Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles) ISSN (Print) 1741-3842 - ISSN (Online) 1741-3850 Published by Oxford University Press[425 journals]
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Pages: e668 - e676 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundInformal care can affect the mental health of caregivers. The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated many people into informal care. Little is known about the longitudinal effect of informal care throughout the pandemic. We investigate changes in mental health in relation to changes in informal care between July 2020 and September 2021.MethodsUsing data from Understanding Society, we applied fixed-effects modelling to assess mental health variations associated with changes in caregiving among 13 557 participants (50 430 observations). Hours of weekly care were categorized as 0, 1–19, ≥20. Mental health was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) as a continuous score and a binary indicator. Main analyses were stratified by gender.ResultsCompared to when delivering 0 hours care/week, the GHQ-12 scores of women providing care for 1–19 hours/week were 0.46 points higher (95%CI: −0.11, 1.09), while their mental health scores were 0.99 higher (95%: 0.08, 1.90) when caring for ≥20 hours/week. Changes on the binary GHQ-12 measure were only evident for women when providing ≥20 hours of weekly care. These changes were not substantial among men.ConclusionInformal care adversely impacted the mental health of women carers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Support programmes for informal carers should focus on alleviating caregiving loads in women. PubDate: Mon, 02 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad193 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e714 - e721 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe research explored the association between infants’ height and various demographic factors in Romania, a country where such critical information has been lacking.MethodsThis study was conducted on a nationally representative sample and used a family physicians database to determine a sample of 1532 children (713 girls and 819 boys) 6–23 months of age (M = 14.26; SD = 5.15). Infants’ height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) were calculated using the World Health Organization’s computing algorithm. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate whether certain risk factors, such as infant mother’s age, location, marital status, socioeconomic status (SES), as well as infant’s term status at birth, age, anemia, minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and birth order, could significantly predict the HAZ.ResultsThe study identified several significant predictors of height. Specifically, lower HAZ was associated with rural living, preterm birth, age 18–23 months, unmarried mothers, anemia, lack of MDD and being third or later born in the family. In contrast, higher HAZ was associated with medium or high maternal SES and older maternal age.ConclusionsThe study underscores the importance of addressing these significant risk factors through distinct interventions to improve height outcomes in at-risk Romanian populations. PubDate: Fri, 22 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad180 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e729 - e736 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundPeople with substance use disorder are at high risk of harms from COVID-19 infection. Vaccine hesitancy is common in this population and compounds pre-existing barriers to accessing health care. A drug and alcohol service in Sydney, Australia introduced strategies to enhance COVID-19 vaccination in people receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT). We report vaccination outcomes and staff experiences of this.MethodsThis mixed methods study (i) retrospectively evaluated vaccine uptake in people accessing OAT and (ii) explored perceptions of staff who delivered vaccination interventions through surveys and semi-structured interviews.ResultsOf the 984 patients receiving OAT on 9 December 2021, 90.9% had received the first COVID-19 vaccination and 86.7% the second. Australia wide vaccination rates on that date were 93.1% and 88.7% for first and second doses, respectively. Staff commented that having a deep knowledge, understanding and connection with the patient group drove implementation and success of vaccination interventions. This was further supported by staff engagement with the vaccination interventions, and communication and sharing information, both between staff and with patients.ConclusionHigh rates of COVID-19 vaccination can be achieved in a vulnerable population. Engaged staff providing information and facilitating access to healthcare underpin this success. PubDate: Thu, 14 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad181 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e656 - e663 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundOpioid deaths have increased in England and Wales. Coroners’ Prevention of Future Deaths reports (PFDs) provide important insights that may enable safer use and avert harms, yet reports implicating opioids have not been synthesized. We aimed to identify opioid-related PFDs and explore coroners’ concerns to prevent future deaths.MethodsIn this systematic case series, we screened 3897 coronial PFDs dated between 01 July 2013 and 23 February 2022, obtained by web scraping the UK’s Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website. PFDs were included when an opioid was implicated in the death. Included PFDs were descriptively analysed, and content analysis was used to assess concerns reported by coroners.ResultsOpioids were involved in 219 deaths reported in PFDs (5·6% of PFDs), equating to 4418 years of life lost (median 33 