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Applied Solar Energy
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.225  Number of Followers: 21  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1934-9424 - ISSN (Online) 0003-701X Published by Springer-Verlag  [2467 journals]
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- Structural Properties of SbxSey Thin Films Obtained by CMBD for Solar
Cells-
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Abstract: SbxSey films were obtained by chemical molecular beam deposition (CMBD) on soda-lime glass substrates. Sb and Se were used as sources, their evaporation temperature was 950–1000°C (Sb) and 500°C (Se), the substrate temperature was maintained at about 500°C. Using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman scattering, the effect of the Sb/Se composition ratio on the structure of the synthesized films was studied. It was revealed that the films have a crystalline (orthorhombic) structure with compactly located crystallites having the form of rods with an average size: l = 4–8 µm (length) and d = 2–3 µm (diameter).
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- The Result of Successive Exposure to Reverse and Forward Bias on the
Electrophysical Characteristics of ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/CdS/CuIn1 – xGax(S,
Se)2/Mo Structure Solar Cells-
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Abstract: The article presents the results of studies on the effect of forward bias on the parameters of solar cells with the ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/CdS/CuIn1 – xGax(S,Se)2/Mo structure, which were previously subjected to reverse bias for 600 s. The results of studies of the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of copper, indium, gallium, and selenide (CIGS) solar cells (SCs), before and after exposure to forward bias, indicate a difference in the effect of forward bias from exposure to long-term illumination, in which there is a restoration of parameters that have changed during reverse bias. Although the effect of forward bias is in some sense considered identical to the operation of a SC under illumination, when exposed to forward bias, further deterioration of the electrophysical parameters of the SC is observed, which can be interpreted on the basis of the charge state rearrangement model.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Prediction of Bandgap of Undoped TiO2 for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Photoanode-
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Abstract: Photoanodes play pivotal role in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It serves the dual purpose of photo-sensitizer supporter, providing a larger surface area as well as a transporter for excited electrons from dyes to external circuits. Titanium dioxide ( \({\text{Ti}}{{{\text{O}}}_{2}}\) ) nanoparticles in the form of thin film photoanode, are of great scrutiny because of their tuneable band gaps ( \({{E}_{{\text{g}}}}\) ), cost-effectiveness, high stability and environment-friendly, assuring plenty of applications for visible light optical pursuits. Studies have been carried out with doped \({\text{Ti}}{{{\text{O}}}_{2}}\) with various metals and alloys combination and the effects of doping in the surface morphological structures, and electrical and optical attributes of the photo anode for DSSCs. In this study, undoped \({\text{Ti}}{{{\text{O}}}_{2}}\) nanoparticles have been synthesized with variation in precursors. Titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and ethanol (EtOH) with different volumes are annealed at different temperatures using the sol-gel method and respective optical band gaps are derived and been studied. Furthermore, regression algorithms have been effectuated to predict the obtained optical band gaps. The experimental quotient concludes that the band gap of the photo anode varies from 3.2 to 3.38 eV. The regression models computation predicts the same resultants. Moreover, the metrics of regression reflects the same, through the mean square error (MSE), root-mean-square-error (RMSE), mean absolute value (MAE) and R2 being 0.001, 0.014, 0.009 and 0.907 respectively.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Performance Analysis of an Ejector Based Hybrid Air-Conditioning System
Integrated with Solar Thermal Collector-
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Abstract: Electricity saving potential of a residential air conditioning system based on a solar hybrid ejector-vapour compression refrigeration cycle operating with R245fa is investigated. The ejector refrigeration cycle of hybrid system is working with heat input from an integrated evacuated tube solar thermal collector which can produce temperature in the range of 60 to 100°C. Thermodynamic simulation of the vapour ejector flow is done using Engineering Equations Solver (EES) software to get its critical entrainment ratio and corresponding area ratio for various temperatures of evaporator and generator. The simulation results in terms of entrainment ratio is compared with published results to get maximum relative error within 3.1%. With evaporator temperature of 16°C and condenser temperature of 35°C, the critical entrainment ratio varies