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Abstract: Abstract As the population of individuals from different ethnic and/or racial backgrounds in North America continues to grow, scholars have turned their attention to the unique benefits and challenges that characterize multiethnic-racial experiences and how these experiences are related to well-being. This scholarship forwards comprehensive findings about parental socialization of multiethnic-racial identity, such as how parents teach their children about race and ethnicity. However, the mosaic of communication that facilitates the cultivation of secure multiethnic-racial identity within multiethnic-racial families is still ripe for exploration. In the current study, we build on previous scholarship to continue investigations of the connection between malleable identity (i.e., the extent to which multiethnic-racial individuals shift between their multiple ethnic-racial identities) and psychosocial well-being. Further, we investigate the role of parental identity accommodation (i.e., the manner in which parents recognize and affirm a child’s multiethnic-racial) as a crucial parental socialization practice within these families also connected to well-being. Based on surveys from multiethnic-racial adults (N = 254), findings suggest that the association between malleable identity and dimensions of psychosocial wellbeing (i.e., self-esteem, life satisfaction, satisfaction with physical appearance, secure ethnic-racial identity) is relatively small. However, parental identity accommodation emerged as a significant predictor of these psychosocial outcomes. Interactions between malleable identity and parental identity accommodation in predicting the outcomes were also explored with no significant moderation effects. Implications, limitations, and opportunities for future research are discussed. PubDate: 2023-02-16
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Abstract: Abstract Although an emerging body of literature has advanced our knowledge of how monoracial parents can support their multiracial children in understanding the ethnic-racial identities they hold, there is a dearth of research exploring how parents socialize their children towards antiracism. Drawing from ten interviews with monoracial parents of multiracial children, this paper illuminates how parents leverage multiracial socialization practices, as identified in previous academic research, to instill an antiracist orientation in their children. Using consensual qualitative analyses, we find that although all parents had a vested interest in the wellbeing and identity development of their multiracial children, parents qualitatively differed in their ability and willingness to instill an antiracist orientation in their children. Specifically, parents in our sample exhibited five approaches to multiracial socialization, ranging from those that reinforced dominant racial ideologies to those that explicitly aimed to prepare youth to become antiracist activists. We also describe how monoracial parents’ lived experiences are implicated in their engagement in multiracial socialization practices, especially those that better position them to prepare their children to engage in antiracism. Our findings illuminate how monoracial parents may engage in a repertoire of strategies in order to foster antiracism in multiracial children, molding the next generation of “antiracist disruptors.” PubDate: 2023-02-01
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Abstract: Abstract The role of family members in racial identity development is often constrained to conceptualizations of parental socialization, with a focus on socialization during childhood and adolescence. However, parents may continue to play a role in racial identity development as youth enter young adulthood and continue to explore who they are. Our study investigates how parents feature in the racial identity meaning-making of multiracial Black college students to understand the role that parents may continue to play for youth’s identities as they age. We invoke a critical m(ai)cro perspective to fully consider how parent influence necessarily intertwines with macrosystem dynamics of anti-Blackness, white supremacy, and monoracism for multiracial Black youth’s identity meaning-making in the context of Black Lives Matter. Through inductive analysis of semi-structured interviews with 11 multiracial Black (“Black + ”) college students, we found that young adults mention parents or familial adults when discussing their racial identity to (1) recount parental guidance on racial identity, (2) illustrate the racial politics of multiracial identification, and (3) expose the nuances of navigating (un)shared identity spaces within the family. Our findings highlight the relevance of parental socialization in the adulthood years, and that parents are inextricably implicated in how youth are making sense of macrosystem dynamics of anti-Blackness and monoracism. We end with a discussion of takeaways for parents of multiracial youth. PubDate: 2023-01-31
