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Canadian Journal of Animal Science
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.403  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 6  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 0008-3984 - ISSN (Online) 1918-1825 Published by NRC Research Press  [19 journals]
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- Safety and efficacy of hemp-derived products in animal feeds—a
narrative review-
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Authors: Neijat Mohamed, James D. House
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
The current interest in hemp is not limited to the medicinal use for humans, it is also gaining attention as a valuable feed ingredient for animals. For instance, the processing of whole hemp seed (HS) for the extraction of the oil can result in various feed materials for animals, including HS hulls, dehulled HS, HS oil, and HS cake/meal. However, currently, HS-derived products are not approved as feed ingredients in Canada, in part, because the safety and efficacy of these derivatives, like other jurisdictions, require certification by regulatory bodies for their use in animal feeds. In this context, this document reviews previous studies testing the application of hemp-derived products in various animal feeds, including poultry, swine, ruminants, as well as in aquaculture production to support their safety and efficacy. Furthermore, the document attempts to review available data on the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; the psychoactive component) into animal products. Hence, the aim of this work is to support future policy directions and guidelines for the application of various hemp-derived products in animal feeds.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-05-17T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0133
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- Proceedings of the 2023 Meeting of the Animal Science Modelling Group
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Authors: E. Kebreab, J.P. Cant, J.R. Knapp
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
The Animal Science Modelling Group meets approximately yearly for one-day meetings. The 2023 meeting was sponsored by Trouw Nutrition (Guelph, ON, Canada), Lallemand Specialties, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI, USA), and Adisseo (Alpharetta, GA, USA). It was held on June 24 as a hybrid in-person/virtual meeting prior to the ADSA Annual Meeting in Ottawa. Summaries of the papers presented follow. Each summary has been peer reviewed and edited for clarity.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-04-19T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2024-0024
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- Day-to-day variation in trace and macro-mineral concentrations in corn and
mixed grass–legume silages of Canadian commercial dairy herds-
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Authors: M. Duplessis, K. Dubois, I. Royer
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
The aims were to assess the day-to-day variation in trace minerals (TM), macro-minerals, dry matter, and physical effectiveness factor in grass–legume and corn silages and to evaluate the variance partition. Grass–legume and corn silage samples were collected in nine Canadian dairy herds during two episodes of five consecutive days at 4 weeks apart by the same individual. All variables were analyzed in duplicate. The proportion of variation due to the farm was more variable within TM than macro-minerals. Using TM software reference values of silages for formulating rations can lead to important errors. Except for physical effectiveness factor, the within-farm variations between sampling episodes were more marked for mixed grass–legume than corn silage. For most of the minerals and nutrients analyzed, the sampling + day-to-day variations were the main source of variability, accounting for over 50% of the within-farm variance for both silage types. The remaining within-farm variance was explained by subsampling and laboratory analyses. The high within-herd variation suggests that a silage sampling over more than 1 day can be useful to get a representative sample for TM analysis. Accurate nutrients and TM values when formulating cow diets is essential to cow health and productivity.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-04-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0121
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- Evaluation of plasma biotin, folate, and vitamin B12 concentrations of
Holstein dairy cows fed adequate or high concentrations of dietary vitamin
D3, vitamin E, calcium, and selenium under heat stress-
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Authors: Mélissa Duplessis, Alexis Ruiz-González, Daniel E. Rico
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
The aim of this study was to determine plasma biotin (B8), folate (B9), and vitamin B12 (B12) concentrations of multiparous dairy cows under heat stress (HS) fed with adequate or high concentrations of vitamin D3 (VITD) and E (VITE), Ca, and Se. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were used in a split-plot design. The main plot was: (1) Adequate VITE and Se; (2) High VITE and Se. Within each main plot, cows were assigned to treatments: (1) HS with adequate concentrations of VITD and Ca; (2) HS with high concentrations of VITD and Ca; (3) pair-feeding (PF) with HS in thermoneutrality with adequate concentrations of VITD and Ca in a duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square. There were no treatment effects on plasma B8 and B12. Plasma B9 was lower by 21% for HS with adequate VITD and Ca than PF cows. Results suggested that HS might modify folate status in dairy cows, regardless of treatments.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-04-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0115
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- Accounting for dominance genetic variation in carcass quality traits of
Canadian crossbred beef cattle-