from 0.20 at 60°C generator temperature to 0.82 at 100°C generator temperature. The corresponding area ratio increases from 3.9 to 13.2. It is observed that for a given condenser temperature, and area ratio, the critical entrainment ratio increases with evaporator temperature but decreases with generator temperature. Analysis of the ejector refrigeration cycle with above range of operation shows that the refrigeration effect produced increases from 0.26 kW at generator heat input of 1.49 to 2.65 kW at heat input of 4.37 kW. Further, the analysis on one-ton hybrid air-conditioning system with ejector refrigeration producing its share of refrigeration system using solar heat input in the range of 60 to 90°C can lead to a compressor power saving in the range of 7.5 to 51.15% in comparison with standard vapour compression system of its kind.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Influence of Doping with Rare Earth Elements on the Parameters of Silicon
Photocells-
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Abstract: A technology has been developed for manufacturing solar cells based on silicon doped with impurity atoms of rare-earth elements holmium and gadolinium. It has been established that at a concentration of doping with holmium and gadolinium of 1017 cm–3, the efficiency of solar cells increases on average by 15% relative to the control ones. An increase in the radiation resistance of solar cells based on silicon doped with rare earth elements holmium and gadolinium during irradiation with gamma quanta is shown. Rare-earth elements holmium and gadolinium, introduced into silicon during growth, are present in it in the form of various impurity precipitations and complexes, being electrically inactive, actively interacting with vacancies and residual impurities, reduce the concentration of optically active oxygen and carbon, increasing the thermal and radiation stability of the parameters of the original silicon.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Optimum Tilt Angle of the Photovoltaic Modules in Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract: This paper presents the optimum tilt angle of photovoltaic modules and solar collectors which are installed in Baghdad, Iraq. In this work, mathematical modelling for the optimum tilt angle is analyzed for Baghdad, Iraq. The optimum tilt angle is considered a significant parameter of the design of the photovoltaic systems and solar collectors because it leads to collect maximum income solar radiation resulting in the maximum energy output of the solar energy systems. The simulation setup is firstly validated with published results and showing a good agreement (with a deviation of 3.4 to 10.3%), and then used to determine the optimum tilt angle of the photovoltaic modules and solar collectors where the yearly optimum tilt angle in Baghdad is 30.6°.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- The Multicomponent Heat Storage Nanofluid with Phase Change Behaviour for
Solar Power Stations-
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Abstract: In this study, two nanofluids with phase change behaviour were produced by inclusive of nanoparticles, which can be used as heat transfer or thermal storage medium in solar thermal power stations. Silica (SiO2) with an average diameter of 30 nm was added to nanofluids in amounts of 0.063 and 1.0 weight percentage (wt %). Each nanofluid was prepared using a well-known method that involved diluting the fluids in water and sonicating and evaporating them. Measurements of the thermophysical properties were performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Specific heat (Cp) measurements show that up to 65°C the addition of 1.0 wt % silica nanoparticles indicate an increase in the Cp up to 37%, and the addition of 0.063 wt % shows increase up to 25%. The addition of 1.0 wt % silica nanoparticles demonstrates an increase in the Cp up to 39%, and the addition of 0.063 wt % shows a rise up to 31% in the range of temperatures 65–80°C. Furthermore, only 1.0 wt % silica nanoparticles added with nanofluid was investigated for Cp (J/Kg K) at higher temperatures between 100 and 450°C, and obtained results show only 8–17% enhancement, as this mass was more stable against mass fluctuations under heat flows.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Structial, Electrophysical, and Optical Properties of ITO Films Produced
by the Modified CVD Method-
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Abstract: We have obtained ITO films on glass substrates by an advanced CVD method in a quasi-closed volume at normal atmospheric pressure without the participation of a carrier gas. To elucidate the dependence of the properties of ITO films on the substrate temperature and the SnO2/In2O3 ratio, the growth was carried out in the temperature range of 170–500°С by thermal decomposition of vapors of alcohol solutions of indium chloride and tin chloride, taken in various ratios. The modes were set by controlling the temperatures of the substrate and evaporator, to which aqueous or alcoholic solutions of indium and tin chlorides are supplied, as well as the ratio of the solution components and the solution supply rate. In this case, the film growth rate was about 0.5–1.0 μm/h, which is several times higher than in the case of spray pyrolysis under similar conditions. The thicknesses of the ITO films were determined using an MII-4 interference microscope, as well as from the transmission spectrum; the results showed that the films have a thickness of ~3 μm. The dependence of the resistivity of ITO films on the substrate temperature is presented, and it is shown that the resistivity of films obtained at substrate temperatures of 240–260°C has a sufficiently low resistivity acceptable for use in solar cells. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ITO films was identified in comparison with the map 00-006-0416 (In2O3, cubic) from the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) database. The average lattice constant calculated according to this scheme was a = 10.1273 Å, which is larger compared to the lattice parameter of 10.1195 Å for pure In2O3, which indicates the presence of Sn, which changes the behavior of oxygen ions.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Renewable Energy Trends within the Concept of Low-Carbon Development
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Abstract: Many countries have a policy of making commitments to low-carbon development and adopting National Contribution Levels (NLCs) for greenhouse gas emissions, in accordance with the Paris Agreement. The main development direction of the world energetics in the 21st century is to reach the 4th energy transition, associated with the gradual displacement of fossil fuels under the influence of climate change and the broader and widespread use of renewable energy sources. Analysis of energy development showed that in 2022 the installed capacity of power plants in the world amounted to 7655 GW, including: the capacity of fossil fuel (oil and gas) power plants amounted to about 55%—4213 GW; nuclear power plant—415 GW (5.4%); large hydroelectric power plants—1332 GW (17.4%); wind power plants—840 GW (11%); solar power plants—715 GW (9.3%); biofuel power plants—126.6 GW (1.7%); geothermal power plants—14.1 GW (0.2%). In general, low-carbon technologies (nuclear, hydro and renewable energy) provide over 36% of total energy production. Russian renewable energy development program provides for the commissioning of 5.8 GW of renewable energy capacities by 2024, including: WPPs—3.4 GW, SPVPPs—2.2 GW and small HPPs—0.2 GW. As of the end of 2020, more than 1500 MW were commissioned at the SPVPPs, about 1025 MW at the WPPs. Taken together, low-carbon energy production technologies in Russia provide about 37% of total electricity production.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Sodium Halide Double Perovskite Nanolayers: Modelling, Synthesis and
Crystal Structure-
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Abstract: Perovskites are compounds having the formula ABX3. These perovskite solar cells have shown a steady increase in their efficiencies from 3.08 to 22.7% over the last decade. The most commonly studied perovskites are CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3. The characteristic crystalline structure of these perovskite accounts for their excellent optical and photoelectric properties, but the presence of lead is a drawback as it is a toxic element raising safety concerns and hindering their commercialization. To replace the lead, our study is focused on sodium halide double perovskites and mainly on Cs2NaBiCl6. The crystal structure of a unit cell is modelled using Materials Studio, considering nanostructuring and dimensional confinement. The facile nanosynthesis of these compounds has been discussed. The results obtained from the XRD experiments have been applied to correlate the nanocrystalline structures of this compound obtained by modelling and experiment and has shown a very good correlation, thus paving the way for fabricating high-efficiency solar cells based on this sodium double halide compound.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Performance Analysis and ANN Modeling of Solar Parabolic trough Collector
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Abstract: This paper presents the experimental results of thermal analysis of a solar parabolic trough collector receiver. For performance improvement and regulating the temperature distribution convergent divergent receiver tube is used. For performance improvement spiral tape as insert is used inside the convergent divergent receiver tube. Average Reynolds number during the experimentation varied from 15 000 to 22 000. With use of diverging receiver tube and spiral tape average Nusselt number was increased by 9.21% and overall heat transfer coefficient by 13.2%. Thermal efficiency of the system was increased by 30% compare with conventional constant diameter receiver tube. From the results of experiments and heat loss observations cap type receiver proposed with converging receiver. Experimental results used for development of artificial neural network prediction model using nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX). The developed model has mean square error of 5.81 and the regression coefficient 0.95. Thus, the model has a good predictability.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Study of the Performance of Mini PV Plant: Case Study of UNISUN 150.12M PV
Module-