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Abstract: Abstract In Multiracial families, monoracial parents have a unique responsibility of raising children who have multiple racial heritages that they share, partly, with each of their parents in addition to their own Biracial experiences. This interracial dynamic complicates parent–child relationships and can leave Biracial youth feeling less close to and supported by their parents than monoracial youth (Lorenzo-Blanco et al., 2013; Schlabach, 2013). Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles in: ITL Int J Appl Linguist 35(1):27–42, 1977) and a growing body of qualitative research suggests that parent–child relationships in Multiracial families can be strengthened through parental racial humility (i.e., parenting approach that demonstrates a respect for the unique racial identity and experiences of a Biracial child). The current study advances this scholarship by quantitatively exploring how parental racial humility relates to parent–child closeness among 713 Biracial Black-White adolescents and emerging adults (61% male; M = 18.40, SD = 3.71). The moderating role of demographic characteristics (e.g., child gender, parent gender/race) were also explored. The findings revealed that racially humble parenting was significantly and positively associated with parent–child closeness. More specifically, racial humility appeared to be most important for adolescents and their relationships with White parents and Black fathers. The implications for research and practice are discussed. PubDate: 2023-01-30
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Abstract: Abstract The present study examined Multiracial emerging adults’ reports of up to two of their primary caregivers’ support of their Multiracial experiences, in addition to their reports on outcomes of their own feelings of Multiracial pride, challenges with racial identity, lack of family acceptance, and psychological distress. We then organized participants’ chosen primary caregivers into mothers and fathers, and also sorted them by race as either White, monoracial People of Color, or Multiracial to investigate how links between parental support of Multiracial experiences and the outcomes varied based on parent characteristics. We recruited 628 Multiracial American emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 29 (M = 19.91, SD = 2.34) from three universities in different regions of the United States to participate in an online survey. ANOVA tests indicated that White mothers and fathers were perceived to provide significantly less support of Multiracial experiences. The regression analyses for mother and father models found that support was related to more Multiracial pride, and for father models it was related to lower scores on lack of family acceptance and psychological distress. In addition, findings indicated that participants with White mothers reported more challenges with racial identity compared to participants with monoracial mothers of color or Multiracial mothers. The moderation analyses did not detect significant interactions between support and mother or father race predicting the outcomes. Our findings highlight that parent race and gender may play a role in Multiracial youths’ perceptions of support, and that support may be associated with the development of Multiracial pride, lack of family acceptance, and psychological distress. PubDate: 2023-01-27
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Abstract: Abstract Relatively little psychology research has investigated racial-ethnic socialization processes in multiethnic-racial families despite the fact that more than 1 in 7 children born in the United States today have parents from different ethnic-racial backgrounds. The present study seeks to contribute to the extant research by exploring how parents in multiethnic-racial families seek to help their children access and benefit from two (or more) sets of cultural assets. Accordingly, this study considers key themes about cultural socialization that emerged in qualitative interviews with parents in multiethnic-racial families (n = 37). Key themes emerging from these interviews included the importance of both co-parents: (a) putting in the time and effort to learn about each other’s cultures and cultural practices; (b) being reflective about the practices, values, and traditions that were and were not important to them to share with their children; and (c) protecting their children from racial micro-aggressions in a variety of settings by advocating for the recognition, inclusion, and appreciation of their children’s multiple ethnic-racial heritages. There is such a paucity of research on cultural socialization approaches in multiethnic-racial families that these perspectives from parents offer both valuable building blocks for future research efforts as well as practical guidance to the growing number of multiethnic-racial families in the United States and elsewhere. PubDate: 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09384-1
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Abstract: Abstract Although research into prosecutorial and judicial decision-making has been conducted for the past three decades, a great deal still remains unknown. Most research focuses on the ‘back end’ of the adjudication process, leaving decision points prior to the final phases unanalyzed. Drawing on unique data from the New York County District Attorney’s Office that tracks 43,971 felony complaints, this research explores racial and ethnic disparity at multiple decision points during case processing, with a focus on the prosecutor’s initial bail request. A combination of regression modeling and path analysis were applied, revealing that the effects of race and ethnicity vary by decision point. Black defendants demonstrated increased bail requests and likelihood of indictment. However, together with Latino defendants, they were less likely to be detained prior to trial compared with White defendants. Despite identifying a mix of positive and negative cumulative effects, we found significant indirect effects of black defendants via bail request that contribute to the unwarranted racial disparities in both pre-trial detention and indictment outcomes. Insights gleaned from this research help prosecutors understand how their initial actions influence final outcomes, as well as contributing to the national conversation on the use of cash bail. PubDate: 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09385-0
