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Authors:Jan E. Stets, Emily Angelo, Benjamin C. Fields, Peter J. Burke Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. COVID-19 marked a change in social life that disrupted interaction, including people’s ability to verify their identities. We examine how identity nonverification associated with COVID-19 exposure helps us understand some of the psychological distress individuals experienced. We assess the relationship between identity nonverification and depression and anxiety, controlling for respondents’ prior depression and anxiety and prior nonverification (both retrospectively obtained), their background characteristics, COVID-19 exposure, and coping strategies during the pandemic. We analyzed a U.S. sample of 620 respondents one year into the pandemic. Respondents indicated the identity they felt was most negatively affected by the pandemic. We studied the four most frequently mentioned identities (friend, romantic, family, and worker identities) across respondents and across four racial/ethnic groups (Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians). We found that exposure to COVID-19 was positively associated with (1) identity nonverification based on self-appraisals, (2) the coping strategy of disengagement, and (3) depression and anxiety. Unexpectedly, COVID-19 was negatively associated with identity nonverification based on reflected appraisals. In turn, identity nonverification based on self- and reflected appraisals was positively related to depression and anxiety, as was the disengagement coping strategy. There was little variation in the results across the four identities or the racial/ethnic groups. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-11-30T10:14:19Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231213089
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Authors:Seth Abrutyn Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Since Kai Erikson’s landmark study of the devastation of five communities in West Virginia, sociology has leveraged the concept of trauma to describe certain social phenomena. Collective trauma came to refer to the destruction of social infrastructure and the ensuing negative mental health outcomes, while cultural trauma has come to describe the imposition of historical and ongoing attacks by a dominant group on the culture (broadly defined) of a group of people sharing a collective identity. The following article sketches out a theory of social trauma designed to bring these two types of sociological trauma together, highlight their similarities and differences, and unite them by grounding them in the neuroscience of (social) pain. The term trauma, borrowed from medical and psychological study, implies pain, but the sociological version of trauma is best understood as the collectivization and enculturation of social pain, or the evolved negative affective response to separation, rejection, exclusion, and isolation from cherished social objects including statuses. The article concludes by modeling the process by which an event transforms individual social pain into collective social trauma as well as the pathways through which social trauma becomes enculturated in a collective identity. Implications for the sociology of mental health follow. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-11-30T10:09:00Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231213088
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Authors:Zhonghao Wang Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Numerous studies have explored the links between expectations and the mental health of young people. However, they mainly focus on personal expectations and rarely consider the expectations of connected others. Using data from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study fills this gap by investigating how ego-friends differences in educational expectations are associated with adolescents’ depression symptoms. Results show that there was no significant difference in depressive levels between adolescents who had similarly high expectations like their friends and those with similarly low-expectation friends. However, when a mismatch exists, low-expectation adolescents had more depression symptoms than high-expectation ones. Teenagers who had low personal expectations and high-expectation friends reported higher depression scores than high-expectation ones. High-expectation adolescents with low-expectation friends felt less depressed than low-expectation individuals. This study advances our understanding of associations among expectations, friendship networks, and mental health. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-11-04T10:34:39Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231198861
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Authors:Laura Upenieks, Christos Orfanidis, Terrence D. Hill Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Over the last decade, we have witnessed a resurgence of research on religious cognitions and mental health, including, most notably, perceptions of divine control. Although prior work on divine control tends to assume a loving or benevolent image of God, this is only one potential representation. Using nationwide data from the 2017 Baylor Religion Survey (n = 999), we test whether the mental health benefits of perceived divine control vary according to various images of God (authoritative, benevolent, critical, and distant) and educational attainment. Results suggest that individuals with a college degree tend to report worse mental health if they also exhibit high levels of divine control beliefs and authoritative or critical God images. For those without a college degree, mental health was optimal when perceived divine control beliefs were low and their images of God were either authoritative or critical. For those with a college degree, the best mental health profiles were observed among those who reported high levels of divine control and a benevolent God image. By exploring the intersection of perceived divine control and God imagery, we may gain greater insight into novel processes related to religious cognitions and mental health. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-11-04T10:32:20Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231201990
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Authors:Deniz Yucel, Beth A. Latshaw, Jaeseung Kim Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Prior research has explored the consequences of the sudden transition to remote work during the pandemic. Less is known, however, about how the mental distress of individuals who changed work locations during the pandemic differed from that of those who consistently worked from home or consistently worked on-site, nor to what extent these differences varied across worker characteristics, such as gender and caregiving obligations. This study addresses these gaps using data from the Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel survey and a Stress Process Model framework. Results show that those who transitioned into working from home during the pandemic reported greater mental distress than those who consistently worked from home or on-site. This association was larger among women with school-aged children. These findings suggest that structural changes in work location during the pandemic were more strongly related to mental distress. Moreover, the finding that this distress was unevenly distributed by gender and caregiving obligations has important implications. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-10-31T11:00:44Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231200037
