JournalTOCs

Archives of Virology
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.973

Citation Impact (citeScore): 2
Number of Followers: 6

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1432-8798 - ISSN (Online) 0304-8608
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2468 journals]

Isolation, characterization, and whole-genome analysis of the novel
temperate bacteriophage Ph-p5 infecting Glutamicibacter halophytocola
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  Abstract: Abstract Bacteria of the genus Glutamicibacter, due to their ubiquity, nutritional versatility, and ability to adapt to environmental stresses, play an important role in natural ecosystems and have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, there remains a significant gap in our knowledge regarding Glutamicibacter phages, particularly in comparison to those of the related actinobacteria. To date, only two virulent phages infecting G. arilaitensis have been described. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation, characterization, and genome analysis of a temperate phage targeting G. halophytocola, an endophytic bacterium known for its plant-growth-promoting effect. The phage Ph-p5, with siphovirus structure, was isolated from soil. It exhibited a long latent period (120 min), a moderate burst size (87 ± 3 PFU/infected cell), and stability over a wide range of pH and temperature. The circularly permuted linear double-stranded DNA genome of phage Ph-p5, comprising 43,694 bp with a G + C content of 57.1%, contains 65 putative protein-coding sequences and one sequence encoding tRNA. Of the identified open reading frames, 33 were of unknown function, while the remaining ones were grouped into functional modules, including structural proteins, DNA replication and regulation, lysogeny, and lysis. The presence of intact lysogeny-related genes, together with the capacity for lysogenisation of the host strain G. halophytocola BIM B-1594, provides evidence that Ph-p5 is a temperate phage. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that phage Ph-p5 belongs to the class Caudoviricetes but exhibits significant divergence from known phages and may be assigned to a new genus, for which we propose the name “Petuglutavirus”.
  PubDate: 2025-02-05
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06225-5
Characterization of a novel broad-host-range polyvalent Tequatrovirus
bacteriophage infecting Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli
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  Abstract: Abstract We isolated and characterized the novel polyvalent T-even type bacteriophage vB_SenS_Jbel from wastewater using an enrichment of three different Salmonella strains. The vB_SenS_Jbel virions have prolate icosahedral capsids approximately 100 nm long and 80 nm wide. The genome consists of linear, double-stranded DNA that is 165,566 bp long. Analysis of the genome and structure of vB_SenS_Jbel indicates that it belongs to the genus Tequatrovirus of the family Straboviridae. This novel polyvalent phage can infect Escherichia coli and multiple Salmonella and Shigella species through its unique tail fiber structure.
  PubDate: 2025-02-05
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06236-2
Seroepidemiology (2018–2024) and epidemic spread of an emerging human
parvovirus B19 genotype 1 (subtype 1a2) variant in Hungary, 2023/2024
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  Abstract: Abstract An unusually large number of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections were reported in European countries in 2023/2024, but the genetic background of this B19V epidemic strain is unknown. In this study, there was a larger number of confirmed B19V infections (five in 2021, eight in 2023, and 59 in 2024) and higher IgG seroprevalence (41.4% in 2022 and 54.3% in 2024) in Transdanubia, Hungary, in 2024 compared to 2018-2023. A B19V genotype 1a2 variant (prototype, 1338/HUN/2024, PQ155933) with common and unique nucleotide insertions in the untranslated regions of the genome and nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations in the coding region (NS1 and VP1) could be responsible to the ongoing B19V epidemic in Europe.
  PubDate: 2025-02-02
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06228-2
Emergence of a natural reassortant between Shamonda and Sathuperi viruses
of the species Orthobunyavirus schmallenbergense in Japan
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  Abstract: Abstract The whole-genome sequences of orthobunyaviruses isolated from cattle reared on Yonaguni Island (the western-most point of Japan's territory) were determined. The sequences of their S and L RNA segments were observed to be almost identical to those of Shamonda virus (SHAV) isolates identified in Japan, whereas the sequences of their M RNA segments were very similar to those of Japanese isolates of Sathuperi virus (SATV). Our findings indicate that the two novel isolates are natural reassortants between SHAV and SATV, which share a genome segment organization similar to that of Schmallenberg virus. The nucleotide sequence of the 5' non-coding region of the novel isolates differs from those of previously sequenced SATV isolates, suggesting that the M RNA segments of the reassortants were not derived from SATV strains that were detected recently in Japan.
