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Applied Solar Energy
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.225  Number of Followers: 21  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1934-9424 - ISSN (Online) 0003-701X Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- The Possibility of the Exploration of Influence of External Factors on the
Solar Panels in Laboratory Conditions-
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Abstract: The purpose of this article is an exploration of the influences of external factors on solar panels in laboratory conditions. In order to study the effect of dust deposition on solar panels, a special testing chamber was fabricated. The effects of dust deposition on short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage and efficiency were tested. All measurements have been performed under the IEC 61853-1-2013 standard for the low-light illumination conditions. The investigation showed that the dust mass increasing on the surface of the solar panel decreased the electrical characteristics of the module. When settling the 16 g/m2 dust mass on the panel surface, the short circuit current and the open circuit voltage decreased. Short-circuit current is more sensitive to dust accumulation than open-circuit voltage. The study highlights the importance of developing strategies to mitigate dust deposition on solar panels to maintain and maximize their power output.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- A Multicriteria Approach to Identifying and Developing Renewable Energy
Zones in Tajikistan-
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Abstract: Renewable energy zones approach is an international best practice for the development of renewable energy projects. A multicriteria and multiphase methodology is described for identifying and developing solar and wind zones. Important criteria like resource density, distance to transmission network, distance to logistics network, elevation, slope, and non-overlap with protected areas, agricultural lands and water bodies were analyzed in a GIS model. The methodology combined the criteria into a levelized cost of energy financial model for the purposes of ranking the zones. The methodology was successfully applied to the Sughd province of Tajikistan under the USAID’s Power Central Asia Activity, which resulted in the identification of top ranked solar and wind zones.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- A Novel Correlation for Predicting the Dynamic Viscosity of Nanofluids
based on MWCNTs-
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Abstract: This study conducted a numerical and experimental investigation on the comparison of known empirical correlations to determine the dynamic viscosity of nanofluids with the dependence on nanoparticle volume concentration and temperature. The models proposed by the researchers were compared to forecast the dynamic viscosity of nanofluids based on MWCNTs (MKN-MWCNT-RG1020) and distilled water as a base fluid with regard to volume concentration. To prepare the nanofluid, MWCNT (MKN-MWCNT-RG1020) nanoparticles with inner (5–10 nm) and outer (10–20 nm) diameters of 10–30 µm are used. As a base fluid solution, distilled water with a volume concentration of MWCNT nanoparticles of 0.05% was used. Tests are carried out to determine the dynamic viscosity of the obtained nanofluid at temperatures ranging from 38 to 78°C. We recommended a novel correlation to predict the dynamic viscosity of nanofluids based on experimental relations and the polynomial regression technique. The R2-value and RMSE were 0.99 and 1.18E-06 mPa s, respectively.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Study of the Performance Characteristics of a Solar Concentrator for
Production of Thermal Energy-
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Abstract: This paper presents studies of the optical-energy characteristics of a parabolic solar collector for production of thermal energy for heating a building. The results of calculations, three-dimensional and topological distribution of energy in the focal zone of a solar concentrator with a diameter of 6.36 m installed at the Institute of Materials Science, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented. A mathematical model of the thermal regime of a solar concentrator is proposed, calculations are carried out to determine the operating temperature and the efficiency of the receiver. For efficient conversion of concentrated solar radiation, a receiver was developed from a solid copper pipe with a diameter of 12 mm in the form of a single cylindrical spiral. The outlet diameter of such a receiver was D = 200 mm. To reduce the loss from the outside, the receiver is covered with asbestos material and cement with a thickness of 20 mm. The degree of geometric concentration of the solar concentrator is 2126; the power is 18.03 kW at 800 W/m2 of solar radiation. Calculations show that the average daily thermal efficiency of the concentrator across the seasons of the year remains high (over 25%), and the system can also be operated for heating buildings.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Effect of Solar Radiation of Different Power on the Internal Amplification
of the Primary Photocurrent in Heterostructures Based on Cadmium Telluride
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Abstract: The paper investigates and analyzes the current–voltage characteristics of the CdO-CdTe-Mo heterostructure, which is photosensitive to visible and near infrared electromagnetic radiation, in a wide range of solar radiation illumination power with an AM1.5 spectrum. The effect of internal injection amplification of the primary photocurrent in the forward direction of the applied voltage to the heterostructure is established. This effect is explained in terms of the positive feedback mechanism when the resistance of the photosensitive region of the structure is modulated by injected charge carriers and the external applied bias voltage is redistributed between the p–n junction and the base region. The photosensitivity of the CdO-CdTe-Mo heterostructure, in the charge carrier injection mode, increases with an increase in the applied bias voltage and a decrease in the power of the incident solar radiation. This is explained by the effective modulation of the base of the structure by the injected charge carriers at low radiation powers.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Thermal Sensibility Analysis of Photoelectric Dark Current