years/person). Morphine (29%), methadone (23%) and diamorphine (16%) were the most common implicated opioids. Coroners most frequently raised concerns regarding systems and protocols (52%) or safety issues (15%). These concerns were most often addressed to National Health Service (NHS) organizations (51%), but response rates were low overall (47%).ConclusionsOpioids could be used more safely if coroners’ concerns in PFDs were addressed by national organizations such as NHS bodies, government agencies and policymakers, as well as individual prescribing clinicians. PubDate: Mon, 21 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad147 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e664 - e667 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundDeaths at home increased in Scotland at the start of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by ~35%. The majority did not involve COVID-19. This has implications for resource allocation and care at the end of life.MethodsPublicly available weekly death registrations by National Records Scotland (NRS) between 2015 and week 25 of 2023 were summarized by place of death. Linear and logistic regressions of the number and proportion of deaths at home, respectively, between 2015 and 2019, were used to estimate the expected number and proportion of deaths in the period 2020–2023 had the pandemic not happened.Results and conclusionThe number of deaths at home continues in 2023 at rates similar to the pandemic period and has not reverted to pre-pandemic levels. Had the pre-pandemic trend of growth in deaths at home continued, the number of deaths observed in 2020 would not be observed until 2025–2032. Deaths at home increased across Local Authorities but the scale of the increase varied. The impact of the increased number of deaths at home on quality of care and quality of death is not known and requires further study. PubDate: Fri, 18 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad156 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e722 - e728 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundUnderstand factors that influence food choice and explore public perceptions of the need for government policies to improve diets in the UK, particularly food pricing interventions.MethodsA qualitative study design was used with semi-structured interviews. The study was carried out in Greater Manchester, England. In all, 15 participants from a diverse range of backgrounds were recruited.ResultsFood price, lack of time, availability, and food knowledge and culture were key factors that led some study participants towards unhealthy food choices. The UK’s individual, willpower-focused approach to tackling obesity was deemed ineffective and many participants supported further government intervention. Product reformulation was supported as a less intrusive and less regressive way of improving diets than taxation. There was also support for increasing cooking classes within schools.ConclusionsWhilst the government ambition to half childhood obesity by 2030 is welcome, population level interventions that enable healthier food choices are needed to achieve this goal. Rising global food prices may make reformulation a more practical policy option than further pricing interventions. Mandatory reformulation of convenience meal and snack products and strengthening education in schools may represent a publicly acceptable and effective package of interventions within a comprehensive strategy to tackle obesity. PubDate: Wed, 16 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad152 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e639 - e655 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated depression and anxiety worldwide. Resilience is important to maintain mental health during uncertain times, but limited study has systematically reviewed its association with depression or anxiety with an emphasis on the general population.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for quantitative or mixed-methods studies on the general adult population published between 1 January 2020 and 31 April 2022 (PROSPERO ID: CRD 42022340935). National Institute of the Health quality assessment tools was used to assess the risk of bias. We qualitatively synthesized findings by outcome and study design.ResultsA total of 2945 studies were screened and 35 studies were included in the narrative analysis (5 on depression, 9 on anxiety, and 21 on both). Overall, 21 studies identified statistically significant inverse associations between resilience and depression, while 24 studies found statistically significant inverse associations between resilience and anxiety. Eight studies reported no statistically significant relationships between resilience with depression or anxiety.ConclusionsResilience was found to be inversely associated with depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings highlight the importance of resilience-enhancing intervention in migrating the global mental health burden from outbreaks of infectious diseases. PubDate: Mon, 14 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad144 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e746 - e754 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundCenteringPregnancy (CP) has been expected to produce beneficial outcomes for women and their infants. However, previous studies paid little attention to testing variations in CP’s effects across women from different demographic groups. This study aimed to test how multiple demographic factors (obesity, race, ethnicity, marital status and socioeconomic status) moderate CP’s effects on health outcomes.MethodsThis study employed a quasi-experimental design. De-identified hospital birth data were collected from 216 CP participants and 1159 non-CP participants. We estimated the average treatment effect of CP on outcome variables as a baseline. Then