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Authors: M. Alipanah, T.S. Valente, M.K. Abo-Ismail, G.S. Plastow, J.A. Basarab, J.J. Crowley, E.C. Akanno
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the contribution of additive and dominance genetic effects to the phenotypic variation of carcass quality traits and to identify the underlying genetic variants associated with these traits. A total of 3958 Canadian crossbred beef cattle with phenotype and genotype data were used in two models: (1) additive and (2) joint additive and dominance genomic models that included fixed contemporary group, and covariates of slaughter age, and the eigenvectors of five principal components to account for population structure. Variance components and genome-wide association analyses were performed, and a 10% genome-wide false discovery rate (FDR) was applied to declare associations as significant. Genomic heritability ranged from 0.31 ± 0.03 for ultrasound rib eye area to 0.46 ± 0.05 for marbling score. Up to 10% dominance genetic variation was observed for ultrasound rib eye area and marbling score, indicating the contribution of dominance genetic effects to these trait variations. Eleven overlapping significant single-nucleotide polymorphism associations were identified across the studied traits and models. The identified candidate genes (e.g., BTC, SPP1, and SEPSECS) have biological functions related to tissue growth and skeletal muscle development and can be further validated in other cattle populations to determine their usefulness for beef cattle genetic improvement.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-04-10T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2024-0008
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- Comparative responses of Lohmann Select Leghorn-lite and Shaver Heritage
White Leghorn hens when fed diets containing fine and coarse oat hulls-
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Authors: Alisha Mills, Anderson N. Maina, Elijah G. Kiarie
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
A standard commercial mash (control), or a mixture of control and fine (FOH) or coarse oat hulls (COH) at a ratio of 80:20 w/w were fed to 57-week old Lohmann Select Leghorn-lite (LSL) and 44-week old Shavers Heritage White Leghorns (SHW) for 28 days. There was no (P > 0.05) strain and diet interaction or diet effects on egg production indices (EP) and feed intake (FI). However, LSL hens had similar (P > 0.05) FI but higher (P > 0.05) EP than SHW. There was no strain and diet interaction observed on apparent retention of gross energy (ARGE) and gizzard weight (P > 0.05). However, the control hens had higher ARGE, and lighter gizzards compared to oat hull-fed hens (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-04-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2024-0005
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- Identification of potential candidate genes associated with milk protein
differences in Holstein cows: a meta-analysis integrating GWAS and RNA-Seq
transcriptome-
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Authors: S. Bakhshalizadeh, S. Zerehdaran, K. Hasanpur, A. Javadmanesh
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Despite the identification of candidate genes influencing milk protein, the connections between genes and regulatory pathways remains elusive. This study aimed integrate findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) through meta-analysis to pinpoint single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes responsible for high and low protein yield in cows. Previous GWAS and RNA-Seq analyses had identified 663 SNPs and 1106 genes (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-04-04T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0108
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- Evaluation of the use of commercial-type and synthetic diets to test a
nucleotide-rich yeast-derived product as a growth promotor for first
feeding rainbow trout fry raised at 10 or 16 °C-
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Authors: Derek M. Anderson, Margot B. White, Stephanie A. Collins, Rob Patterson
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
A nucleotide-rich yeast-derived product (Maxi-Gen™; CBS Bio Platforms, Inc., Calgary AB, Canada), was fed to rainbow trout fry housed at 10 or 16 °C to determine its effect on weight gain and feed intake. Rainbow trout fry housed in 40 16 L tanks (25 fish/tank) were fed commercial-type or synthetic diets with or without the nucleotide-rich yeast product added (0% or 0.5% inclusion) until they reached 60 days of age (5 tanks/4 diets/2 temperatures). Fish housed at 16 °C consumed significantly more feed and gained significantly more weight than fish housed at 10 °C. Trout fed the commercial-type diet gained significantly more weight than those fed the synthetic diet without the nucleotide-rich yeast product added. There was no significant difference in weight gain or feed intake among fish fed either commercial-type diet and the fish fed the synthetic diets with the nucleotide-rich yeast product added, although fish fed the commercial-type diets had significantly better feed conversion efficiencies than those fed the synthetic diets. The nucleotide-rich yeast product could be used in low fish meal, low fish oil first feeding diets, as the aquaculture industry decreases fish meal and oil use in aquafeeds in response to their increasing cost and decreasing availability.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-03-28T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0130
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- Reflections on a chromic oxide paper 44 years later: most cited paper in
99-year history of the Canadian Journal of Animal Science-
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Authors: T.W. Fenton, Mirjana Fenton
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
This article gives the background that led to publication of the paper “An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces”, Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59: 631–634 (Sept. 1979).