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Abstract: The present study evaluates the sensibility of photovoltaics cells relative to changes in temperature. To determine the total energy loss of the photovoltaic cells, the experimental aspect uses the single exponential model. The series resistance and dark saturation current are determined with the current–voltage curves in a dark forward bias condition using a dark static method. The shunt resistance is evaluated directly by measuring the current in a dark reverse biased condition. In this way the reverse saturation current is measured which is the primary cause of photoelectric conversion efficiency reduction. Despite that the saturation current phenomenon has been investigated under standard test conditions and that multiple theoretical models have been developed, there lacks experimental results elucidating the full nature of the relationship between saturation current and temperature. The present research provides a complete description of how photovoltaic cells are affected by temperature.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- PV to EV: Photovoltaics Energy to Electric Vehicles Batteries through
Simulation and Performance Analysis-
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Abstract: Is the widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption an insurmountable catastrophe for the electrical supply grid' For the USA, UK, and other developed countries, the grids will be fine if the load is balanced. However, many other grids in the world will not cope with an EV revolution. This grid issue can be managed if the EV loads are diverted to renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics (PV). This paper provides a solution “PV to EV”–through modeling, simulation, and analysis of a standalone PV battery charger. A 445 W, 41.5 V bifacial silicon PV module is used to charge a 72 V, 12 Ah Lithium-ion EV battery via a DC-DC boost converter. In order to reduce Li-ion battery aging and to increase the useful life, the advanced battery charging algorithms such as pulse- and sinusoidal-ripple-current, are implemented. The numerical results show fast battery charging with the bifacial operation of the PV module rather than the mono-facial operation. Further, the sinusoidal-ripple-current charging performs a little faster than the pulse-ripple-current.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Creation of Low-Ohmic Copper Contacts on the Surface of Silicon Crystals
for Application in Photocells-
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Abstract: In this work, we study the phase composition, structure, and surface relief (roughness) of the sample obtained by depositing a thin copper layer on the surface of a silicon polycrystal by using the magnetron ion sputtering source operating on direct current. The study of the applied copper layer was carried out by the methods of X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy. It was shown that the creation of an ohmic contact on the silicon surface with a copper thin layer due to the high conductivity of copper and with a thickness of more than 3.0–3.5 microns, reduces the electrical resistance of the Cu–Si contact. In this case, the structure and morphology of the silicon surface do not change, and the deposited copper layer is thin and less rough, which will make it possible to obtain thin low-resistance copper contact layers also on the surface of silicon photocells in order to reduce current losses and, accordingly, increase their efficiency.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Fast and Efficient Way of PV Parameters Estimation Based on Combined
Analytical and Numerical Approaches-
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Abstract: — In this work, a new simpler and more efficient method is proposed to estimate the unknown photovoltaic (PV) parameters of solar cells and PV modules. The proposed method is based on combined analytical and numerical (CAN) approaches. Since the theory and structure of this method are succinct, it can be applied easily. For this study, a single-diode model known as a five parameters model was chosen for modeling the solar cells and PV modules. The proposed technique of PV parameters determination aims to minimize the absolute error between experimental and calculated output current while increasing the speed of convergence to the optimum solution. The accuracy of the suggested approach is tested on a commercial monocrystalline silicon (R.T.C France) solar cell at 33°C and 1000 W/m2 and two PV modules: a commercial Photowatt-PWP 201 in which 36 polycrystalline silicon cells are connected in series with experimental current-voltage characteristic given at 45°C and 1000 W/m2, and an amorphous module referred to as Cocoa aSiMicro03036 with varying environmental conditions. Comprehensive results and statistical analysis indicate that the proposed CAN method is more accurate than most of the published techniques. This accuracy has been proven by lowest statistical errors for all treated data. This good agreement is identified also by the lowest root mean squared error obtained with a value of 7.920179 × 10−4 and 2.083999 × 10−3 for the case RTC France solar cell and Photowatt-PWP 201 PV module respectively, while being lower than 3.948 × 10−4 for the case of Cocoa aSiMicro03036 PV module.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Hardware Implementation of Single-Phase Photovoltaic Inverter Using my-RIO