we estimated the average marginal effect of CP by adding each of the moderating variables in regression adjustment models.ResultsCP produced salutary effects among those who were obese or overweight and unmarried as well as women with lower socioeconomic status. These salutary effects were also strengthened as maternal age increased. However, CP was ineffective for Hispanic/Latinx women.ConclusionsCP produced more beneficial health outcomes for high-risk women such as obese, unmarried women and those with lower socioeconomic status. These are meaningful findings from a public health perspective. PubDate: Mon, 14 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad146 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e702 - e713 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this scoping review was to identify key research gaps and priorities in order to advance policy and practice for people living with cancer in the UK.MethodsThe review adhered to PRISMA guidelines for scoping review. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar on 16 July 2022. There were no restrictions in terms of study design and publication time; gray literature was included. The key words, ‘financial’ or ‘economic’, were combined with each of the following words ‘hardship/stress/burden/distress/strain/toxicity/catastrophe/consequence/impact.’Results29/629 studies/reports published during 1982–2022 were eligible to be included in the review. No study conducted a comprehensive inquiry and reported all aspects of financial toxicity (FT) or used a validated measure of FT. The most three commonly reported outcomes related to financial hardship were financial well-being (24/29), benefit/welfare (17/29) and mental health status (16/29).ConclusionsIt is evident that FT is experienced by UK cancer patients/survivors and that the issue is under-researched. There is an urgent need for further research including rigorous studies which contribute to a comprehensive understanding about the nature and extent of FT, disparities in experience, the impacts of FT on outcomes and potential solutions to alleviate FT and related problems. PubDate: Fri, 04 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad143 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e763 - e775 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe use of e-cigarettes has been rising in the UK, particularly by young people. This study investigated behaviours, attitudes and beliefs about e-cigarettes amongst 15–30-year-olds in the UK.MethodsAn online survey was administered to a sample of 1009 15–30-year-olds in the UK.ResultsAbout one in five participants currently used e-cigarettes at least monthly, with 1 in 10 using them daily. Amongst those using e-cigarettes at least monthly, 90% had used e-cigarettes containing nicotine. E-cigarettes were mainly obtained from vape shops and used at home. Having friends who used e-cigarettes and using them to help quit/reduce smoking were the most common reasons for vaping. About half of participants had been exposed to e-cigarette advertising, especially online, and warning labels on e-cigarettes. Most participants agreed that e-cigarettes are addictive (75%), help people quitting smoking (64%) and are bad for health (63%). Previous or current tobacco smokers were 9 and 22 times more likely to use e-cigarettes than never smokers, respectively. Perceiving e-cigarettes as harmful was associated with a 40% lower likelihood of use.ConclusionRaising awareness on the uncertain long-term consequences of vaping and regulation of marketing and sales are crucial to protect young people in the UK. PubDate: Mon, 31 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad138 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e836 - e837 Abstract: AbstractThe cumulative health effect resulting from the disparity in physical activity engagement could be transformed into out-of-pocket health expenditure in future, which would widen the socioeconomic gap on all portions of the income spectrum. Recent study reveals the association between physical activity inequity and social inequity. However, the difficulty in accurately measuring the physical activity could deter further exploration of this issue. This correspondence use smartphone-derived big data to provide a more fine-grained depiction, which suggest that the inequity in physical activity can contribute to the social inequity several years later. PubDate: Thu, 27 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad117 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e630 - e638 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe objectives of this study were to determine the association between the vulnerability factors linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infection among the young women who sell sex (YWSS) group (15–24 years) and adult sex workers, engaged in consensual sex for money (AFSW).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among AFSW involved in commercial sex transactions. Prevalence ratios (PR) analysis was carried out using log-binomial regression model.ResultsThe prevalence of HIV-1 was 29.4% among YWSS compared to 19.6% among female sex worker (PR = 1.43 [1.07–1.91]). Consistent condoms use last 3 months were very low at 22.3% and 41.2%, respectively (PR = 0.52 [0.37–0.74]), the low education level among YWSS versus AFSW (PR = 0.55 [0.40–0.76]); YWSS having been a victim of sexual violence in the last 12 months (PR = 2.00 [1.52–2.63]), were also more likely to be HIV positive.ConclusionsThe YWSS had a high prevalence of HIV, experienced other socioeconomic vulnerabilities and remain a key population for comprehensive HIV programs. To reach all YWSS, programs need to consider many outreach programs and address the shared determinants of HIV risk. PubDate: Thu, 20 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad130 