 Subjects -> SOCIAL SERVICES AND WELFARE (Total: 224 journals)
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- What Are We Fighting For' Lay Theories About the Goals and Motivations
of Anti-Racism Activism-
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Abstract: Social psychology has primarily focused on activism as action toward social change; little is known about how laypeople think about activism. The present research sought to investigate lay theories about the goals (N = 434) and motivations (N = 428) of anti-racism activism produced by U.S. participants in an online survey. Using the Meaning Extraction Method and a qualitative-inductive approach, six anti-racism activism goals were identified: challenging the status quo, tackling systemic racism, reducing interpersonal racism, addressing police brutality, promoting equality, and raising public awareness of racism. In addition, participants attributed engagement in anti-racism activism to six motivations: caring for close others, media influence, understanding racial disparities, fighting for a better world, personal experience of discrimination, and witnessing racialized violence. The present study is the first to shed light on lay beliefs of anti-racism activism goals and motivations with implications for how to encourage anti-racism activism.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Local TV News Coverage of Racial Disparities in COVID-19 During the First
Wave of the Pandemic, March–June 2020-
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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted health and social outcomes for people of color in the United States. This study examined how local TV news stories attributed causes and solutions for COVID-19-related racial health and social disparities, and whether coverage of such disparities changed after George Floyd’s murder, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We systematically validated keywords to extract relevant news content and conducted a content analysis of 169 discrete local TV news stories aired between March and June 2020 from 80 broadcast networks within 22 purposefully selected media markets. We found that social determinants of COVID-19 related racial disparities have been part of the discussion in local TV news, but racism as a public health crisis was rarely mentioned. Coverage of racial disparities focused far more attention on physical health outcomes than broader social impacts. Stories cited more structural factors than individual factors, as causes of these disparities. After the murder of George Floyd, stories were more likely to mention Black and Latinx people than other populations impacted by COVID-19. Only 9% of local news stories referenced racism, and stories referenced politicians more frequently than public health experts.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Racialized Gender Differences in Mental Health Service Use, Adverse
Childhood Experiences, and Recidivism Among Justice-Involved African
American Youth-
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Abstract: This study examines the racialized gender differences of mental health service use, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), and recidivism for justice-involved African American youth. Analyses were based on the Northwestern Juvenile Project Study, the first prospective longitudinal study that explores the mental health and substance use disorders and needs among a juvenile justice-involved population. Findings indicate that justice-involved African American girls were significantly more likely to receive mental health services at Follow-up 1 compared to boys and have a higher number of cumulative ACEs compared to boys at baseline. African American girls who received mental health services were more likely to be re-arrested compared to African American boys over time. We advocate for culturally responsive and gender responsive services to reduce recidivism among justice-involved African American youth. Furthermore, it is important to recognize bias within the juvenile justice system that may hinder positive outcomes for youth. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Racial Essentialism and Stress: A Deadly Combination for Prospective
Police Officers’ Encounters with Black Suspects-
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Abstract: Previous research based on documented incidents of police uses of lethal force and experimental studies using computer sorting programs have demonstrated that incorrect lethal force decisions tend to occur more frequently with Black relative to White suspects. Using virtual reality, the current study examined the psychophysiology underlying incorrect lethal force decision with Black suspects, and the interactive impact of racial essentialism. Forty-nine White criminal justice majors viewed 360 degree videos of high-pressure suspect interactions in VR, from the perspective of the police officer. A virtual police-issued handgun was used to make and record decisions to shoot; incorrect uses of lethal force were operationalized using signal detection theory. Physiological stress (i.e., variance in pupil dilation) and visual attention were measured with embedded eye tracking in the VR. As predicted, physiological stress led to more incorrect uses of lethal force with Black suspects through fixated visual attention, but only among those who scored high on a racial essentialism survey measure. Findings converge with more recent studies supporting the potent interactive role between cognition (e.g., racial essentialism) and affect (i.e., stress) on lethal force decisions with Black suspects. These studies point to the continued role of psychoeducation and cognitive–behavioral interventions in informing police training interventions aimed at mitigating incorrect uses of lethal force with Black men and women.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Automatic Prejudice and Weapon Identification: A Study with Students and
Police Officers-
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Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore police officers’ beliefs, meaning whether a “crime priming” is capable of showing automatic prejudice in the identification of weapons and whether a crime reduction priming can mitigate it, seeking to understand which processes can make the expression of racism more evident. With that we conducted two experiments with police officers (N = 80) and university students (N = 77) randomly allocated to an experimental group subjected to crime priming. In the second experiment we submitted the groups to a criminal's rehabilitation priming. In Study 1, crime priming contributed to shorter response times for both guns and tools preceded by a black individual's face. Under rehabilitation priming, participants showed longer response times for both guns and tools, an effect intensified when preceded by a black individual's face. With regard to hits, more hits occurred for guns than for tools, a result unaffected by the experimental manipulation. With regard to hits, more hits occurred for gun than for tool, a result unaffected by the experimental manipulation. In the 500 ms time-limited phase (study 2), there was no effect of the priming types on response times, with only a higher hit rate for black individual's faces. With that, questions about the importance of replicating WIT results in a more mixed sample in which both the control group and the police officers group can be considered as coming from minorities (i.e. blacks and latinx).