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-03-21T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2024-0001
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- The effect of feeding flaxseed as a source of omega-3 fatty acids to
broiler and layer breeders during rearing and lay on body weight,
reproductive performance, and hatchability performance indices-
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Authors: Rosemary H. Whittle, Elijah G. Kiarie, Tina M. Widowski
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) are fed to chickens to enrich eggs for human consumption. Feeding n-3 FA to breeder flocks could benefit the breeders and improve their offspring’s health, welfare, and productivity. This study assessed the impacts of feeding flaxseed (n-3 FA source) on broiler breeders’ and layer breeders’ production performance. In experiment one, Ross 708 broiler breeders were fed a control or flaxseed (2.57% co-extruded flaxseed and pulses) diet during rearing and laying. In experiment two, Shaver White and ISA Brown layer breeders were fed a control or flaxseed diet. Diet tended to affect broiler breeder body weight (BW) (P = 0.06) and significantly affected BW uniformity (P = 0.045). There were no significant pairwise comparisons. Broiler breeders fed flaxseed produced more eggs than control breeders (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-03-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0118
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- Investigating feather corticosterone and fault bars along the length of
domestic male turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) feathers-
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Authors: Anna R. Naim, Nienke van Staaveren, Benjamin J. Wood, Alexandra Harlander-Matauschek, Christine F. Baes, Emily M. Leishman
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Fault bars are visible deformities in the feather structure potentially related to the stress response and may be an interesting trait that can reflect robustness. This study’s objective was to describe fault bars along the length of domestic turkey feathers and investigate whether fault bars are associated with feather corticosterone (FCORT). The same primary wing feather was evaluated from 75 male turkeys from three genetic lines. Feathers were cut into three (proximal, middle, and distal) sections to score fault bar presence, incidence, and severity. FCORT was measured for each feather section using ELISA. Linear mixed models were used to investigate differences in the fault bar presence, incidence, and severity between feather sections and genetic line, as well as investigate associations between the fault bar measures and FCORT. There was a significant increase in FCORT and fault bar incidence from proximal to distal feather sections (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-03-06T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0106
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- Ammonium phosphate is a potential nitrogen supplement in nitrogen-limiting
diets for growing pigs-
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Authors: Miranda J. Buchinski, Carley M. Camire, Olufemi O. Babatunde, Anna K. Shoveller, Daniel A. Columbus
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Reduced protein diets may be limiting in dietary nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) inclusion and lysine content on growth performance of growing pigs. Pen-housed growing pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments to test the impact of NPN inclusion and dietary lysine content for 28 days. NPN inclusion increased feed efficiency and lean depth (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-02-29T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2024-0004
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- Evaluation of the effects of hempseed cake on plasma metabolites and
cytokines in response to an LPS challenge in finishing steers-
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Authors: Thomas M. Winders, Samat Amat, Kendall C. Swanson
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
A lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.25 µg LPS/kg of body weight (BW)) challenge in steers (n = 5; initial BW = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg; Youden square) was conducted to evaluate feeding 0% (dry matter basis; control) or 20% hempseed cake (HEMP) or corn distillers grains (DDGS) on plasma metabolites and cytokines. Plasma isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glycine, tyrosine, total nonessential amino acids, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RA), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased (P ≤ 0.04) in steers fed hempseed cake compared to steers fed DDGS after the LPS challenge. These data suggest that hempseed cake may influence inflammation by altering cytokine production and by increasing degradation and/or utilization of some amino acids.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-02-12T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0085
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- Effect of feeding calcium gluconate embedded in a hydrogenated fat matrix
on performance, gastrointestinal fermentation, ruminal morphology, carcass