  PubDate: 2025-02-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06233-5
Systemic infection of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in Passiflora spp.
occurs at the initial stage regardless of the species’ resistance
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  Abstract: Abstract Passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD), caused by cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), severely damages leaves and fruits, compromising passion fruit production. The dynamics of this infection in Passiflora spp. are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the systemic infection time of CABMV in Passiflora spp. and to quantify the viral titer throughout the infection. Plants of Passiflora edulis Sims. (BGP418, susceptible), P. cincinnata Mast. (BGP243, moderately resistant), P. setacea DC. (BRS Pérola do Cerrado, resistant), and P. suberosa L. (BGP152, resistant) were used. The study was conducted in a climate chamber, and mechanical inoculations were carried out on the first pair of basal leaves of the seedlings. Symptoms were assessed using a scale whose scores were converted into a disease index (DI%), and the viral titer was determined at different time points by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The first symptoms of the virus were observed at seven days after inoculation (Dai) in P. edulis (DI = 5.15%) and at 10 Dai in P. cincinnata (DI = 8.86%). On the other hand, P. setacea and P. suberosa did not show typical symptoms of the disease (DI = 0.00%). Systemic CABMV infection was detected at 30 minutes after inoculation regardless of the level of resistance of the Passiflora species. There was an increase in viral titer with infection time with P. edulis and P. cincinnata, although in the case of P. edulis, the increase in CABMV titer occurred earlier, at 2 Dai, and in P. cincinnata at 8 Dai. In the asymptomatic species (P. setacea and P. suberosa), there was no variation in the viral titer over the time periods evaluated. This pioneering study provides information for the selection of time intervals for future molecular research into the interaction between Passiflora spp. and CABMV.
  PubDate: 2025-01-29
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06230-8
Molecular epidemiology of chicken and turkey parvovirus in Turkiye: high
risk, genetic recombination signals, and first complete genome analysis
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  Abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to detect chicken parvovirus (ChPV) and turkey parvovirus (TuPV) on Turkish poultry farms and examine the molecular epidemiology of these viruses. In 2023, a total of 1,060 fecal samples were collected from 76 broiler farms and 30 turkey farms across various regions of Turkiye. The overall positivity rate was 72.3% (55/76) in broiler flocks and 70% (21/30) in turkey flocks. Among these, the positivity rate was 35% (7/20) in birds showing no signs of enteritis. The findings of this study suggest that, depending on the genetic variability of regional strains or the viral load, nested-PCR-based methods may prove more effective than single-step PCR for detecting ChPV and TuPV cases. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate nested PCR in molecular epidemiological studies to minimize the risk of overlooking positive cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1, VP2, and complete genome sequences of TUR/2023/ChPV and TR/2023/TuPV revealed that both strains clustered with American strains in distinct lineages. Analysis using the recombination detection programs RDP4.0 and SimPlot 3.5.1 strongly suggested that TUR/2023/ChPV may be a recombinant of strains from China and Brazil. Despite the observed genetic variability in the VP2 protein, an examination of B-cell epitopes showed a high degree of similarity between ChPV and TuPV strains. This study represents the first documentation of the emergence and prevalence of TuPVs in Turkiye, providing complete genome sequences for both ChPV and TuPV. Given the high prevalence and genetic diversity of these viruses and their presence in clinically asymptomatic birds, it is crucial for stakeholders in the poultry industry to implement regular flock screenings for these and similar viral pathogens. Proactive measures like these are essential for mitigating the economic impact of these important pathogens and developing effective preventive strategies.
  PubDate: 2025-01-28
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06229-1
Viral metagenomics in wild ducks reveals the presence of seadornaviruses
in Siberia
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  Abstract: Abstract Seadornavirus is a genus of mosquito-borne viruses that includes Banna virus, which was first discovered in human patients with encephalitis and fever, as well as Kadipiro virus and Liao ning virus. In this study, we used metagenomics to investigate the diversity of viruses in wild ducks and detected both Banna virus and Kadipiro virus in wild birds in Siberia. These data suggest that seadornaviruses, which were previously only found in South East Asia, are also circulating in Northern Eurasia.
  PubDate: 2025-01-27
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06226-4
Phylogenetic analysis and molecular structure of NS1 proteins of porcine
parvovirus 5 isolates from Mexico
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  Abstract: Abstract Porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) is an unclassified member of the family Parvoviridae with no reported pathogenicity, although it is associated with multisystemic, reproductive, and respiratory diseases. Its open reading frame 1 (ORF1) encodes non-structural protein 1 (NS1), which is predicted to have helicase activity that is essential for viral replication. This protein contains a C-motif with an invariant asparagine residue that forms the core of the enzyme's active site, in conjunction with the Walker A and B motifs. The aim of this study was the phylogenetic and molecular characterization of the NS1 of PPV5 through nested PCR and sequencing of three Mexican PPV5-positive samples. Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree, identity matrices of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, and a three-dimensional model of NS1 were constructed. The amplified sequences, which represented 96.9% of the PPV5 ORF1, occupied the same branch in the phylogenetic tree and exhibited the most nucleotide sequence similarity to the corresponding region of PPV4 and the most amino acid sequence similarity to the NS1 proteins of PPV4 and PPV6. A three-dimensional model of NS1 displayed a C-motif characteristic of superfamily 3 (SF3) helicases. The phylogenetic proximity of PPV5 to PPV4 and PPV6 suggests that it may belong to the genus Copiparvovirus. Further studies on helicases from viruses infecting domestic animals may be useful in developing antiviral drugs for both human and veterinary medicine.