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- “Crime” in Context: Racialized Physical Space Shifts
Person-Perception-
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Abstract: People often assume areas where black people live are dangerous, impoverished, and rundown, whereas they assume White areas to be safe, wealthy, and well-maintained (Bonam et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 145(11):1561–1582, 2016). These space-focused racial stereotypes shape how people perceive, evaluate, and treat physical space, such as houses and neighborhoods. Further, people often associate specific types of spaces with certain races (e.g., inner-city is Black; suburb is White), making them racial exemplar spaces (Bonam, in Devaluing Black space: Black locations as targets of housing and environmental discrimination, Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Stanford University, Stanford, 2010). The present work expands insight into racialized physical space by showing how Black and White exemplar spaces and White space-focused racial stereotypes shape person-perception. Specifically, we report findings from a vignette study examining how “black” and “criminal” people perceived a target person. This target was black or white and was in a suburban or inner-city neighborhood. We also measured people’s generalized stereotypes about white areas. People thought of the Black versus White person as being more black, which in turn made the target seem more criminal. This relationship was stronger in a suburban versus inner-city neighborhood—likely because being in an inner-city area made the White target seem more black, whereas the black target seemed black no matter where he was. Additionally, the more people thought of white areas as generally safe, wealthy, and well-maintained, the more they criminalized the black—but not white—target in a suburban neighborhood. This study highlights the need to further explore how racialized physical space shapes social perception, and it provides insight into the criminalization and policing of black bodies in white spaces.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Patterns of Earnings and Employment by Worker Sex, Race, and Ethnicity
Using State Administrative Data: Results from a Sample of Workers
Connected to Public Assistance Programs-
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Abstract: During the strong economic conditions that predated the COVID-19 pandemic, many US workers, especially females and individuals of color, suffered from economic vulnerability. Despite growing research attention, we lack an understanding of how the prevalence and patterns of earnings and job instability vary with worker characteristics, particularly at the intersections between sex and race/ethnicity. This study uses longitudinal administrative data from a large, diverse state from 2015 through 2018 to document changes in earnings and jobs. We then examine variation in the size, frequency, and direction of these changes by worker sex and race/ethnicity among a subsample of workers who are connected to the public welfare system. Results indicate that, as expected, workers who are connected to the public welfare system experienced higher levels of economic vulnerability, but with substantial racial/ethnic and sex differences. As a consequence, a large number of workers—disproportionately those of color—were experiencing high levels of economic instability during a period of strong economic growth. Our findings have implications for policy and practice strategies.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Racial Discrimination, Black Identity, and Critical Consciousness in Spain
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Abstract: This article analyzes the relationship of racial discrimination on the identity and critical consciousness of 1369 African and Afro-descendant respondents to the first nationwide survey conducted in Spain in 2020. The survey not only showed the scope of experiences of discrimination based on skin color but has also opened the way for testing whether these experiences of racial discrimination end up affecting the identity and critical consciousness of black people, Africans, or Afro-descendants, based on the questions included in the survey and the rejection–identification hypothesis. According to the statistical models obtained by discriminant analysis, racial discrimination helps to strengthen racial identity. Having been discriminated by skin color was the variable that most differentiated those who self-identified with their country of origin from those who did not and the second most predictive of self-recognition as a black or Afro-descendant person. But when the influences of racial discrimination on racial identity and critical consciousness were jointly analyzed, applying structural equation modeling, the latter outweighed the former: racial discrimination contributes to the awakening black activism. Less clear seems to be the influence of racial identity on critical consciousness.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Emotional Response and Behavioral Coping Associated with Experienced and
Media Discrimination Among Asians and Asian Americans in the United States
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Abstract: This paper examined how sources (experienced and media) and forms (overt and subtle) of discrimination were associated with emotional response and behavioral coping among Asians and Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected in June 2020 from 249 Asian and Asian American adults living in 20 U.S. states. We used hierarchical regression for data analysis, controlling for age, gender, and the length of residence in the U.S. Results showed that experienced discrimination, especially in the overt form, was associated with both emotional responses (i.e., emotional distress and vigilance) and behavioral coping (i.e., using avoidant behavior to protect oneself). Media discrimination was associated only with emotional response. The relationship between experienced discrimination and emotional response was less pronounced among those who frequently observed discrimination in the media. Notably, subtle discrimination through personal experience or media exposure was positively associated with behavioral coping. The results suggest the need to address the rising anti-Asian acts with more initiatives in policy and practice, with special attention paid to the parallel influences from personal experience and media exposure to violence.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- How Do Non-Black U.S. College Students Think They Would Feel After
