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Abstract: The scholars, scientists, clinicians, and community-based workers who review manuscripts for JHCPU perform a critical service, making the Journal what it is. All papers published in JHCPU have received two or more blind external peer reviews; most often, they go through a revision or two, for which the reviewers are also consulted. Furthermore, the reviews that we receive often go above and beyond the call of duty in how insightful and thorough they are.This Note from the Editor will serve as an introduction and an acknowledgment of our most active peer reviewers. The first list below is the short one—these are people who have written 20 or more high-quality reviews for JHCPU. They are true associates of the ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Since the founding of our membership network in 1996, the Association of Clinicians for the Underserved (ACU) has been committed to supporting, educating, and empowering health care workers of all backgrounds to practice in medically underserved communities. A vital component of this mission is fostering clinician resilience and wellness, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic which stretched an already exhausted and burnt-out clinical workforce to the breaking point. As a national advocate for the clinical workforce, ACU strives to support health care professionals coping with myriad challenges to wellness, such as day-to-day experiences with vicarious trauma, moral injury, and potential suicidal ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The term sexual and gender diverse people encompasses those who do not self-identify with uniquely heterosexual romantic attraction to others and/or with the gender they were assigned at birth. The number of people identifying as sexual and gender diverse (SGD) is increasing in the United States, reaching a new high of 7.1% in 2021.1 This increase is most notable in Generation Z (Gen Z, born between 1997 and 2003), in which roughly 21% identify as lesbian, gay, transgender, or bisexual.1 In 2016, statutory protections for SGD people under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) which prohibited discrimination based on gender identity and sex-stereotyping were eliminated.2 Efforts to reinstate these statutory protections in ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Homelessness is a complex social challenge globally. Whether countries are high-, middle-, or low-income, homelessness persists or increasingly affects the social and health outcomes of the most vulnerable populations.1–3 Globally, the underlying reasons for the persistence of homelessness are increasing income inequality,7,8,9–11 fast-growing populations, and unaffordable housing costs.12–14 Finland is an outlier where homelessness is increasingly rare, and effective rehousing models are also supported by policies that reduce new entries into homelessness.4–6 To prevent and end homelessness, we need significantly more housing that must also be accessible and affordable to those with the lowest incomes and highest ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Since the confluence of a global pandemic and incidents of police violence against Black Americans in 2020, renewed attention has been focused on how health care contributes to unequal outcomes based on race. Physicians,1 nurses,2 occupational therapists,3 pharmacists,4 physical therapists,5 and physician assistants6 have all issued calls to exercise antiracism to assure fair outcomes for all patients and communities. They recommend that individual health professionals acknowledge how structural racism shapes biases, practices, and policies that create health inequities. Antiracist interventions, however, go beyond mere awareness raising.7 As the authors of one call to action phrase it, "all [health professionals] ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: It is well established that health is affected not only by factors related to medical care, but also by broader social needs such as financial security, safe housing, and access to healthy food.1,2 Since the 1990s, medical providers in the United States have observed that many of their patients' health-related social needs are legal needs and cannot be adequately addressed without assistance from a legal professional.3 A quintessential example is someone with asthma whose landlord will not remove mold that is worsening their health condition.4 While a doctor can treat the symptoms of asthma, they are limited in their ability to address the underlying cause of the illness. A legal professional, on the other hand ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Some of the most consistent findings in health disparities research are that compared with Whites, Black and Latinx populations report less access to care, lower rates of health care utilization, and poorer quality of care.1–3 These outcomes are shaped in part by patients' experiences of care.4,5 Understanding experiences of care that reflect the nature of the relationship between patients and health care (relational aspects of care) such as the degree to which patients believe they are respected by providers is critical. Within health care settings, patients believe they are respected when they are treated with dignity, and when their unconditional value as people is recognized by providers.6 Being treated with ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: American Indians and Alaska Natives experience significant barriers to accessing dermatology care.1–4 This lack of health care access exists, in part, due to budgetary constraints in the Indian Health Service (IHS) and well-documented, adverse social determinants of health.1,5,6American Indians and Alaska Natives who are members and descendants of federally recognized Tribes have a legal right to health care from the United States (U.S.).7 Treaties guaranteed this health care in exchange for the cession of Indian lands to the U.S. government. This health care is now provided through the IHS, which also funds Urban Indian Health Programs and Tribally operated health care facilities.5,8 Yet the IHS faces severe ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Potentially avoidable utilization, including 30-day hospital readmissions, continues to be of concern for hospital systems. Predictors of readmissions such as chronic disease diagnoses are readily identified using electronic health records.1–4 However, other factors such as health-related social risks and needs can also help predict readmissions.5–7 Social risk refers to "adverse social conditions associated with poor health" while social needs refer to "adverse social conditions with which patients would like assistance."8 Identifying health-related social needs can be challenging as it requires assessment of the patient's life and circumstances outside the