to mapping the ecological priorities.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Short Communication: Daily activities of Javan langurs (Trachypithecus
auratus) in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: NATALIA FITRIYANI, LAURENTIA HENRIETA PERMITA SARI PURBA
Abstract: Abstract. Fitriyani N, Purba LHPS. 2023. Short Communication: Daily activities of Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus) in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5278-5282. The Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus) is one of the endemic primates of Java, Bali, and Lombok. The status of this species is vulnerable in their wild population; thus, the conservation effort is important to keep their existence. One of the conservation efforts is ex-situ conservation. Since this conservation is out of the animal's natural habitat, we must care about all aspects of animal welfare, including the physical and mental state, which can be observed from its behavior. This study aimed to analyze the daily activities of Javan langur living in an ex-situ conservation area named Gembira Loka Zoo. We observed and recorded the daily activity of seven individuals of Javan langur for about 250 hours, including holiday and non-holiday periods. This observation during holiday and non-holiday periods is intended to see whether there are differences in the behavior of Javan langur. The differences in number of visitors during the holiday period can reach thousands, whereas during the non-holiday period, there are only tens up to hundreds of loyal visitors per day. The result showed that the individuals spent most of their time on resting behavior (62.28% on holiday and 61.83% on non-holiday), followed by feeding (15.82% on holiday and 20.70% on non-holiday) and moving (12.01% on holiday and 12.64% on non-holiday). We analyzed the difference in their daily activities between holiday and non-holiday periods to observe the frequency of activity among those types of days. The Javan langurs showed a significant difference between those days only in social behavior (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.03). This study provides new behavioral data about the population of captive Javan langurs in Gembira Loka Zoo, which can be used as basic data for the conservation management of Javan langurs in captivity.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Length-weight relationship and condition factor of bullet tuna (Auxis
rochei Risso, 1810) in the waters of Mamuju District, West Sulawesi
Province, Indonesia
Authors: MUHAMMAD NUR, TENRIWARE TENRIWARE, ADIARA FIRDHITA ALAM NASYRAH
Abstract: Abstract. Nur M, Tenriware, Nasyrah AFA. 2023. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of bullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) in the waters of Mamuju District, West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5253-5259. Bullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) is a fish species with a wide distribution and high socioeconomic value. Furthermore, it serves as a primary catch for fishermen, offering a crucial protein source to the community and generating employment opportunities in various sectors, including fresh fish sales, fish freezing, drying, and smoking industries. To maintain the sustainability of bullet tuna, it is necessary to know basic information regarding the study of length-weight relationship and condition factors because it is related to the fish growth and condition of fish in their habitats. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the growth pattern of bullet tuna, fundamental data for sustainable management efforts. The investigation was conducted from May to August 2023, and the sample fish were collected at the Fish Landing Port (PPI) Kasiwa, Mamuju District, West Sulawesi Province. Analysis was conducted in the Fisheries Department Laboratory, Sulawesi Barat University. The study procedures involved determining the total length and weight of the fish using a measuring instrument and digital scale, respectively, with accuracies of 0.1 mm and 0.01 g. Based on the data collected, 302 samples were obtained, consisting of 187 males and 115 females. The results showed that the relationship between the length and weight of bullet tuna yielded the equations of W = 0.027L3.4783 for male fish, W = 0.0052L3.2732 for female fish, and W = 0.0033L3.4141 when combined. A t-test was conducted on the coefficient b, showing a calculated t-value greater than the tabulated values. It indicated that bullet tuna belongs to the negative allometric growth type (minor) (b<3), where body weight increased faster than body length. Condition factors for male and female fish ranged from 0.3186 to 1.6961 and 0.6990 to 1.5011, respectively, with averages of 0.9957 and 0.7997. It indicates that the bullet tuna fish are in good condition in Mamuju District water.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community in kefir grains from
different milk sources
Authors: JUNI SUMARMONO, RIO JATI KUSUMA, NOVIA RAHAYU, ARI SURYA SUKARNO, PUTRI DIAN WULANSARI