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Abstract: Abstract Guided by social identity and intergroup theory, we tested how two facets of ethnic-racial identity—felt typicality (perceived similarity to other ingroup members) and ingroup ties (felt closeness to other ingroup members)—potentially buffer the negative effects of outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization on self-esteem. Participants included 407 Latinx (65%) and Black (35%) undergraduates (Mage = 24.72 years, 79% women, 21% men) who completed an online survey. Our analyses yielded three key findings. First, both outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization predicted lower self-esteem; however, this association was significantly stronger with ingroup marginalization than outgroup discrimination. Second, the association between ingroup marginalization and self-esteem was reduced when ethnic-racial identity variables were controlled. Felt ethnic-racial typicality additionally moderated the association between ingroup marginalization and self-esteem—whereby the negative association was stronger when individuals felt higher ethnic-racial typicality. Our findings expand understanding of the impact of marginalization and discrimination from those within and outside of one’s ethnic-racial group, respectively. We also discuss the differing roles of ethnic-racial identity when experiencing outgroup discrimination and ingroup marginalization. PubDate: 2022-12-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09383-2
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Abstract: Abstract Hate crimes in the US have reached their highest recorded levels in more than a decade. Greater understanding of the factors contributing to violence toward minority groups is needed to support evidence-based policies to curb race crime. This study analyzes the causes of race crime in the US using a state-level dynamic empirical model derived from the combination of well-recognized criminological theories. To our knowledge, the study provides the only empirical analyses of race crimes across the US. The paper applies a dynamic panel model to better use crime data at the aggregate level by taking advantage of the longitudinal data structure to account for unobservable factors across states. It also draws upon the dynamic panel structure to integrate the theoretical framework of social learning of crime, together with strain theory and theory of doing difference, to identify potential causal factors. The findings confirm implications derived from strain theory, theories of doing difference, and social learning theory of crime, respectively, indicating the value of an integrated framework. The results suggest “closing gaps” is key in deterring race crime. Over the recent decade, a 1% annual change in key factors that would close the economic gap, increase understanding of cultural difference, incorporate seniors into communities, and stop cascading effects of race crime would, individually, have lowered the 2019 race crime rate by an estimated 12–21% and, in combination, by approximately 28%. Potential policy interventions that merit testing include increasing cultural awareness education, improving access to credit, supporting inter-generational community programs, and appropriate training and resources to support law enforcement personnel to collect, manage, and report race crime data. PubDate: 2022-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09382-3
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Abstract: Abstract This research assesses the relationship between subprime lending rates among applicants to traditional and fintech mortgage lenders and metropolitan-level racial and ethnic segregation in the United States. Fintech—short for financial technology—mortgage lenders underwrite loans using all-online applications and proprietary machine learning underwriting algorithms that process unprecedented amounts of applicant data. While traditional lenders have long been associated with high rates of subprime lending in segregated metropolitan areas, it is unknown whether fintech lenders also exhibit this relationship. Using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data from the nation’s 200 largest metropolitan areas in 2015–2017 and a series of binomial logistic regressions, I find the probability of an applicant receiving a subprime loan at both traditional and fintech lenders is positively associated with metropolitan area Black and Hispanic segregation. However, fintech lending is associated with significantly lower rates of subprime lending, relative to traditional lending, in metropolitan areas with high levels of Black segregation. This relationship holds true when analyzing both Black-white dissimilarity and Black isolation. Results related to white-Hispanic segregation are mixed. Fintech lenders are more likely than traditional lenders to originate subprime loans in metropolitan areas with high levels of white-Hispanic dissimilarity, but less likely as a metropolitan area’s Hispanic isolation increases. Findings suggest the structural forces connecting subprime lending to metropolitan segregation—especially Black segregation—have a weaker association with the fintech lending market than the traditional market, but still play a significant structural role in shaping fintech lending outcomes. PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0