hospital context.Mobile integrated health care‒community ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: As of May 2023, there have been more than 764 million infections worldwide from the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).1 Though nearly every community in the United States has been affected by the pandemic, certain populations have experienced higher rates of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths.2 Racial and ethnic minority populations and those of lower socioeconomic status have been disproportionately burdened by the pandemic, illuminating disparities that long existed in a health care system where vulnerable populations suffer far worse outcomes than others.3,4Prior to vaccine availability, the ability to quickly identify COVID-19-positive cases and provide timely treatment was, and still is, critical in preventing severe ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Childhood obesity continues to be a major concern in the United States particularly given its increasing prevalence and the associated impact on children's physical health and social-emotional well-being. In children, overweight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) between the 85th and 94th percentile of a standard while obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.1 Estimates indicate that approximately 18.5% of U.S. children have obesity, meaning that up to 13.7 million children are affected.2 The prevalence of obesity varies by racial and ethnic groups with Latino children having among the highest rates at 25.8%.3 Subgroups of Latino children—such as those from migrant agricultural ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Psychoactive substances are a class of substances, licit and illicit, which when ingested or administered affect mental processes.1 The major classes of psychoactive substances include alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents.2 A high rate of psychoactive substance use has been reported among young people.3,4 This has been associated with an increasing rate of mental illness, mortality, psychosocial difficulties, and poor academic performance.3,4,5 It has also been reported as one of the factors fueling rising cases of insecurity and criminality in Nigeria.6Globally, the use of psychoactive substances has reached an epidemic proportion, while ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Social service organizations are institutions that support individuals and help address health-related social needs such as housing, transportation, food, and personal safety. Addressing these needs improves health and reduces burden on the health care system.1–4 Recently, attention has shifted toward better coordination and collaboration across health care and social service sectors to address social determinants of health as a means of providing better health care and improving health outcomes.The COVID-19 pandemic caused millions of people to lose employment, exacerbated systemic inequities, and led more people to seek social services. Through February 2023, there were over 103 million confirmed COVID-19 cases ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Latina/o/x people are the largest minoritized group living in nonmetropolitan areas, comprising 9% of rural populations in the United States.1 Demographic trends over the past 30 years reveal this population group has steadily increased in both declining and growing nonmetropolitan counties, underscoring the large demographic footprint that Latina/o/x people have impressed on rural communities.2This fast-growing population group faces persistent inequities in oral health and access to dental care3 that are further exacerbated in rural areas where populations are more likely to live in dental health provider shortage areas and face geographic barriers to care.4 Adults that reside in rural communities have higher ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth has increased significantly over the past two decades. The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study reported a relative annual increase in T2D of 4.8% from 2002 to 2012, with higher rates of T2D in non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American youth compared with White youth.1 In the TODAY trial, adolescents with T2D were shown to have a more aggressive diabetes course than adults, with nearly half of participants requiring insulin within four years of T2D diagnosis.2 Therefore, early identification of youth with prediabetes and early T2D is best; prompt intervention is then necessary to prevent youth from progressing to poorly controlled T2D.Obesity has long ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most debilitating side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy sometimes interfering with the planned treatment schedule.1 A five-stage model of OM development induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy was introduced by Sonis et al.2 There are differences in the course of presentation depending on whether the mucositis is chemotherapy or radiotherapy induced. In head and neck radiotherapy, mucositis symptoms start a week or so into treatment progressively leading to ulceration. For most patients, by the end of the second week, the ulcers consolidate forming confluent ulcers.3 These will usually persist for up to three weeks post-treatment. As for chemotherapy induced mucositis, the ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on physical and mental health has disproportionately fallen on socially and economically disadvantaged communities, such as those with food insecurity and limited income, magnifying existing health disparities.1 This paper's examination of these dynamics focuses on behaviors and experiences that tend to co-occur in disadvantaged communities: food insecurity, smoking, mental health, marijuana use, and problem drinking.2,3Food insecurity, defined as "the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways,"4[p.6] has been one of the major social determinants of health in the ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: While tattoos are becoming increasingly common and are often perceived as a form of self-expression among the general population, they are also frequently associated with past or present gang involvement, propensity for risk-taking, and prison.1–2 Further, prison tattoos carry additional health risks including hepatitis C, HIV, and other unknown risks due to variable ink composition and application process.3–5 Due to these risks and stigma, negative attitudes toward the presence of visible tattoos on the face, neck, and hands often pose a major barrier to those seeking to reintegrate into civil society, gain meaningful employment, and, most importantly, live safely after leaving gang and prison life.2 Consequently ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Community violence, such