Abstract: Abstract. Sumarmono J, Kusuma RJ, Rahayu N, Sukarno AS, Wulansari PD. 2023. Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community in kefir grains from different milk sources. Biodiversitas 24: 5302-5308. Kefir is a type of traditional fermented milk made from kefir grains. The quality of kefir grain depends on the milk medium, which impacts microbial diversity and population. This study uses metagenomic analysis to assess the microbial populations of kefir grains prepared from cow's milk and goat milk using the 16s rRNA method. The results revealed that >99% Relative Abundance (RA) of the sample's total bacteria belonged to the phylum Firmicutes and the phylum Bacteroidota, respectively. However, most of the phylum Firmicutes was found in the sample of goat milk kefir. Further investigation revealed that goat milk samples had Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus genera, while the cow milk samples contained >99% RA of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Muribaculaceae. Regarding yeast, the family Saccharomycetaceae predominated in cow's milk, while goat milk had 2% of the family Saccharomycetaceae and 97% of unassigned microorganisms. The functional analysis revealed that kefir grains from the two sources had a variety of amino acid metabolisms, secondary metabolite metabolisms, and vitamin production. This metagenomic analysis shows that the type of milk affects the diversity of the population of both bacteria and yeast. This study opens up opportunities to further investigate the potential of kefir as a functional food beverage, a source of probiotics, and an antibacterial agent property.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- New endophytic fungal species of Chaetomiaceae (Ascomycota) in Iraq
Authors: ALAA A. AL-RIFAIE, MOHANAD K. M. AMEEN
Abstract: Abstract. Al-Rifaie AA, Ameen MKM. 2023. New endophytic fungal species of Chaetomiaceae (Ascomycota) in Iraq. Biodiversitas 24: 5270-5277. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify some endophytic fungi from vegetable crops in Iraq. Samples of eight vegetable plants, namely Abelmoschus esculentus, Mentha piperita, Vicia faba, Petroselinum sativum, Ocimum basilicum, Lawsonia inermis, Beta vulgaris and Apium graveolens were collected from three regions in Basrah (Abu Al-Khaseeb, Karmat Ali and the Centre of Basrah). Isolation was done by solid culture method and moist culture method. The recovered endophytic fungi were purified and axenic cultures of each isolated species were then identified on the basis of their macro and micro-morphological features. Morphological identification was further confirmed by molecular analysis through DNA extraction and sequencing by PCR amplification of the ITS4 and ITS5 gene primers. Phylogenetic examination revealed that five novel endophytic fungal species related to the family Chaetomiaceae were isolated from vegetable plants, including Chaetomium cucumericola, C. madrasense, Amesia atrobrunnea, A. cymbiformis and Botryotichum verrucosum. Three species, including C. cucumericola, A. cymbiformis and B. verrucosum, were documented for the first time in the Iraqi mycobiota. To the best of our acknowledgment, this study is the first to investigating endophytic fungi from vegetables in Iraq.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Diversity and abundance of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as indicators of
sugarcane agroecosystem stability in Blitar, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: SUJAK SUJAK, BAMBANG TRI RAHARDJO, FAIZ NASHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD, AKHMAD RIZALI
Abstract: Abstract. Sujak, Rahardjo BT, Muhammad FN, Rizali A. 2023. Diversity and abundance of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as indicators of sugarcane agroecosystem stability in Blitar, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5336-5342. The abundance of ant communities can be used as an indicator of stability in agroecosystems. This study was designed to evaluate the diversity and abundance of ant in three sugarcane cultivation ecosystems. The research was conducted in Ngembul Village, Binangun Subdistrict, Blitar, East Java, Indonesia from August 2021 to February 2022 The three observed sugarcane ecosystems were Ratoon Cane (RC) without tillage, Replanting Ratoon Cane (PRC) with tillage, and Newly Cultivated Plant Cane (NPC) with tillage. Ant collections were made using the pitfall trap method. In each field, pitfalls were systematically placed at 5 points. Pitfall traps were set for 24 hours, and samples were collected every 2 weeks. Identification was done at the genus level and further separated based on morphology (morphospecies). The research obtained 2,920 ant individuals belonging to 3 subfamilies, 7 genera, and 9 morphospecies. The highest diversity and abundance were found in the RC ecosystem compared to the PRC ecosystem and the NPC agroecosystem. The most dominant ant species was Crematogaster sp.1. The ant population in the RC ecosystem has more population growth compared to the PRC and NPC ecosystems. The results of the ANOSIM analysis indicated differences in ant community composition among the treatments. In conclusion, the ratoon sugarcane ecosystem sustains diversity and abundance of ants more compared to the other two ecosystems.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- Utilization of pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunches and their