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Abstract: This paper analyses the operating performance of the UNISUN 150.142 M Photovoltaic (PV) module system, installed in a garden area of a research institute “Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN)” in Congo Brazzaville. We present the results of the performance evaluation of the energy recording through solarimeter in a different orientation from February to April then, we followed the Sunway from February 2020 to January 2021. Tilt orientation of solar panels installation and parameters impacting the PV are quantified. We have considered the temperature taken on the front face of the solar panels. The study was implemented from experimental and theoretical approaches (simulation was done using MATLAB Simulink). From both approaches, we found comparable data from the open circuit voltage Voc and the short circuit current Icc. In addition, we found that the Total Cross Tied (TCT) configuration is not recommended with this type of module causing the decrease of current, especially when the shadow is not on the string. The shading on chains decreases more power than on string. The simulation results show that the increase of power is affected by the impact location of the temperature when those are in the same PV plant receiving the same irradiation. An algorithm of PV cooling is proposed to improve the performance of the PV plant.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Hybrid Energy System of Guaranteed Power Supply to Isolated and Remote
Consumers-
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Abstract: This research examines the current problems systematic approach of energy generation for Russia’s decentralized energy supply areas and looks at potential optimization by implementing a sustainable approach. We evaluate the solutions that could improve both the economic and social development in the Russian Energy sector. Renewable energy sources (RES) can be combined with a hybrid energy system that runs in parallel with different types of energy storage units, taking into account the resource, technical and technological features of their functioning in decentralized power supply systems. Based on our research, we have developed a 3D model of a energy system, which allows one to study its operating modes under real operating conditions. The proposed methods can be used in solving design problems to establish the parameters of decentralized power supply systems for consumers in isolated and decentralized energy supply regions.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Designing and Testing Clipper-Clamper Based Solar Photovoltaic Controller
for Mitigating Partial Shading Effect-
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Abstract: In solar power-rich countries like India, the availability of space for solar panel installation is the dominant problem. Solar panel installation in unequal building heights and uncertain weather conditions reduces output drastically. It is due to circulating current and reduced output. Recently, these problems were dealt with by installing an electronic equalizer or restructuring a series-parallel combination of PV (Photo-voltaic) arrays. The above methods require multiple components thereby incrementing the system cost and complexity. Therefore, in this paper, three independent voltage controllers for each phase have been designed. These controllers are based on the clipper-clamper concept. Results based on simulation, experimental and mathematical modelings have been presented. It has been tried to show that power extraction has increased at least 2.5% and losses reduced by 3.5% if compared to current injection-based dynamic array reconfiguration.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Performance Investigation on Solar Air Heater with Optimized Parabolic Rib
Geometry Based on Thermo-Hydraulic Performance-
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Abstract: To make the solar air heater model more competitive in the commercial space heating and dryer market, it necessitates the need for improvement in its thermal efficiency. This paper evaluates the possibility of enhancing the thermo-hydraulic efficiency of a solar energy-based air heater by modifying the geometry into an artificial roughed parabolic rib-shaped collector. The thermal performance of a modified geometry was analyzed using a 3D CFD model using thermal simulation software, SolidWorks Flow Simulation. The parabolic roughness profile parameters (roughness height (e) and pitch (P) are optimized by providing simulation runs for various values of e = 0.5 mm, e = 1 mm, e = 1.5 mm, e = 2 mm and pitch P = 15 mm and P = 20 mm. Performance optimization of the solar air heater is achieved at e = 1 mm and P = 15 mm at Reynolds number 3900. An experimental investigation of the proposed CFD model was also done to compare the actual results with the CFD results. Various experimental investigations done by relating heat transfer and friction factor have been reported for the comparative study of the thermal performance of various solar air heater ducts. At roughness height e = 1 mm, the optimum rib performance is observed. The experiment results are in line with the simulation results, with a minor deviation of 6.35%.