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Abstract: Solar energy is a non-vanishing renewable technology which has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years. Solar energy generated is used for various applications like industrial, commercial and residential purposes. In this proposed paper, hardware implementation of 800W PV array with a single-phase inverter in open loop configuration is presented under standard atmospheric conditions. For the extraction of maximum power from PV array, Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm is also implemented and presented. The paper mainly focuses on efficient designing and controlling of single phase PWM inverter using NI my-RIO under LabVIEW software environment. The paper also includes designing of low pass LC filter circuit for the filtration of harmonic waves generated at the output side of inverter to finally generate usable AC sinusoidal waves.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- About the Production of Lemons Grown in an Autonomous Gabled Solar
Greenhouse-
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Abstract: This article describes the features of the operation of an autonomous trench-type gabled solar greenhouse functioning on the basis of alternative energy sources. The positive aspects of the use of an autonomous solar greenhouse with a small area of more than 100 m2 in small-scale farms are presented. The method of long-term high-quality storage of a lemon harvest grown in the designed solar greenhouse is described for the mountainous conditions of the Kashkadarya oblast. Calculations are given to determine the technical and economic efficiency of using an autonomous trench-type solar greenhouse for small-scale farms. Marketing of citrus fruits was carried out in the domestic market of Uzbekistan, on the basis of which it can be said that in the 6th year of operation, when selling lemons in summer, the net profit will be about ~70 million soms. This profit was obtained when selling 1750 kg of lemons stored according to the proposed method from mid-November to July.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X23600431
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- The Optimal Angle of Inclination of Photovoltaic Modules to the Horizon
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Abstract: A lot of papers are dedicated to the analysis of the optimal tilt angles of radiation receiving surfaces of solar installations. But typically, high-latitude Arctic zones are not considered. In addition, the output dependence on the receiving surface tilt in the vicinity of output maximum routinely is weak. On the example of the territory of the Russian Federation, characterized by a large range of latitudes, the calculation of optimal tilt angles of photovoltaic panels and differences from the maximum output in case of deviations from these angles is performed. It is shown that the zone of a 3% decrease in output from the maximum is about 15°. The analysis of methods for optimal angle calculations showed that within this zone the near-optimal tilt angle can be determined by most known formulas, including retrieved expression or as an angle that is 12° less than the latitude. Complex formulas, in particular cubic approximations, in high latitudes can give underestimated values of the optimal angle.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X23600662
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- Current and Prospective Role of Solar and Wind Energy in Reducing CO2
Emissions in Russia-
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Abstract: — The paper presents the results of investigations and calculations of volumes of electricity production at the existing grid-connected wind and solar power plants in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2022, considering the differences in the efficiency of their operation characterized by the difference in the values of the capasity factor (CF). The calculations served as a basis for estimating the volumes of reduction in CO2 emissions in the country’s energy sector by increasing energy capacities in a low-carbon way, as an alternative to fuel power stations. The calculations take into account carbon dioxide emissions throughout the entire “life cycle” of renewable energy facilities. The total reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in 2022 is 1.0024 million tons of CO2 for solar power plants (SPPs) and 2.105 million tons of CO2 for wind power plants (WPPs). The maximum effect to date in terms of decarbonization due to the use of solar energy has been achieved in the Orenburg and Astrakhan oblasts, specifically, 218 100 tons and 166 600 tons per year, respectively. Wind energy accounts for the maximum reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in the Rostov oblast and Stavropol krai (690 200 and 511 400 tons per year). The analysis was performed with respect to the problems of the current stage in the renewable energy industry in Russia caused by external sanctions and severance of economic ties and logistics chains in equipment manufacturing and sales. Expert opinions on prospects in the industry are presented, including seeking and building ties with other suppliers of technologies and components, expansion of existing industry, and establishment of new ones using new forms of renewable energy funding, such as, bilateral agreements and public-private partnership.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X2360025X
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- Research on the Performance of Solar Space Heating Systems Using
Photovoltaic-Thermal Collectors-