hydrolysate for ethanol production by Indonesian ethanologenic yeast
Authors: SITA HERIS ANITA, MAULIDA OKTAVIANI, EUIS HERMIATI
Abstract: Abstract. Anita SH, Oktaviani M, Hermiati E. 2023. Utilization of pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunches and their hydrolysate for ethanol production by Indonesian ethanologenic yeast. Biodiversitas 24: 5243-5252. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) represent a polysaccharide-rich raw material with promising potential for ethanol production. This study aimed to investigate the ethanologenic yeasts, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae InaCC Y93 and Kluyveromyces marxianus InaCC Y119, affect bioethanol production in three different systems: Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF), Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), and Prehydrolysis-Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (PSSF). This work is distinguished by the use of indigenous Indonesian yeast strains, including a thermotolerant strain. In the pretreatment process, 1.13% oxalic acid was added to OPEFB and subjected to microwave treatment at 190°C for 3.01 min. Subsequently, cellulase enzymes (40 FPU/g) and a 10% (w/v) yeast inoculum were introduced into 5.27 g dry weight of pretreated OPEFB pulp. The OPEFB acid hydrolysate was also subjected to fermentation. Ethanol content was monitored at 24 h intervals for 72 h. The PSSF system employs K. marxianus InaCC Y119 at 48 h exhibited the highest ethanol concentration, yielding 0.290 g/g, equivalent to approximately 51.20% of the theoretical yield. Additionally, K. marxianus InaCC Y119 demonstrated its capability to ferment the OPEFB acid hydrolysate into ethanol. These findings underscore the considerable potential of K. marxianus for applications in fermenting both hexose and pentose sugars to produce ethanol within higher-temperature systems.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
- The potential of bitter melon extract on cellular non-specific immunity of
koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) after Aeromonas salmonicida infection
Authors: SRI ANDAYANI, MOH. FADJAR, HENY SUPRASTYANI, AULIA RAHMAWATI, NURHALISA NURHALISA, VINA NUR NADIRO
Abstract: Abstract. Andayani S, Fadjar M, Suprastyani H, Rahmawati A, Nurhalisa, Nadiro VN. 2023. The potential of bitter melon extract on cellular non-specific immunity of koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) after Aeromonas salmonicida infection. Biodiversitas 24: 5215-5222. Indonesia has rich and potential fisheries resources both in freshwater (inland), coastal, and ocean. Potential fishery resources in freshwater include the diversity of fish species (germplasm) and fishery land. Utilization of freshwater fisheries potential can be realized by conducting fish farming, especially for economically valuable fish commodities, such as koi fish (Cyprinus carpio). Improving koi fish farming can be done by using bitter melon extract as an immunity enhancer. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of bitter melon extract on cellular non-specific immune response. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method, with 4 treatments and 3 replicates, consisting of treatment K = not given bitter melon extract and not infected, A = dose of bitter melon extract 100 ppm, B = bitter melon extract 150 ppm, C = bitter melon extract 200 ppm. Before being given the treatment, the test fish were acclimatized with the aim of ensuring that the fish were healthy, not stressed and did not experience death. In addition, the dose of extract treatment and soaking time have been through the LD50 test as well as the density of bacterial infection and the length of time of infection have been through the LC50 test so that it has been confirmed that it does not cause stress and death in fish, with results SR 100%. A total of 10 fish were immersed into each treatment container (15 liters of water mixed with the extract) for 60 hours. Infection of Aeromonas salmonicida bacteria by immersion was carried out 5 days after immersion in bitter melon extract with a bacterial density of 107 cells.mL-1 for 1 hour. The results showed that lymphocytes increased after being given bitter melon extract and infected with A. salmonicida bacteria with a value of 63-83%. Monocytes increased from 3% to 8%, and Neutrophils increased from 4% to 9%. Phagocytosis activity increased from 18.4% to 28.9%, indicating that bitter melon extract can enhance non-specific immunity.
PubDate: 2023-11-02
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 10 (2023)