PubDate: 2022-08-01
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- Analysis of the Dependence of the Maximum Power of Silicon Heterojunction
Solar Cells on the Parameters of the Crystalline Substrate-
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Abstract: A new method for calculating the maximum power of silicon heterojunction thin-film solar cells with crystalline substrates is proposed. The developed analytical model makes it possible, with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes, to calculate the allowable variations in the concentration of a donor impurity and the lifetime of charge carriers in a crystalline silicon wafer, which provide the specified values of operating characteristics. The relevance of the results is substantiated by the possibility of their use in research projects aimed at finding the optimal parameters of substrates for photovoltaic converters.
PubDate: 2022-06-01
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- Method of the Technologies Synthesis for the Presentation of the Solar
Energy Cells Production Entity Description-
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Abstract: In this paper it is given the method of the technologies synthesis for the presentation of the solar energy sells production texts entity description. It was written the principal peculiarities of the method, its general stages, the corresponding mathematical model and algorithm of its realization. The proposed method to building a system of automated synthesis of new technologies is based on the possibility of implementing automatic selection of an ordered set as private solar cells production processes presented in the formalized form. The proposed method of the technological text formalization could be useful for the all parts of the solar cells production process.
PubDate: 2022-06-01
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- Thermalvoltaic Effect in Si-Ge/Si and Si-Ge/Si Film Structures Subjected
to Ion Treatment-
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Abstract: — The influence of ion treatment on the surfaces of p–n standard epitaxial Si/Si film structures and Si-Ge/Si structures obtained by gas-phase epitaxy on the processes of generation of charge carriers has been studied. It is shown that ion treatment leads to an increase in short-circuit current in the temperature range of 400–700 K. This increase is explained by the formation of defects in the structure of the film by bombarding ions, which are responsible for the generation of charge carriers during heating. These results indicate the possibility of using ion treatment of surfaces of semiconductor material films for the creation of thermal converters operating at high temperatures, including the case of radiation action.
PubDate: 2022-06-01
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- Hybrid TiO2 Nanorods Combined with a Buffer Layer for Dye-Sensitized Solar
Cells-
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Abstract: Hybrid dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and nanorods (NRs) photoanodes (PAs) was fabricated. It was noticed that a direct combination of these layers has faced some interconnectional problems. To overcome this issue, a buffer layer based on TiCl4 bath was employed, providing connections between these layers. The hybrid device with the buffer layer exhibited a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 5.58%, which is dramatically higher than that of the hybrid analogue without the buffer layer (0.42%).
PubDate: 2022-06-01
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- Performance Studies of Low Temperature Solar Drying of Fresh Tea Leaves
(Camellia assamica)-
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Abstract: Low temperature drying or withering is the first step in tea processing after the tea leaves are harvested. The process of tea withering was conducted in a newly developed laboratory scaled withering trough coupled with a corrugated solar air heater during the months October and November 2019. The maximum withering air temperature was 32°C. The average relative humidity of the withering air was 80%. After 7 h of withering at an air temperature 27°C, the tea leaves attained around 60% moisture content. The average thermal efficiencies of the corrugated solar air heater for October and November 2019 were 63.15 and 56.06% at average solar radiations of 891 and 772 W/m2 respectively. The overall efficiency of the withering trough was estimated as 40.98% with a specific energy consumption of 1.76 kWh/kg. Among the seven drying models used for fitting the withering characteristics, the Two-term model gave the best fit with R2 value of 0.9977 at 32°C. The activation energy was 104.05 kJ/mol.
PubDate: 2022-06-01
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