Committing a Race-Related Interpersonal Transgression'-
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Abstract: Debate over the appropriateness of discussing racism in U.S. educational settings is ongoing. Whereas some believe discussing racism will improve race relations, others argue that such discussions are divisive and cause unnecessary distress, especially among White students. In a preregistered study, we investigated whether people who do not identify as Black or African American indeed experience emotional distress in response to the suggestion that they may have acted in a manner indicating subtle anti-Black bias. Non-Black U.S. college students (N = 326; mean age = 18.86; 69.0% women, 30.4% men, and 0.6% reported another gender; 56.1% White, 16.9% Asian/Pacific Islander, 16.6% Hispanic, 2.1% reported another race/ethnicity, and 5.7% reported multiple racial/ethnic identities) imagined committing two interpersonal transgressions, one of which was race-related. For each transgression, participants reported their feelings about the situation, including how responsible they would feel for perpetrating the transgression and whether they would feel negatively about themselves. Overall, many participants reported feeling responsible and negatively about themselves when imagining committing a race-related transgression. However, this response was more common among participants who scored higher on measures of habitual concern about behaving in nonprejudiced ways, and these participants also tended to report on an open-ended measure that they would react by apologizing and correcting their behavior. Our results suggest that, when discussing racism, those most likely to experience distress are people who are already concerned about expressing prejudice. Accordingly, discussions of racism may benefit from mentioning ways to reduce prejudice.
PubDate: 2023-04-27
- Ethnic-Racial Socialization in Multiracial Families: Emerging Findings and
Future Directions-
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PubDate: 2023-02-16
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-023-09390-x
- Malleable Identity and Parental Identity Accommodation in
Multiethnic-Racial Families in the United States: Implications for
Psychosocial Well-Being-
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Abstract: As the population of individuals from different ethnic and/or racial backgrounds in North America continues to grow, scholars have turned their attention to the unique benefits and challenges that characterize multiethnic-racial experiences and how these experiences are related to well-being. This scholarship forwards comprehensive findings about parental socialization of multiethnic-racial identity, such as how parents teach their children about race and ethnicity. However, the mosaic of communication that facilitates the cultivation of secure multiethnic-racial identity within multiethnic-racial families is still ripe for exploration. In the current study, we build on previous scholarship to continue investigations of the connection between malleable identity (i.e., the extent to which multiethnic-racial individuals shift between their multiple ethnic-racial identities) and psychosocial well-being. Further, we investigate the role of parental identity accommodation (i.e., the manner in which parents recognize and affirm a child’s multiethnic-racial) as a crucial parental socialization practice within these families also connected to well-being. Based on surveys from multiethnic-racial adults (N = 254), findings suggest that the association between malleable identity and dimensions of psychosocial wellbeing (i.e., self-esteem, life satisfaction, satisfaction with physical appearance, secure ethnic-racial identity) is relatively small. However, parental identity accommodation emerged as a significant predictor of these psychosocial outcomes. Interactions between malleable identity and parental identity accommodation in predicting the outcomes were also explored with no significant moderation effects. Implications, limitations, and opportunities for future research are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-02-16
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-023-09391-w
- Raising “Antiracist Disruptors”: Illuminating Socialization Practices
that Support Antiracism in Multiracial Households-
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Abstract: Although an emerging body of literature has advanced our knowledge of how monoracial parents can support their multiracial children in understanding the ethnic-racial identities they hold, there is a dearth of research exploring how parents socialize their children towards antiracism. Drawing from ten interviews with monoracial parents of multiracial children, this paper illuminates how parents leverage multiracial socialization practices, as identified in previous academic research, to instill an antiracist orientation in their children. Using consensual qualitative analyses, we find that although all parents had a vested interest in the wellbeing and identity development of their multiracial children, parents qualitatively differed in their ability and willingness to instill an antiracist orientation in their children. Specifically, parents in our sample exhibited five approaches to multiracial socialization, ranging from those that reinforced dominant racial ideologies to those that explicitly aimed to prepare youth to become antiracist activists. We also describe how monoracial parents’ lived experiences are implicated in their engagement in multiracial socialization practices, especially those that better position them to prepare their children to engage in antiracism. Our findings illuminate how monoracial parents may engage in a repertoire of strategies in order to foster antiracism in multiracial children, molding the next generation of “antiracist disruptors.”