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e844 - e845 Abstract: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi202209090958Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan10.13039/501100014538202209090617 PubDate: Mon, 17 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad122 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e776 - e778 Abstract: AbstractMulticultural Literature is an educational tool that has been increasingly used in adolescent education to help understand the impact of police brutality. Limited research is available on the impact of multicultural literature and its ability to educate themselves on the effects experienced by communities affected by police brutality. Through the implementation of multicultural literature, people would be exposed to both the experiences of the individuals getting assaulted and the community that is affected once an incident occurs. When reading these stories, they are emotionally connected to the stories, which have been proven to show a deeper understanding of the topic. This article will analyze a specific book, ‘All American Boys’, and its potential impact on community health through fostering empathy and giving a deeper understanding of community impact in a heavily monitored community. As more books that introduce topics like this get restricted from students, it is necessary to analyze the potential benefits multicultural literature can bring to adolescents both through reading comprehension and human connection. PubDate: Mon, 17 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad128 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e840 - e841 Abstract: AbstractChatGPT is a form of technological progress in the 5.0 era. The use of ChatGPT has begun to penetrate all fields of science, including the field of education. Students use ChatGPT to help them complete their assignments in the university environment. Apart from providing many benefits, ChatGPT also has many dangers threatening students. One of the dangers for students who rely too much on ChatGPT is a decrease in higher-order thinking skills. PubDate: Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad120 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e825 - e826 Abstract: Recent research has indicated a significant link between forced displacement, trauma, anxiety, depression and early onset of Type 2 Diabetes among Syrian refugee women.1 The urgent situation calls for effective psychosocial interventions. Drawing upon this context, we propose a resilience-based approach, which we call ‘buoyancy strategy’ which has the potential to alleviate the psychological and physical challenges faced by these women. PubDate: Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad108 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e737 - e745 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundKorean society has witnessed a rapid increase in the number of single-person households at risk for loneliness or solitary deaths. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of safety and care services (SCS) on the psychological outcomes and housing satisfaction of Korean middle-aged and older adults living alone.MethodsThis study was a randomized controlled trial on residents of public rental housing. A total of 40 people underwent a 3-month intervention. For the experimental group, a caring service IoT solution was installed in participants’ houses, and coordinators provided services using IoT information. The control group received only visits by coordinators.ResultsThe experimental group showed significant positive changes in depressive symptoms. An interaction effect of time and condition was observed, indicating that the loneliness scores of the experimental group were significantly reduced, whereas those of their counterparts were negligible. Both groups showed significant decreases in suicidal thoughts. Housing satisfaction in both groups significantly increased over time, but group differences were observed.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the positive effects of SCS on depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts and housing satisfaction for people living alone, suggesting that technology can be a useful tool for helping vulnerable people. PubDate: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad118 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e692 - e701 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundIn England, general practitioners voluntarily take part in the Quality and Outcomes Framework, which is a program that seeks to improve care by rewarding good practice. They can make personalized care adjustments (PCAs), e.g. if patients choose not to have the treatment/intervention offered (‘informed dissent’) or because they are considered to be clinically ‘unsuitable’.MethodsUsing data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (Aurum), this study examined patterns of PCA reporting for ‘informed dissent’ and ‘patient unsuitable’, how they vary across ethnic groups and whether ethnic inequities were explained by sociodemographic factors or co-morbidities.ResultsThe odds of having a PCA record for ‘informed dissent’ were lower for 7 of the 10 minoritized ethnic groups studied. Indian patients were less likely than white patients to have a PCA record for ‘patient unsuitable’. The higher likelihood of reporting for ‘patient unsuitable’ among people from Black Caribbean, Black Other, Pakistani and other ethnic groups was explained by co-morbidities and/or area-level deprivation.ConclusionsThe findings counter narratives that suggest that people from minoritized ethnic groups often refuse medical intervention/treatment. The findings also illustrate ethnic inequities in PCA reporting for ‘patient unsuitable’, which are linked to clinical and social complexity and should be tackled