as gunshot wounds, stabbings, and assaults, leads patients who might otherwise not interact with the health care system to do so.1 Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) use a public health framework focused on mentoring and case management to address risk factors for future violent injury and barriers to long-term health.1,2 Survivors of violence commonly have identifiable needs including housing, employment, and difficulty accessing health care and government benefits, all of which are characterized as social determinants of health. Single-center studies have found between 74–85% of survivors of violence required assistance obtaining food, safe housing, financial ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: This is a moment of profound reckoning in health care, with organizations and systems across the country committing to action for health equity.1,2 More and more we see an awareness of the structural inequities built into the U.S. health care system and a more nuanced understanding of the structural and social drivers of health.3,4 There is palpable optimism and energy—yet also an urgent need for coordination and alignment, so that plans complement rather than compete with one another. Above all, this is a moment calling for solidarity among all working for equity in health care.In this context, individual goodwill and positive intentions, while important, are insufficient. To achieve meaningful and sustained ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Safety-net hospitals (SNHs) provide health care services to individuals regardless of their ability to pay.1–3 These hospitals serve Medicaid recipients, the uninsured, and people with limited access to health care due to their socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity. In addition to providing health care to the most vulnerable, safety-net hospitals have an essential role in health care.1–3 They ensure all individuals have access to clinical services, including preventive care, emergency treatment, and chronic disease management.1–3 In the United States (U.S.), SNHs receive funding from the government to support their operations and ensure that they can continue to provide services to underserved communities.4 To ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported there were 27.1 million refugees worldwide at the end of 2021, the greatest number ever recorded.1 For refugees, who have been uprooted and traumatized, the most essential element in recovery is safety.2 For sustained safety, refugees must either return to a homeland that is no longer dangerous or navigate the heavily bureaucratic processes of immigration into a host country. Obtaining citizenship in a host country has been shown to be correlated with fewer symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and less general psychological distress.3In the United States (U.S.), the political landscape can change drastically with eachBox 1 ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Vulnerable and minority populations have often been most severely affected during past pandemics and natural disasters1–3 with the COVID-19 pandemic being no exception. U.S. cities, including Detroit and New York, among others, have experienced heavy disease burden with a disproportionately greater number of COVID-19-related deaths among underrepresented minority groups compared with non-Hispanic White patients.4–6 The mechanism by which COVID-19 disproportionately causes deaths among minority and low-income groups is multifaceted but includes at least the following risks. First, members of low-income and minority groups are more likely to hold so-called essential low-wage jobs with excess risk from sustained ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: South Florida is home to many Muslims. A precise estimate of the number of Muslims in an area is difficult to establish, as the United States Census Bureau does not collect information on religious identity. However, according to the 2020 United States Religion Census, the estimated number of Muslims in the South Florida metropolitan area is approximately 50,000.1 This number is likely to be much higher now due to increased immigration of Muslim populations into the area, as a result of the Afghan humanitarian crisis in 2021.Though it is challenging to quantify the number of Muslims living in South Florida, their obvious presence in the area speaks to their prominence. There are over 40 mosques and Muslim community ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: A global health opportunity was planned for dental students to collaborate with medical students on a community-based immersive experience. The setting Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia, is nestled in the Great Rift Valley of the Sidama coffee-growing region where the CR-NGO empowers the community to become balanced, productive, and self-sustaining while honoring their cultural heritage and environmental biodiversity.Since 2007, our medical school has established a long-standing relationship with the CR-NGO which provided accommodations including home-grown food, cultural exposure, and logistics. In 2019, the dental team joined them.Global health includes research and practices that improve and achieve health equity for ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Following is a list of books that have recently become available for review. We welcome readers with suitable expertise to serve as reviewers. If one of these titles interests you, please e-mail JournalBooks@mmc.edu, telling us you would like to review it and briefly explaining your interest. If you know of a book that would be suitable for review in JHCPU that we have not listed on this page (or in past issues), please let us know that as well. Thank you in advance for your help. We welcome review copies from publishers of books in the area of health and health care for underserved populations, especially in the United States. Publishers are asked to send two review ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Salam Abdus, PhDAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)Ikenna Achebe, MDColumbia UniversityDarlene Acorda, PhD, RN, CNE, CPNPPCUniversity of Texas Health Science Center-HoustonCristin Adams, DO, MPHMedical University of South CarolinaVashti Adams, MSWUniversity of Maryland School of Social WorkOmolola Adepoju, PhD, MPHUniversity of HoustonAdeola Adesokan, MDMorehouse School of MedicineBrenda Adjei, EdDNational Cancer InstituteSharada Sarah Adolph, MD, DrPH, MPHArkansas Department of HealthYaw AduTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterMelissa Agsalda-Garcia, PhDUniversity of HawaiiJuan Aguilera, MD, PhD, MPHUniversity of Texas at El Paso College of Health SciencesHyeong Jun Ahn, PhDUniversity of ... Read More PubDate: 2023-11-24T00:00:00-05:00
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