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Authors:Christina Kamis, Scott M. Lynch, William E. Copeland Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. The life course perspective and cumulative inequality theory suggest that childhood adversity, occurring during a sensitive period of the life course, can have long-term consequences for adult mental health and well-being. Yet, the long-term influence of adversity on adult outcomes may depend on both the features of adverse childhood experiences (e.g., the number, type, and co-occurrence of adversities) as well as the outcome assessed. Using latent class analysis applied to several waves of prospective data from the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS; N = 1,420), we identify subpopulations that are similar in their adversity experiences before age 18. We then predict adult internalizing and substance use disorder diagnoses by adversity experience. Results reveal five distinct classes of adversity, with unique risks for specific diagnoses in adulthood. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-10-19T12:05:28Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231197746
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Authors:Jessica Brantez, Jason N. Houle Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Research dating back to Durkheim’s Suicide has linked high suicide rates to low social integration. Less research has examined community vulnerability to suicide clusters—characterized by an unusually high number of suicides in a time and place. In this study, we draw from recent qualitative research to hypothesize that social integration is positively associated with the emergence of suicide clusters, in contrast to the classic Durkheimian hypothesis. To test this hypothesis, we examine the association between three measures of social integration (divorce, Catholic adherence, and residential stability) and a novel measure of suicide clusters in 469 U.S. counties from 2006 to 2019 using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and Religious Congregations and Membership Study (RCMS). We find that while social integration is negatively associated with suicide rates, social integration is positively associated with the emergence of suicide clusters. These findings shed light on the dual nature of social integration as both potentially protective and harmful for suicide. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-09-20T10:04:50Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231195940
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Authors:Kyungeun Song, Jinho Kim Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. This study investigates whether there is a longitudinal association between prolonged exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and depressive symptoms and whether this association differs depending on the intersection of gender and education. Using data collected from 3,285 individuals aged 30 to 49 across 12 waves of the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS) between 2009 and 2020, gender-by-education-stratified fixed-effects models were estimated. IPV victims continued to experience increased depressive symptoms for four or more consecutive years of exposure. However, gender-specific patterns were observed. Persistently victimized women continued to experience increased depressive symptoms for four or more years, whereas the levels of depressive symptoms among men with prolonged IPV exposure increased only until the second year of exposure. Gender-by-education stratified analyses suggested that low-educated women are the most vulnerable to prolonged IPV victimization. Only low-educated women experienced an increase in depressive symptoms for four or more consecutive years. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-07-29T12:30:04Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231185853
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Authors:Emily A. Ekl, Benjamin Gallati Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. The relationship between subjective social status (SSS) and mental health and its underlying mechanisms remain an area of interest in the social sciences. Using data from the Midlife in the United States 2 (MIDUS 2), we examine how individual differences in valuing achievement and autonomy moderate the relationship between SSS and symptoms of depression. We find evidence of a moderation effect; there is a weaker relationship between SSS and depression for individuals who strongly hold the values of achievement or autonomy. In addition, at low levels of SSS, there are significant differences in the number of depression symptoms depending on personal values which are not seen at higher rungs of the SSS ladder, indicating a difference in this relationship dependent on how strongly one holds values of achievement and autonomy. We conclude by speculating on the mechanisms by which values shape the link between SSS and mental well-being and suggest future directions in studying values. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-07-27T11:56:26Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231184282
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Authors:Matthew Sparkes, Senhu Wang, Jacques Wels Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Although the relationship between debt and mental health is well documented, little is known about how changes in debt status and the specific policies implemented to assist borrowers during the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the mental health of men and women. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of a non-neoliberal “credit payment holiday” scheme during the pandemic in the United Kingdom. Data come from three waves of the Understanding Society COVID-19 surveys. We use panel data models to assess the relationship between change in the presence of unsecured debt, credit payment holiday, and psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-12] Likert score), controlling for confounders. The presence of debt is associated with significantly higher psychological distress, and the pattern is particularly pronounced for women than for men. Among the indebted population, the results show that credit payment holiday can significantly buffer the negative mental health effect of debt. While the buffering effect is larger for women, it is not significantly different across genders. The relationship between debt and mental health remains significant throughout the pandemic, but the credit payment holiday scheme has played a significant role in attenuating it and could be implemented as a policy tool outside the pandemic context. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-05-13T11:50:35Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231169783