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Abstract: Solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar energy into both heat and electricity. The paper is to investigate the performance of solar space heating systems using PVT collectors during heating season in cold regions. In this paper, the feasibility of simulating PVT collectors with the Type50a module in TRNSYS is verified by experiment and simulation. The performance of solar space heating systems using PVT collectors with low emissivity (low-e) coating (named as low-e PVT collector) and ordinary PVT collectors on the roof of a six-story office building in Beijing were simulated by TRNSYS. The results showed that the thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency of the low-e PVT collectors were 44.77 and 11.39% respectively, while the thermal efficiency of ordinary PVT collectors in winter is very low, about 16%, so the heating system should use low-e PVT collectors. When light radiant floor heating was used in cold regions, the daily average temperature of typical room in winter was 15°C. Compared with heavy radiant floor heating, light radiant floor heating had higher outlet temperature of PVT collector and shorter delay time of floor heating. Furthermore, “Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings” (EEB) has been compared with the “Technical Standard for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings” (nZEB-2019), and the solar fraction factor of EEB-2015 and nZEB-2019 are 73.29 and 80.69% respectively. The building envelope according to nZEB-2019 can obtain higher room and floor temperatures. The thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and equivalent power generation efficiency of the PVT heating system gradually decrease as the set temperature difference increases, with the thermal efficiency being the most affected. In simulation calculations, as the start-up temperature difference between the outlet temperature of the PVT collector and the room temperature above the room of the PVT heating system increases from 5 to 15°C, the thermal efficiency of the system decreases by 16.21% and the equivalent electrical efficiency decreases by 6.17%.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X22601041
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- Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Natural Dye Extracted from Buckwheat
(Fagopyrum esculentum) Flour-
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Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an economical and environment friendly alternative to conventional silicon based solar cells and have gained significant attention in recent years. In this study a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on natural dye extracted from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flour was fabricated. The polymeric iodide/tri-iodide electrolyte system was used as an electrolyte. The cell was fabricated by depositing nanocrystalline-TiO2 semiconductor layer synthesized by sol-gel method on transparent fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass using screen printing method. Photovoltaic performance of the cell was evaluated by analyzing its J–V characteristics. The different photovoltaic parameters current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and solar conversion efficiency (η) were found to be 0.82 mA/cm2, 0.6 V, 0.43 and 0.28%, respectively. The electrochemical properties of the extract were evaluated via cyclic voltammetry. The HOMO–LUMO energy levels were found to be –5.3 and –3.29 eV and Band Gap (Eg) 2.01 eV. Impedance analysis of the cell carried out by recording Cole-Cole plot between real and imaginary impedances revealed the total internal resistance to be 2.3 kOhm. The performance of the cell was found to be equally good in comparison to pure Rutin based DSSC.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X21101011
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- Combined Sensible and Latent Heat Energy Storage Systems for a New Solar
Tunnel Dryer—An Experimental Study-
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Abstract: In this present study, two similar solar tunnel dryers with different sensible and latent heat energy storage configurations were designed, realized and experimentally investigated. In this view, the performance of natural convection solar tunnel dryer has been investigated. Meanwhile, the performance of a natural convection solar tunnel dryer equipped with a heat energy storage configuration (HESC) has been compared experimentally to a similar solar tunnel dryer with another HESC. Accordingly, four thermal energy storage configurations (TESC) have been studied to determine the best configuration and its corresponding thermal performance. The experimental tests were carried out on the Demo-site implemented at the Applied Research Unit for Renewable Energies (URAER) in Ghardaia city, Algeria. The local real climatic condition (semi-arid) is considered as the operating environment of the new solar tunnel dryer, while the recorded results based on temperature distribution on the different parts of the solar tunnel dryer were applied to the system thermal performance analysis. The obtained results confirmed that the natural convection solar tunnel dryer with the third storage configuration, where a bed of cans filled with paraffin wax is placed, fit a better thermal performance than others. Moreover, at the day end, a difference temperature between storage mediums of two similar solar tunnel dryer averred an increase of 6°C for the first configuration, 10°C for the second configuration, 17°C for the fourth configuration and 26°C for the third configuration.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X21101229
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- Integrated Use of the Hydropower Sources of Uzbekistan in the Context of
Climate Change-