  PubDate: 2025-01-24
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06182-5
Correction: Genome sequencing and characterization of three Bacillus
cereus-specific phages, DK1, DK2, and DK3
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  PubDate: 2025-01-17
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06216-y
Sequence analysis and genome organization of a new marafivirus from
Leptochloa chinensis
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  Abstract: Abstract High-throughput sequencing was used to identify and characterize a novel marafivirus from the weed Leptochloa chinensis, which was tentatively named "Leptochloa chinensis marafivirus" (LcMV). The complete genome of the virus consists of 6,178 base pairs, and its nucleotide sequence is 73.82% identical to that of Sorghum almum marafivirus, which is a member of the genus Marafivirus within the family Tymoviridae. The LcMV genome contains a relatively large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a single polyprotein (220.6 kDa) with five functional domains (methyltransferase, papain-like protease, helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and coat proteins), which is a characteristic of members of this genus. Furthermore, a 16-nucleotide conserved marafibox sequence was identified at nucleotide positions 5341–5356. The coat protein of LcMV is 68.02% identical to that of Sorghum almum marafivirus. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide and polyprotein sequences showed that LcMV is closely related to members of the genus Marafivirus. Our findings support the classification of LcMV as a member of a new species within this genus. This is the first report of a marafivirus infecting Leptochloa chinensis, a very important weed of rice.
  PubDate: 2025-01-17
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06220-w
First complete genome sequence of tulip mild mottle mosaic virus
(Ophiovirus tulipae)
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  Abstract: Abstract Tulip mild mottle mosaic disease, caused by tulip mild mottle mosaic virus (TMMMV, species Ophiovirus tulipae), was first reported in Japan in 1979. TMMMV has a negative-sense ssRNA genome and is closely related to ophioviruses such as Mirafiori lettuce big vein virus (MLBVV, Ophiovirus mirafioriense). However, its complete nucleotide sequence has not yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, we determined the complete nucleotide sequences of all four TMMMV segments. The 5′-terminal tetranucleotide sequences were highly conserved, and the five bases at the 5′ end were identical in all segments. Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the four segments showed the highest sequence identity to those of MLBVV (70–76% for the genomic RNA sequences and 81–87% for the amino acid sequences of each ORF, except for ORF2). The amino acid sequences of the coat proteins of TMMMV and MLBVV were found to be 83.1% identical, which is below the 85% threshold for assignment to the same species, indicating that these viruses belong to different species in the same genus.
  PubDate: 2025-01-17
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06224-6
Characterization of mint virus C, a new member of the genus Carlavirus
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  Abstract: Abstract Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a new carlavirus causing mosaic on mint plants in Italy, which we have tentatively named "mint virus C" (MVC). Flexuous particles of around 600 nm were observed using transmission electron microscopy, and next-generation sequencing was performed to determine the nucleotide sequence of the MVC genome, which was found to be 8558 nt long, excluding the poly(A) tail, and shows the typical organization of a carlavirus. The putative proteins encoded by MVC are 44–56% identical to the closest matches in the NCBI database, suggesting that MVC should be considered a member of a new species in the genus Carlavirus. MVC was detected in independent mint samples from different regions of Italy, collected in 2023 and 2024. Two MVC isolates, identified in 2023 (Me1) and in 2024 (Me2), have been included in the Plant Virus Italy (PLAVIT) collection.
  PubDate: 2025-01-10
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06222-8
Human bocavirus infections in paediatric patients in a tertiary care
hospital in Kerala, India
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  Abstract: Abstract Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) can cause respiratory illness in young children. Although the first HBoV infection in India was reported in 2010, very little information is available about its prevalence, clinical features, or geographic distribution in this country. This study was conducted using 136 respiratory samples from paediatric patients in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala, 21 of which tested positive for HBoV1 and were further characterized through VP1/VP2 gene sequencing. We found that different strains of HBoV1 are co-circulating in the region and that HBoV1 can be detected in children with severe acute respiratory infections, either alone or coinfections with other pathogens, without any significant differences in their clinical characteristics.