to improve health outcomes for all. PubDate: Tue, 11 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad104 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e829 - e829 Abstract: In this correspondence, we would like to draw your attention to a recent study titled ‘Perceived rather that objective weight status is associated with suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents: a school-based study.1’ The study's goal was to investigate the relationship between these variables, which produced some intriguing findings. PubDate: Tue, 04 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad110 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e755 - e762 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies of the UK Biobank have examined intake of single food items and their association with health outcomes. Our aim was to develop a dietary quality score and examine the relationship between this score and markers of cardiometabolic health.MethodsPrincipal component analysis was performed on dietary data from UK Biobank participants. Linear regression was used to analyse the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic health.ResultsThe first component explained 14% of the variation in the dietary data. It was characterised by high consumption of meat and low fibre carbohydrates, and a low intake of fruit and vegetables. A higher score, indicative of healthier diet, was associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (β −0.81, 95% CI −1.0, −0.62; β − .61, 95% CI −0.72, −0.5) and a healthier lipid profile (lower levels of cholesterol β −0.05, 95% CI −0.06, −0.04, triglycerides β −0.05, 95% CI −0.06, −0.03, and higher HDL cholesterol β 0.01, 95% CI 0, 0.01).ConclusionsThe dietary quality score was a good approximation of overall dietary quality. An unhealthy diet was associated with markers of poorer cardiometabolic health. PubDate: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad103 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e818 - e819 Abstract: AbstractNowadays, technology-based counselling like artificial intelligence (AI) and messenger-based counselling (MBC) is believed to be beneficial. However, how to observe and to interpret the client’s behaviour during MBC is not simple even for the counsellor, and AI will not be able to do so. For instance, the behaviours worth highlighting when conducting MBC are type-delete-retype-delete-retype, the typing period, emoticons and replay quickness. PubDate: Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad099 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e621 - e629 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe relevance of tobacco smoking for infectious respiratory diseases (IRD) is uncertain. We investigated the associations of cigarette smoking with severe IRD resulting in hospitalization or death in UK adults.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of severe IRD in UK Biobank. The outcomes included pneumonia, other acute lower respiratory tract infections (OA-LRTI) and influenza. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of severe IRD associated with smoking habits after adjusting for confounding factors.ResultsAmong 341 352 participants with no prior history of major chronic diseases, there were 12 384 incident cases with pneumonia, 7054 with OA-LRTI and 795 with influenza during a 12-year follow-up. Compared with non-smokers, current smoking was associated with ⁓2-fold higher rates of severe IRD (HR 2.40 [2.27–2.53] for pneumonia, 1.99 [1.84–2.14] for OA-LRTI and 1.82 [95% confidence interval: 1.47–2.24] for influenza). Incidence of all severe IRDs were positively associated with amount of cigarettes smoked. The HRs for each IRD (except influenza) also declined with increasing duration since quitting.ConclusionsCurrent cigarette smoking was positively associated with higher rates of IRD and the findings extend indications for tobacco control measures and vaccination of current smokers for prevention of severe IRD. PubDate: Thu, 22 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad090 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e820 - e821 Abstract: AbstractParental unemployment poses a significant threat to the well-being and development of children, acting as a ticking time bomb that can trigger adverse childhood experiences. To defuse this time bomb, comprehensive support systems must be in place, including financial assistance, emotional support, educational resources and social integration programmes. PubDate: Tue, 20 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad100 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e789 - e790 Abstract: AbstractThe world is buzzing about the metaverse environment. Metaverse provides virtual platforms that provide interactive learning experiences. However, future threats are unavoidable. This threat is related to the lack of interaction that occurs between students, teachers and the wider environment. Even though physical interaction is needed by individuals to maintain mental health. PubDate: Tue, 20 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad077 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e810 - e811 Abstract: AbstractIt is crucial in music therapy to select the right music type especially in the workplace. Exploring the potential of music as therapy and leveraging AI music for genre selection can unlock transformative possibilities in the workplace. The power of music as therapy with AI music and experience its positive impact on mood, focus and overall work performance. PubDate: Sat, 17 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad093 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e808 - e809 Abstract: Social Science Fund of Guangdong ProvinceGD19YTY03 PubDate: Fri, 16 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad092 