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Abstract: Abstract In the United States, hypertension is more common among individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups. Hypertension control rates are also lower for minority group members compared with White Americans. However, little research has employed well-established theoretical perspectives on health behavior, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Model of Goal-Directed Behavior (MGB), to better understand racial differences in rates of hypertension control. The present study examines the psychological processes involved in efforts to control blood pressure, through the lens of the TPB augmented by the MGB, in hypertensive patients of three racial groups: American Indian/Alaska Native, Black/African American, and White. Participants completed measures of past efforts to control blood pressure, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and anticipated emotions. Analyses employed confirmatory factor analysis and cross-groups path analysis. Measurement of the theoretical constructs and core putative mediators of blood pressure control intentions were largely similar across racial groups. With regard to the patterns of relationships among the constructs, differences among the groups were most apparent in pathways from past efforts to both cognitive and affective theoretical antecedents of intentions. These findings contribute to the sparse literature on factors involved in racial differences in hypertension control rates and may inform future interventions aimed at increasing hypertension control behaviors. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03028597, registered 23 January 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03028597; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04414982, registered 4 June 2020 (retrospectively registered), https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04414982 PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09359-2
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Abstract: Abstract Research on key determinants of negative attitudes toward immigration has often suggested that values held by individuals systematically explain such sentiments. Universalists appear to have more positive and conservatives more negative attitudes. So far, however, these insights are based on studies using adult samples. In our study, we analyze these relations among children and adolescents. For the analysis, we utilized a Swiss-Polish panel dataset (2015–2017, N = 5,332) with three time points collected among school children aged 8–19 years. We employed autoregressive cross-lagged models. The results indicated that while universalism decreased negative attitudes toward immigrants, the expected effect for conformity-tradition was not found. PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09357-4
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Abstract: Abstract Anti-black bias is an important focal point in conversations about the sources of racial inequality in schools. Much of the empirical research on this issue has focused on the racial biases of individual teachers, finding that racial inequality in student outcomes is generally worse when teachers have more racial bias. Less is known, however, about how racial inequality in schools relates to anti-black biases that play out at a larger scale within communities. This study begins to fill this gap by examining the relationship between county-level estimates of racial bias and black-white test score gaps in U.S. schools. Data from over 1 million respondents from across the United States who completed an online survey of explicit and implicit racial attitudes were combined with data from the Education Opportunity Project covering over 300 million test scores from U.S. schoolchildren in grades 3 through 8. Results indicated that counties with higher levels of racial bias had larger black-white test score disparities. The magnitude of these associations was on par with other widely accepted predictors of racial test score gaps, including racial gaps in family income and racial gaps in single parenthood. This study also found that the observed relation between collective rates of racial bias and racial test score gaps was largely accounted for when controlling for between-school segregation and racial gaps in discipline, gifted assignment, and special education placement. This pattern is consistent with a theoretical model in which collective rates of racial bias relate to educational opportunity through sorting mechanisms that operate both within and beyond schools. PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-021-09347-y
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Abstract: Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, news media are expected to play a critical role in reducing health disparities. However, we know little about whether and how disparities in COVID-19 have been covered in national and local U.S. newspapers. This study examined whether minority health gained news attention and whether partisan bias affected related coverage in the early stages of the pandemic. Results indicate that minority groups have been underrepresented in COVID-19 news articles. Left-leaning newspapers were more likely to discuss minorities in COVID-19 news than least biased media. Left-leaning and right-leaning newspapers did not differ in the number of articles mentioning racial/ethnic minorities. COVID-19 news exceeded the average U.S. reading comprehension level and require some college education to understand but did not differ in readability levels among partisan newspapers. Left-leaning newspapers used significantly more medical terms and affiliated scientific facts to describe COVID-19 than right-leaning newspapers. Implications include avoiding potential failures in informing the public (especially the racial/ethnic minorities) essential scientific facts about disease prevention and increasing public trust in health news coverage. PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-021-09354-z