  PubDate: 2025-01-10
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06218-w
A new capulavirus infecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in France
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  Abstract: Abstract A novel capulavirus was identified by high-throughput sequencing in four sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants collected in April 2023 in Normandy (France). The complete genome of 2744 nucleotides (nt) was sequenced and found to have an organization similar to that of known capulaviruses, with which it showed close phylogenetic relationships. In addition, data mining of a publicly available Thalictrum thalictroides whole-genome shotgun sequence assembly allowed the identification of a contig (JABWDY010003008.1) representing a longer-than-unit length, likely episomal, genome with 99.4% nt sequence identity to the genome of the French beet isolate. The genome of the novel virus shares only 60.7–66.9% nt sequence identity with known capulaviruses, which is well below the species demarcation threshold of 78%, suggesting that a new species should be created to accommodate it. The common name "beet capulavirus 1" (BCV1) is proposed for this novel virus. Given that BCV1 was identified in plants that were coinfected with beet yellows virus, no conclusions can be drawn at this stage about its potential pathogenicity.
  PubDate: 2025-01-09
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06223-7
Long-term immune responses induced by low-dose infection with
high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses can protect mallards from
reinfection with a heterologous strain
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  Abstract: Abstract Migratory water birds are considered to be carriers of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In Japan, mallards are often observed during winter, and HPAIV-infected mallards often shed viruses asymptomatically. In this study, we focused on mallards as potential carriers of HPAIVs and investigated whether individual wild mallards are repeatedly infected with HPAIVs and act as HPAIV carriers multiple times within a season. Mallards were experimentally infected with H5N1 and H5N8 HPAIVs that were isolated recently in Japan and phylogenetically belong to different hemagglutinin groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). All of these strains are more infectious to mallards than to chickens, and the infected mallards shed enough virus to infect others, regardless of whether they exhibited clinical signs. Serum antibodies to the homologous antigen, induced by a single infection with a low virus dose (10 times the 50% mallard infectious dose), were maintained at detectable levels for 84 days. Immunity at 84 days post-inoculation fully protected the mallards from a challenge with the homologous strain, as demonstrated by a lack of viral shedding, and antibody levels did not increase significantly in most of these birds. Protection against heterologous challenge was also observed despite undetectable levels of antibodies to the challenge strain. Our findings suggest that repeated infections with homologous and heterologous HPAIV strains do not occur frequently in individual wild mallards within a season, particularly at low viral doses, and the frequency with which they act as carriers may be limited.
  PubDate: 2025-01-09
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06209-x
Complete genome sequence of a new beny-like virus from winter wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) in France
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  Abstract: Abstract Here, we report the discovery of a new beny-like virus in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants collected in the Brittany and Burgundy regions of France in spring 2022, using a high-throughput sequencing approach. A complete genome sequence, comprising two genomic RNAs of 6734 nt (RNA1) and 4856 nt (RNA2) was obtained. This genome shows a typical benyvirus organization, with the RNA1 encoding a large replication-associated protein and the RNA2 encoding, from 5' to 3', the coat protein and its readthrough domain and a triple gene block. Pairwise sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that the new virus is a member of the family Benyviridae and that its closest relatives are the recently described beny-like virus wheat stripe mosaic virus and, somewhat more distantly, other recognized benyviruses. Creation of a new species to accommodate the new virus, with the proposed common name "wheat beny-like virus 1" (WBLV1), is suggested, either in the genus Benyvirus or in another genus to be created within the family Benyviridae. Given that WBLV1 was identified in plants that were coinfected by other viruses, no conclusions can be drawn at this stage on its potential pathogenicity.
  PubDate: 2025-01-07
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06221-9
Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan extract inhibits activation of the NF-κB
signaling pathway by herpes simplex virus type 1 and prevents amyloid-β
peptide synthesis in retinal pigment epithelium cells
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  Abstract: Abstract Neurodegenerative pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration currently have no cure or effective treatment. In this type of disease, the presence of amyloid-β peptides, oxidative stress, and inflammation trigger dysregulation of retinal pigment epithelial cells and progression toward the death of these cells, resulting in a loss of vision. The production of amyloid-β peptides, oxidative stress, and inflammation can be triggered in response to viral infections. Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are present in the cell walls of brown algae. There is a large body of literature reporting a wide range of biological properties of these compounds. In this study, we investigated whether Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan extract can prevent infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and if the extract has antioxidant activity. We also evaluated whether, under viral infection conditions, the synthesis of amyloid-β peptide and NF-κB activation could be inhibited by the extract. The results showed for the first time that this extract can prevent viral infection in retinal pigment epithelial cells and that they can prevent the formation of amyloid-β peptide and the activation of the NF-κB pathway during viral infection. We also found that Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan extract has antioxidant activity and reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species. These data suggest that Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan extract might be effective for treating diseases triggered by viral infections, such as degenerative retinal diseases.