merit, and meat quality for finishing beef heifers-
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Authors: Daniel H.M. Watanabe, John Doelman, Dave J. Seymour, M. Victoria Sanz-Fernandez, Óscar López-Campos, Nuria Prieto, Pawel Górka, Gregory B. Penner
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Twenty-one beef heifers were used in a randomized complete block design lasting 206 ± 8 day (mean ± SD) to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), growth, and gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics with increasing dose of dietary hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (HFCG). Dietary treatments included HFCG included at: 0.0% (CON), 0.09% (CG09), or 0.18% (CG18) DM. Heifers were fed individually and fecal samples were collected on d 171 and 192. Gastrointestinal tissue, digesta, carcass merit, and meat quality and sensory characteristics were assessed after slaughter. Data were analyzed to determine the linear and quadratic effects of HFCG dose. DMI, average daily gain (ADG), and G:F were not affected (P ≥ 0.08) by dose of HFCG. Gastrointestinal fermentation was minimally affected, while quadratic responses (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively) were observed for jejunal digesta pH and the molar proportion of isovalerate in colonic digesta where both increased and then decreased as HFCG dose increased. Carcass (P ≥ 0.30), meat quality (P ≥ 0.06), and sensory characteristics (P ≥ 0.21) were not affected by dose of HFCG. We conclude that feeding HFCG to finishing beef heifers did not affect DMI, growth, gastrointestinal fermentation parameters, or carcass merit, meat quality, and palatability.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-02-06T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0055
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- The effects of cricket meal (Gryllus sigillatus) on the meat quality,
growth, and internal morphology of broiler chickens-
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Authors: Holly J. Fisher, Madelaine Empey, Janice L. MacIsaac, Bruce R. Rathgeber, Beth Mason, Stefanie M. Colombo, Stephanie A. Collins
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Cricket (Gryllus sigillatus) meal (CM) was fed to Ross 308 broiler chickens (n = 624 total; 26 birds/pen) at dietary inclusion rates of 0% (non-medicated control; NM), 0% (medicated control; 0.05% virginiamycin, 0.03% monensin; M), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% CM (non-medicated) for 35 days to determine the impact of this novel feed ingredient on the growth, feed intake, organ indices, and meat quality of these chickens. The final average live weight of broilers fed 5% CM was lower than broilers fed the 10% CM (P < 0.05) and the 0% NM diets (P < 0.05). Total weight gain was lowest in chickens fed 5% CM (P < 0.05) and the % ratio of the weight of the small intestine to body weight of the chickens fed 5% CM was significantly higher on day 20 than that of the other treatments (P < 0.05). Meat texture and colour were not affected by dietary treatments. Cooking loss in birds fed the 10% CM diet was significantly higher than that of birds fed the 0% NM control. Feeding up to 20% CM did not alter the growth, organ indices, or meat quality of broiler chickens, although further research is required to determine whether including>20% CM in the diet will produce similar results.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-02-02T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0105
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- Genetic evaluation for piglet crushing behaviour in primiparous sows
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Authors: Mohsen Jafarikia, Zahra Karimi, Brent DeVries, Flavio Schenkel, Brian Sullivan, Ray Lu
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Stress in farrowing sows is associated with the number of piglets crushed or attacked. Sow’s behaviour is variable and heritable, therefore genetic selection can be a viable approach for improving pig’s welfare. In this report, we used first parity litter records of Yorkshire sows to test a genetic evaluation model for piglet crushing. The data were split into training and validation to check the prediction accuracy of piglet crushing estimated breeding values (EBVs) for young sows. We found that the estimated heritability of piglet crushing was 0.07 ± 0.03. The difference in the EBVs in the validation set was equivalent to 0.15 more piglets crushed in the top 10% group than in the bottom group of sows. These results indicate that the genetic selection may be used to reduce piglet crushing which will improve the welfare of pigs as well as production efficiency. The average reliability of the estimated EBVs across all animals in the pedigree was (0.07; 0.0 to 0.72). More research on evaluation models and the genetics underlying sow stress and behaviour is warranted to improve the reliabilities of modeling and to identify robust genetic markers for animal breeding for the implementation.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-01-29T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0091
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- Evaluation of cool-season perennial forage varieties as monocultures and
legume–grass binary mixtures under intensive grazing-