PubDate: 2023-02-01
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-023-09389-4
- Family Racial/Ethnic Socialization Through the Lens of Multiracial Black
Identity: A M(ai)cro Analysis of Meaning-Making-
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Abstract: The role of family members in racial identity development is often constrained to conceptualizations of parental socialization, with a focus on socialization during childhood and adolescence. However, parents may continue to play a role in racial identity development as youth enter young adulthood and continue to explore who they are. Our study investigates how parents feature in the racial identity meaning-making of multiracial Black college students to understand the role that parents may continue to play for youth’s identities as they age. We invoke a critical m(ai)cro perspective to fully consider how parent influence necessarily intertwines with macrosystem dynamics of anti-Blackness, white supremacy, and monoracism for multiracial Black youth’s identity meaning-making in the context of Black Lives Matter. Through inductive analysis of semi-structured interviews with 11 multiracial Black (“Black + ”) college students, we found that young adults mention parents or familial adults when discussing their racial identity to (1) recount parental guidance on racial identity, (2) illustrate the racial politics of multiracial identification, and (3) expose the nuances of navigating (un)shared identity spaces within the family. Our findings highlight the relevance of parental socialization in the adulthood years, and that parents are inextricably implicated in how youth are making sense of macrosystem dynamics of anti-Blackness and monoracism. We end with a discussion of takeaways for parents of multiracial youth.
PubDate: 2023-01-31
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-023-09387-6
- Racially Humble Parenting: Exploring the Link Between Parental Racial
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Abstract: In Multiracial families, monoracial parents have a unique responsibility of raising children who have multiple racial heritages that they share, partly, with each of their parents in addition to their own Biracial experiences. This interracial dynamic complicates parent–child relationships and can leave Biracial youth feeling less close to and supported by their parents than monoracial youth (Lorenzo-Blanco et al., 2013; Schlabach, 2013). Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles in: ITL Int J Appl Linguist 35(1):27–42, 1977) and a growing body of qualitative research suggests that parent–child relationships in Multiracial families can be strengthened through parental racial humility (i.e., parenting approach that demonstrates a respect for the unique racial identity and experiences of a Biracial child). The current study advances this scholarship by quantitatively exploring how parental racial humility relates to parent–child closeness among 713 Biracial Black-White adolescents and emerging adults (61% male; M = 18.40, SD = 3.71). The moderating role of demographic characteristics (e.g., child gender, parent gender/race) were also explored. The findings revealed that racially humble parenting was significantly and positively associated with parent–child closeness. More specifically, racial humility appeared to be most important for adolescents and their relationships with White parents and Black fathers. The implications for research and practice are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-01-30
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-023-09388-5
- Investigating How Parental Support Varies Across Racially Diverse Mothers
and Fathers in Relation to Emerging Adults’ Multiracial Experiences and
Psychological Distress-
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Abstract: The present study examined Multiracial emerging adults’ reports of up to two of their primary caregivers’ support of their Multiracial experiences, in addition to their reports on outcomes of their own feelings of Multiracial pride, challenges with racial identity, lack of family acceptance, and psychological distress. We then organized participants’ chosen primary caregivers into mothers and fathers, and also sorted them by race as either White, monoracial People of Color, or Multiracial to investigate how links between parental support of Multiracial experiences and the outcomes varied based on parent characteristics. We recruited 628 Multiracial American emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 29 (M = 19.91, SD = 2.34) from three universities in different regions of the United States to participate in an online survey. ANOVA tests indicated that White mothers and fathers were perceived to provide significantly less support of Multiracial experiences. The regression analyses for mother and father models found that support was related to more Multiracial pride, and for father models it was related to lower scores on lack of family acceptance and psychological distress. In addition, findings indicated that participants with White mothers reported more challenges with racial identity compared to participants with monoracial mothers of color or Multiracial mothers. The moderation analyses did not detect significant interactions between support and mother or father race predicting the outcomes. Our findings highlight that parent race and gender may play a role in Multiracial youths’ perceptions of support, and that support may be associated with the development of Multiracial pride, lack of family acceptance, and psychological distress.