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Authors:Richard J. Petts, Daniel L. Carlson Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Rising domestic burdens for mothers fueled concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated gender inequalities in well-being. Yet, survey research has not considered whether and how cognitive labor—planning, organizing, and monitoring family needs—contributed to gendered health disparities during the pandemic. Using data from the Study on U.S. Parents’ Divisions of Labor during COVID-19 (SPDLC) and a stress process perspective, we examine the association between cognitive labor and parents’ psychological well-being, and whether this association (1) differs between mothers and fathers and (2) is moderated by employment status and telecommuting. Mothers performed more cognitive labor during the pandemic than fathers, and cognitive labor was negatively associated with mothers’ psychological well-being—particularly for mothers who never or exclusively telecommuted. Mothers’ psychological well-being was higher when fathers did more cognitive labor, especially among mothers who worked outside the home. Overall, cognitive labor appears to be another stressor that contributed to increased gender inequality. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-05-11T11:03:57Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231169521
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Authors:Rebecca Bonhag, Laura Upenieks Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. The growing field of mattering has established that a sense that we matter is crucial to well-being and that it is informed by interactions with close others. However, few studies investigate how mattering may be shaped by our work relationships. Since many adults spend much of their time performing paid work, addressing this research gap may provide insights for enhancing employee well-being. This study uses data from the 2021 Baylor Religion Survey, collected during the early months of 2021, and a sample of employed U.S. adults (n = 564) to test how a worker’s perceived respect from their employer and their closeness to coworkers relate to their general sense of mattering, as well as whether mattering may act as a mediator between work relationships and psychological distress (assessed as symptoms of depression and anxiety). Results indicate that feeling highly respected by one’s employer and one’s perceived closeness to coworkers are positively linked with mattering among workers. Additional analyses also imply that mattering mediates a portion of the relationship between workplace relations and psychological distress. In total, this study suggests that further research into work relationships and mattering is warranted, especially since both factors seem tied to workers’ mental health. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-05-11T10:57:17Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231165786
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Authors:Armin A. Dorri, Amy L. Stone, Brooke Izzy Heffington, Pekkam Jenny Njowo, Guadalupe Rivera, Phillip W. Schnarrs, Robert Salcido Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people disproportionately report high exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). In this study, we examine the ways that LGBTQ people with high ACEs also describe experiencing adverse communication with family systems about mental health, childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and their gender identity. From interviews with a racially diverse sample of 82 LGBTQ people in South Texas, we analyze how this adverse communication—including gaslighting, silence, denial and ignoring—is attentive to courtesy stigma dynamics. This adverse communication impacts transgender people, cisgender LGBTQ people, and Black or Latinx LGBTQ people differently; for example, Black and Latinx LGBTQ people discussed adverse communication about mental health and therapy within their families that prioritized the respectability of the family. These findings provide insight into family dynamics and communication practices in the lives of LGBTQ people, particularly at the intersections of multiple marginalized identities. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-05-09T10:31:05Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231170901
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Authors:Patricia Louie, Laura Upenieks, Terrence D. Hill Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. Although the mental health consequences of individual COVID-19 stressors (e.g., bereavement, job loss, or financial strain) have been well-documented, little is known about the cumulative toll of multiple pandemic stressors. Using national data from the Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (May–June 2021), we test whether the accumulation of pandemic stressors is associated with greater psychological distress. We also consider whether this association is moderated by psychosocial resources (i.e., mastery, self-esteem, and social support). Our findings suggest that individuals who report three or more pandemic stressors tend to exhibit greater psychological distress than those who report fewer pandemic stressors or no pandemic stressors. While mastery offsets the impact of pandemic stressors at higher levels of stress exposure (i.e., two or more COVID-19 stressors), social support and self-esteem played a stress-buffering role to a point, but became ineffective at the highest levels of pandemic stress. The current study provides new insights into the pandemic stress process by conceptualizing and operationalizing the cumulative impact of COVID-19 stressors. We also confirm the continued significance of traditional coping resources in the context of novel pandemic stressors. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2023-05-02T09:22:32Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693231165260
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Authors:Yue Qian, Wen Fan Abstract: Society and Mental Health, Ahead of Print. In early 2020, a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Hubei Province of China. Exploiting the geographic concentration of China’s COVID-19 cases in Hubei (the initial epicenter), we compare Hubei and non-Hubei residents to examine the medium-term effect of exposure to the COVID-19 outbreak on mental well-being. We examine flourishing—a comprehensive assessment of well-being that is not merely the absence of mental illness—and investigate a broad set of psychosocial and economic mediators that may link initial outbreak exposure to subsequent flourishing. We use ordinary least squares regression models to analyze national panel data collected in early 2020 and late 2021 (N = 3,169). Results show that flourishing scores remain lower for Hubei than non-Hubei residents almost two years following the early 2020 COVID-19 outbreak. Mediation analysis reveals that Hubei residents’ lower incidences of job promotion and lower sense of control are the two most important mediators accounting for their lower flourishing relative to non-Hubei residents. Combined, this study provides the first evidence of the medium-term psychological vulnerability borne by individuals who lived in the initial epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings on the intervening mechanisms shed light on the policy initiatives needed for post-pandemic mental well-being recovery in China and other countries. Citation: Society and Mental Health PubDate: 2022-11-02T04:26:21Z DOI: 10.1177/21568693221131819
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