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Authors: Cassidy Sim, Diego Moya, Bill Biligetu, Gabriel O. Ribeiro, Daalkhaijav Damiran, Herbert A. Lardner
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
In Canada, new forage varieties need not undergo grazing trials before registration and sale. To evaluate the effect of grazing, six cool-season species including meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoila Scop.), and three alfalfa varieties (Medicago sativa L.) were established in monocultures and grass–legume binary mixtures in Saskatchewan, Canada. Forage treatments were randomly established within each of three 3.5 ha paddock replicates. In Year 1, 69 Bos taurus crossbred steers, and in Year 2, 149 steers were homogenously allocated to the three paddocks for the grazing trials. Alfalfa monocultures had the greatest (p
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-01-15T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0093
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- Effects of partial replacement of fishmeal with dried porcine soluble on
the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and
fecal score in weaning pig-
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Authors: Md Mortuza Hossain, Sung Bo Cho, In Ho Kim
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Dried porcine solubles (DPSs) are the by-product obtained during the extraction of heparin from the porcine mucosa of the small intestine. The effects of partially replacing fishmeal with DPS in weaning pig diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial count, and fecal score were investigated here. A total of 70 crossbred ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc) weaning pigs were divided into two dietary treatment groups: dietary treatments, CON: 3% fishmeal; DPS: 1.5% fishmeal and 1.5% DPSs. Average daily gain was tended to increase (p
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-01-12T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0065
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- Effect of dietary nitrogen content and ammonium phosphate inclusion on
lysine requirement for nitrogen retention in growing pigs-
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Authors: Miranda J. Buchinski, Michael O. Wellington, Carley M. Camiré, Josiane C. Panisson, Anna K. Shoveller, Daniel A. Columbus
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
Inclusion of a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) may improve essential amino acid (EAA) and nitrogen (N) utilization in N-limiting diets. Growing barrows (20.4 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 dietary treatments (n = 9 pigs/treatment) in nine blocks. Diets contained no ammonium phosphate (NAP) or 1.7% ammonium phosphate (AP) to have an EAA-N:total N ratio of 0.36 and 0.33, respectively, with graded levels of dietary lysine (Lys; 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, and 1.2% standardized ileal digestible (SID)). Following a 7-day dietary adaptation, a 4-day N-balance collection period was conducted. Blood samples were obtained on day 2 of the collection period. Nitrogen retention (NR) increased and urinary N output decreased with inclusion of NPN and increasing Lys (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-01-05T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0111
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- An assessment of the environmental sustainability of beef production in
Canada-
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Authors: Isaac A. Aboagye, Gayathri Valappil, Baishali Dutta, Hugues Imbeault-Tétreault, Kim H. Ominski, Marcos R.C. Cordeiro, Roland Kröbel, Sarah J. Pogue, Tim A. McAllister
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ahead of Print.
This study assessed the environmental impacts of beef cattle production and their effects on the overall sustainability of Canadian beef production. Cradle to farm gate, cradle to processor’s gate, and cradle to consumer plate life cycle assessments were carried out to quantify greenhouse gases (GHG), resource use (i.e., water, land, and fuel), and potential water and air pollution (i.e., freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, and photochemical oxidants formation). Across the production chain, feed production had the greatest impact on most environmental indicators. The GHG intensity without dairy meat was estimated as 10.4 kg CO2-eq per kg of live weight (LW), corresponding to 32.8 kg CO2-eq per kg of consumed boneless beef. Including dairy meat reduced GHG intensity by 5.8% (0.6 kg CO2-eq kg LW–1) compared to when it was excluded. Other environmental metrics per kg of LW were 657 L, 38.7 m2 annual crop-eq, 0.4 kg oil-eq, 2.6 kg P-eq, 115.9 kg SO2-eq, and 8.7 kg NOx-eq for water use, land use, fossil fuel use, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, and photochemical oxidants, respectively. Data provide benchmarks for use in future regional and national assessments that are designed to encourage the adoption of sustainable management practices that can lower the environmental footprint of Canadian beef production.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
PubDate: 2024-01-04T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2023-0077
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