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Abstract: — The Republic of Uzbekistan is among the countries most susceptible to climate change where the average rate of temperature increase exceeds the average rate on the planet. The analysis of river flow variability of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers performed for scenarios of moderate development of the climatic situation for the horizons of 2030 and 2050 showed a possible decrease in the runoff and presence of interannual and intra-annual runoff variability of these rivers. The role of hydropower plants (HPPs) with reservoirs regulating river runoff is significantly increasing in the context of climate change. They provide rational and optimal redistribution of runoff in the interests of water consumers in various economy sectors and the social sphere, as well as the integrated and optimal use of renewable energy resources (RESs). The study considers models of elements of hydropower complex or hybrid system (HS) that includes a reservoir, HPP, solar photovoltaic power plant (SPVPP), and wind power plant (WPP). A methodology for the creation of a HS, combining HPP and RES-based power plants (solar/wind) has been proposed. The methodology entails the ability to control the operating modes of HPP integrated into the HS due to regulatory capabilities of the reservoir for equalization and redistribution of capacity of the RES-based power plants and use of HS power as a load reserve and operation during peak load hours.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X23600480
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- Investigation of the Effect of Particle Concentration and Layer Thickness
on the Optical Characteristics of MWCNT-Based Nanofluid Heat Carriers-
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Abstract: The results of studies of the particle concentration and layer thickness effect on the optical characteristics of nanofluids based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are presented in this study. Nanofluids were prepared based on MWCNT(MKN-MWCNT-RG1020) nanoparticles with a diameter of 10–20 nm and a length of 10–30 µm, which were measured using a Zetasizer S90. The studies were carried out for particle concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05% using distilled water as the base fluid. Optical densities were measured using a METASH V-5000 spectrophotometer in cuvettes with thicknesses of 5, 10, 20, and 30 mm. The measurement results showed that the light absorption level increases with an increase in concentration and thickness of the absorption layer. At the same time, at a concentration of 0.05%, the absorption curve was almost the same for the absorption layer thicknesses of 20 and 30 mm, which indicates the absorption growth saturation with an increase in concentration. During the experiments, a difference in the change in the absorption spectrum of nanofluids with different MWCNT concentrations depending on the change in the absorption layer thickness was established. Moreover, the parabolic trough solar collector mathematical model validation results were presented, where the root-mean-square error was 0.61 K and the coefficient of determination was 0.99995. It was shown that the use of nanofluids based on MWCNTs (0.05%) increases the thermal efficiency of the solar collector by 14%.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X23600182
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- Thermal Performances Sensitivity Analysis for Solar Thermal Technology
Integration to Swimming Olympic Pool: The Case of Morocco-
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Abstract: Olympic swimming pools are places of enormous energy consumption. Controlling and predicting this behavior is an essential issue in order to minimize energy consumption by integrating renewable energy and proposing actions to reduce consumption. It is crucial to choose an efficient solar installation and optimize operating factors to specify the optimal combination of the best operation. This paper studies the case of an Olympic swimming pool with the standard size of 50 m in length and 25 m in width, with a depth of 3 m, the water temperature is maintained at around 25–28°C, suitable for prolonged and intense swimming. The aim is to integrate a solar thermal system to meet the energy needs of the pool under the climatic conditions of Rabat City in Morocco. In order to address the problem of the work, a comparative study was carried out first between the technology of solar thermal Flat-Plate Collectors (FPC) and Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC). The purpose is to make the technological choice best suited to the case study, decision-based on analysis of critical indicators: temperatures, efficiency and solar fraction. After having optimized the installation technical characteristics, a parametric study was then started to present the best combination of the operating parameters of the pool. The study took into account the effect of thermal cover on the pool, the rate of cold-water intake, and the occupancy rate in the pool. The results showed the importance of a thermal cover for the energy of consumption reduction, with an occupancy rate of 0.15% and a water supply rate of 5% for optimal operation and a reduced energy bill.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X22601156
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- Life Cycle Assessment of 20 MW Wind Farm in Libya
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Abstract: Life cycle assessment (LCA) was undertaken for a proposed wind farm of ten Gamesa wind turbines with a 2 MW each. A 20 MW land-based wind turbine’s lifetime primary energy consumption was found to be 56 GWh, compared to the 2082 GWh of electric energy it produces. Energy payback takes 6.3 months, has a payback ratio of 38, and an energy intensity of 0.0269 kWhprim/kWhprod. The emission of 8.83 g/kWhprod of CO2 eq. The cost savings associated with CO2 mitigation amount to $155 million in savings. Additionally, the amount of money saved as a result of fuel savings was calculated at $56 485 million, in which could be used to invest in wind farms development. The GHG avoided emission is 7.7 M ton. The energy consumed by manufacturing process accounted for 79.4%, recycling comes in second with 15.6%, then transportation with 4.6%. The CO2 emissions of production phase of the wind turbine accounted for 63.35% of total CO2 emissions, while recycling accounted for 33.15% and transportation for 3.5%, with negligible share of landfilling and operation and maintenance phases.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X22601557
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