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Abstract: Abstract Historically, old southern codes were used to regulate the interactions between black males and white females. We draw parallels between these codes and current sexual harassment laws to examine the perceptions of sexual behavior that crosses racial lines. Specifically, we examine how white and black female targets perceived and reacted to the behavior of males of the same and different race than their own. Our results indicate that white women perceive the behavior committed by a man of another race as more sexually harassing than when a white male commits the behavior. Conversely, black women perceive the behavior committed by black men as more sexually harassing than when a man of a different race engages in the same behavior. Further, a similar pattern emerges for reporting sexual harassment. Implications for research and the management of sexual harassment are discussed. PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09355-6
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Abstract: Abstract In this study we analyze distinct socio-political predictors, namely, system justification, moral foundations, political ideology, social dominance orientation and authoritarianism, of two distinct but interrelated postcolonial ideologies, namely symbolic exclusion and historical negation in regards to the Mapuche people, in a sample of the general Chilean population (n = 1.242). According to the results, symbolic exclusion is explained by the political ideology of the participants, their social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification and one specific moral foundations’ dimension: harm/care. On the other hand, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification, political ideology, and two specific moral foundations (loyalty/betrayal and authority/subversion) play an important role in predicting the historical negation of negative events affecting the Mapuche Indigenous people in Chile. Our results are discussed in terms of their implications for present-day intergroup relations between the Mapuche and non-Indigenous Chileans. PubDate: 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09358-3
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Abstract: Abstract Early life adversity has long been associated with the onset and course of criminal behavior and juvenile justice involvement. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research on the differential experiences of early life trauma and trauma symptomology among justice involved youth of color who are ubiquitously overrepresented in the juvenile justice system (JJS). Conventional trauma instruments used in the JJS may yield limited cultural relevance or applicability to racially minoritized justice involved youth as they rarely capture concepts of race-based trauma. While research has explored the relative effects of racial trauma above and beyond other traumatic experiences among minoritized youth in the JJS, differential trauma experiences and differential effects between trauma and delinquency among racial groups have not been extensively explored. Conducting multivariate analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc tests and bivariate correlations, the results revealed significant mean differences between racial groups on experiences of early life trauma via conventional trauma instruments; white youth reported higher rates of trauma events including cumulative trauma, relative to black and Hispanic youth, but had similar rates of trauma symptoms relative to black youth. Furthermore, while there were no racial group differences on reports of delinquency, there were vastly different trauma-based risk correlates by racial group; white youth had several trauma indicators associated with delinquency, whereas black and Hispanic youth had no associations. Results suggest conventional trauma instruments have limited cultural and racial relevancy for minoritized justice involved youth. Implications are identified for intersectional youth participatory action approaches to instrument development centered on discovering raced-based traumatic stress among racially minoritized justice involved youth. PubDate: 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09380-5
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Abstract: Abstract Access to homeownership is central to both wealth and ethno-racial stratification. Previous research demonstrates ethno-racial inequality in homeownership such as unequal treatment, steering, and the type of mortgage products offered to both minorities and communities of color alike. However, it is unclear how differences in down payment levels shape ethno-racial disparities in mortgage credit access. This paper draws on annual data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) from 2018 to 2019 to assess ethno-racial disparities in mortgage outcomes across varying down payment levels. I demonstrate that black and Latino borrowers are more likely to obtain a high-cost loan and be denied a mortgage across varying down payment levels compared to white applicants. The results for Asians are mixed. These trends are particularly true when examining mortgage denials as black and Latino applicants with a down payment greater than 20% of the home value are just as likely to be denied a mortgage as white applicants with a down payment that is less than 5% of the home value. Asians with the highest down payment level perform similarly as whites with a below average down payment level. Implications for ethno-racial stratification are discussed. PubDate: 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09378-z
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