PubDate: 2023-01-27
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-023-09386-7
- How Parents in Multiethnic-Racial Families Share Cultural Assets with
Their Children-
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Abstract: Relatively little psychology research has investigated racial-ethnic socialization processes in multiethnic-racial families despite the fact that more than 1 in 7 children born in the United States today have parents from different ethnic-racial backgrounds. The present study seeks to contribute to the extant research by exploring how parents in multiethnic-racial families seek to help their children access and benefit from two (or more) sets of cultural assets. Accordingly, this study considers key themes about cultural socialization that emerged in qualitative interviews with parents in multiethnic-racial families (n = 37). Key themes emerging from these interviews included the importance of both co-parents: (a) putting in the time and effort to learn about each other’s cultures and cultural practices; (b) being reflective about the practices, values, and traditions that were and were not important to them to share with their children; and (c) protecting their children from racial micro-aggressions in a variety of settings by advocating for the recognition, inclusion, and appreciation of their children’s multiple ethnic-racial heritages. There is such a paucity of research on cultural socialization approaches in multiethnic-racial families that these perspectives from parents offer both valuable building blocks for future research efforts as well as practical guidance to the growing number of multiethnic-racial families in the United States and elsewhere.
PubDate: 2023-01-05
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09384-1
- Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prosecutor’s Bail Requests and
Downstream Decision-making-
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Abstract: Although research into prosecutorial and judicial decision-making has been conducted for the past three decades, a great deal still remains unknown. Most research focuses on the ‘back end’ of the adjudication process, leaving decision points prior to the final phases unanalyzed. Drawing on unique data from the New York County District Attorney’s Office that tracks 43,971 felony complaints, this research explores racial and ethnic disparity at multiple decision points during case processing, with a focus on the prosecutor’s initial bail request. A combination of regression modeling and path analysis were applied, revealing that the effects of race and ethnicity vary by decision point. Black defendants demonstrated increased bail requests and likelihood of indictment. However, together with Latino defendants, they were less likely to be detained prior to trial compared with White defendants. Despite identifying a mix of positive and negative cumulative effects, we found significant indirect effects of black defendants via bail request that contribute to the unwarranted racial disparities in both pre-trial detention and indictment outcomes. Insights gleaned from this research help prosecutors understand how their initial actions influence final outcomes, as well as contributing to the national conversation on the use of cash bail.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09385-0
- Do Ethnic-Racial Identity Dimensions Moderate the Relations of Outgroup
Discrimination and Ingroup Marginalization to Self-esteem in Black and
Latinx Undergraduates'-
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Abstract: Guided by social identity and intergroup theory, we tested how two facets of ethnic-racial identity—felt typicality (perceived similarity to other ingroup members) and ingroup ties (felt closeness to other ingroup members)—potentially buffer the negative effects of outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization on self-esteem. Participants included 407 Latinx (65%) and Black (35%) undergraduates (Mage = 24.72 years, 79% women, 21% men) who completed an online survey. Our analyses yielded three key findings. First, both outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization predicted lower self-esteem; however, this association was significantly stronger with ingroup marginalization than outgroup discrimination. Second, the association between ingroup marginalization and self-esteem was reduced when ethnic-racial identity variables were controlled. Felt ethnic-racial typicality additionally moderated the association between ingroup marginalization and self-esteem—whereby the negative association was stronger when individuals felt higher ethnic-racial typicality. Our findings expand understanding of the impact of marginalization and discrimination from those within and outside of one’s ethnic-racial group, respectively. We also discuss the differing roles of ethnic-racial identity when experiencing outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization.
PubDate: 2022-12-31
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09383-2
- Correction to: Intersecting Race and Gender Across Hardships and Mental
Health During COVID 19: A Moderated Mediation Model of Graduate Students
at Two Universities-
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PubDate: 2022-12-26
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09381-4
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