  PubDate: 2025-01-06
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06212-2
Unique humoral immune response of pigs to repeated natural Japanese
encephalitis virus infections: an amplifying host perspective
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  Abstract: Abstract Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific region. Amplification of JEV in pigs is a potent driver for spillover of the infection to humans, and hence monitoring of virus dynamics in pigs can provide insights into JEV ecology. To study the dynamics of natural JEV infection in a tropical region, two groups of immunologically naïve pigs consisting of six animals per group were kept as sentinels on two different farms in the district of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. In a longitudinal study conducted from May 2022 to October 2023, nested RT-PCR and indirect ELISA were used to track the dynamics of JEV and the humoral response in pigs. Synchronous and asynchronous seroconversion in pigs was recorded on two different farms with different management practices. Repeated infections with JEV were recorded in all of the sentinel animals throughout the study period, irrespective of the season. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of JEV genotype III in the region. It was observed that the IgG response to natural JEV infection did not last long, which might have been the reason for repeated infections in the sentinel animals. The longest period during which IgG was present at detectable levels in this study was two months, after which the pigs could once again amplify the virus. A significant positive correlation was found between wind speed and JEV incidence in sentinel animals. Our results offer a different perspective on the relationship between JEV and its amplifying host that contradicts the assumption that pre-immune pigs are resistant to JEV amplification. Our findings could have a major impact on our understanding of the ecology of JEV in tropical regions, where there is a high burden of JE despite coordinated prevention efforts that have relied on achieving a long-lasting immune response.
  PubDate: 2025-01-06
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06208-y
Next-generation vaccines for influenza B virus: advancements and
challenges
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  Abstract: Abstract To battle seasonal outbreaks of influenza B virus infection, which continue to pose a major threat to world health, new and improved vaccines are urgently needed. In this article, we discuss the current state of next-generation influenza B vaccine development, including both advancements and challenges. This review covers the shortcomings of existing influenza vaccines and stresses the need for more-effective and broadly protective vaccines and more-easily scalable manufacturing processes. New possibilities for vaccine development have emerged due to recent technical developments such as virus-like particle (VLP) platforms, recombinant DNA technologies, and reverse genetics. By using these methods, vaccines can be developed that elicit stronger and longer-lasting immune responses against various strains of influenza B virus. Vaccines may be more effective and immunogenic when adjuvants and new delivery mechanisms are used. Progress has been made in the development of influenza B vaccine mRNA vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, and vector-based vaccines. However, there are still several obstacles to overcome before next-generation influenza B vaccines can be widely used, including the challenge of antigenic drift, the extinction of the B/Yamagata lineage, and difficulties in strain selection. There are also other challenges related to public acceptance, vaccine distribution, manufacturing complexity, and regulations. To overcome these challenges, scientists, politicians, and pharmaceutical firms must work together to expedite the development and licensing of vaccines and the establishment of immunization programs. The need for constant monitoring and quick adaptation of vaccines to match the currently circulating strains is further highlighted by the appearance of novel influenza B virus variants. To be ready for future pandemics and influenza B outbreaks, we need better vaccines and better monitoring systems.
  PubDate: 2025-01-06
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06210-4
Characterization and genomic analysis of a jumbo phage, PG216, with broad
lytic activity against several Vibrio species
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  Abstract: Abstract In this study, a lytic phage, named PG216, was obtained from seawater collected in Qingdao, using Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain G299 as its host. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that phage PG216 has an icosahedral head with a diameter of 100 ± 6.7 nm and a contractible tail with a length of 126 ± 6.7 nm. The spot assay and EOP assay for host range testing revealed that the phage displayed extensive lytic activity against five Vibrio species: V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, and V. harveyi. The one-step growth curve indicated that the phage has a latent period of 25 min, a lysis duration of 115 min, and an average burst size of 135 ± 02 PFU/cell. The genome of PG216 is 244,027 bp in length with a GC content of 42.89%, and itcontains383 ORFs and encodes 28 tRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that PG216 belongs to the genus Schizotequatrovirus within the family Straboviridae. Phage PG216 was found to be able to eradicate mature biofilms produced by V. parahaemolyticus G299. Phage PG216 demonstrates notable lytic activity while lacking virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes and therefore might be a viable candidate for use in phage therapy of vibriosis.
  PubDate: 2025-01-06
  DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06215-z

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