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e812 - e813 Abstract: AbstractChildhood trauma experience and mental health issues can significantly impact children’s emotional development and overall well-being. It is crucial to recognize and address the invisible scars left by childhood left-behind experience. By acknowledging the impact of childhood left-behind experience and providing appropriate support and interventions, we can help these children to heal, thrive and develop into emotionally resilient individuals. PubDate: Fri, 16 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad094 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e783 - e784 Abstract: nonpharmaceutical interventionspopulation-based and preventative servicespublic health PubDate: Mon, 12 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad074 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e787 - e788 Abstract: Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan10.13039/501100014538Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia202207212010721 PubDate: Mon, 12 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad076 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e793 - e794 Abstract: AbstractThe sandwich generation in youth and their mental health issues sometimes go unnoticed. Financial responsibilities that cause social isolation increase the potential to feel lonely. On the other hand, knowledge regarding final responsibility is also needed by young people. Responding to these two things, it is necessary to design policies that are relevant to the need for mental health services for the younger generation as a sandwich generation. PubDate: Mon, 12 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad079 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e804 - e805 Abstract: health promotionpopulation-based and preventative servicespublic health PubDate: Sat, 10 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad087 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e806 - e807 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThis correspondence explores the rising phenomenon of ‘flexing’ on social media, characterized by flaunting wealth and luxurious lifestyles. This trend is particularly prominent among influencers and some public officials in Indonesia.ProblemWe identify ‘flexing’ as a behavior that potentially harms both mental health and societal trust, creating an environment that contrasts starkly with the beneficial practice of ‘sharenting,’ which promotes sharing parental experiences for mutual support and healing.ImplicationsThe influence of ‘flexing’ on public mental health and trust in the tax system requires thorough examination.ConclusionGiven its adverse effects, the correspondence emphasizes the need for comprehensive measures to address this issue. PubDate: Sat, 10 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad088 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e791 - e792 Abstract: AbstractChatGPT can be, as an interactive information platform, used to facilitate learning about the psychological effects of sexual violence. Since its approach is interactive and also that it is easily accessible, it can aid in the dissemination of information, the prevention of sexual violence and its treatment. Further, it can be incorporated into the curriculum to help raise awareness about this delicate subject and aid the affected students. PubDate: Sat, 10 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad078 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e797 - e798 Abstract: AbstractThe potential threat to public health awareness posed by mom-influencers on social media must be taken into account. In the meantime, the concept of fostering partnerships between health experts, the government and mom-influencers must be made accessible in order to promote the immediate availability of appropriate, accurate and trustworthy information to the public and adequate health education practices. PubDate: Thu, 08 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad081 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e801 - e802 Abstract: AbstractTechnoference, the interference caused by excessive use of digital devices, has been shown to negatively impact parent–child relationships and children’s emotional development. This paper explores the potential of Riau Malay culture, one of Indonesia’s indigenous cultures, to offer solutions to the problem of technoference in parenting. Parents can establish closeness, develop their children’s potential, and transmit cultural values by returning to cultural values and integrating the principles found in Tunjuk Ajar Melayu or Malay teachings. This approach ultimately contributes to the well-being of families and communities, fostering stronger emotional connections and supporting children’s healthy development in the digital era. PubDate: Thu, 08 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad083 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e677 - e691 Abstract: BackgroundThis systematic review aims to investigate the association between household food insecurity (HFIS) and undernutrition in children under 5 years old, thereby informing policymakers on the vital factors needed to be considered in tailoring an effective strategy to tackle childhood undernutrition and ultimately HFIS.MethodsWe performed a systematic review that examined household food insecurity among the undernourished under-five children. PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO Host, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched from 1 January 2012 to 1 April 2022, for relevant articles. Outcome measures were stunting, underweight or wasting. Of the 2779 abstracts screened, 36 studies that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. A range of tools had been used to measure HFIS, the most common being Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. HFIS has been found to be significantly associated with undernutrition, particularly stunting and underweight. This is observed proportionately across all national income levels.ConclusionsSustainable and inclusive economic growth, which aims to reduce income, education and gender inequality, should be a key policy goal in the minimizing food insecurity and childhood undernutrition. Multisectoral interventions are needed to address these issues. PubDate: Thu, 08 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad070 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e799 - e800 Abstract: AbstractThe authors in this article would like to invite related parties to carry out updates in the world of education, that the existence of ChatGPT can provide new enthusiasm for all of us to improve in a better direction. PubDate: Wed, 07 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad082 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: e795 - e796 Abstract: AbstractSince the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, female remote workers need career adaptability. The main reason is that women are susceptible to mental health issues like burnout and unexpected career. To balance public and domestic roles, women need access to new skills and professional networks. PubDate: Wed, 07 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad080 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 781 - 782 Abstract: ‘In a period when societies are grappling with climate change, pandemics, inequality and political upheaval, the long view is needed more than ever.’1 PubDate: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad216 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 783 - 784 Abstract: In January 2023, the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists moved the hands of the Doomsday Clock forward to 90 s before midnight, reflecting the growing risk of nuclear war.1 In August 2022, the UN Secretary-General, António Guterres warned that the world is now in ‘a time of nuclear danger not seen since the height of the Cold War’.2 The danger has been underlined by growing tensions between many nuclear armed states.1,3 As editors of health and medical journals worldwide, we call on health professionals to alert the public and our leaders to this major danger to public health and the essential life support systems of the planet—and urge action to prevent it. PubDate: Thu, 07 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad158 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 785 - 793 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundChina has a significant number of left-behind families. This study focuses on the long-term effects of childhood left-behind experience on different type of childhood trauma and mental health outcomes in later life development.Methodsparticipants were 67 795 Chinese young adults. Psychosocial characteristics were screened by sleep quality, the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire for depressive symptoms, the generalized anxiety disorder-7 for anxiety symptoms, trauma screening questionnaire for post-traumatic stress, a short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire for childhood trauma. Propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate linear regression were applied to analyze the data.Resultsthe results of the post-PSM analysis showed that the distributions of propensity scores for the two groups were approximately equal. And the total sample size in post-analysis dropped to 2358 (Nnuclear family = 1179, Nleft-behind family = 1179), with unmatched cases excluded. Post-matching results showed that the students from left-behind family were significantly associated with severer post-traumatic stress (b = 0.39, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.62]), loneliness (b = 0.29, 95% CI = [0.16, 0.42]), depressive symptoms (b = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.06, 0.82]) and CTQ-physical neglect (b = 0.34, 95% CI = [0.11, 0.58]).Conclusionour study showed that childhood left-behind experiences are tightly related to childhood trauma experience and mental health issues (post-traumatic stress, loneliness and depression) in late adolescents. PubDate: Sat, 20 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad060 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 794 - 798 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe objective was to analyse the risk of partial school closure by economic level in Barcelona city.MethodsIn this ecological study, the risk of partial school closure for the academic years 2020–21 and 2021–22 was estimated by dividing the total number of days that each child was in quarantine or isolation by the total number of days that each child was at risk to be in quarantine or isolation in the academic year. The association between partial school closure risk and mean income by district was estimated with the Spearman rho.ResultsThe lower the mean income, the higher the risk of partial closure (Spearman rho = 0.83; P-value = 0.003) during the academic year 2020–21. Specifically, the children from the district with the lowest income had a six times greater risk of partial school closure compared with those from the highest-income district. This risk did not show a significant socioeconomic gradient in the academic year 2021–22.ConclusionsThe risk of partial school closure presented an inverse socioeconomic gradient in the city of Barcelona according to average income by district in the academic year 2020–21. This distribution was not observed in the academic year 2021–22. PubDate: Thu, 08 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad084 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 799 - 803 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular and cancer mortality are the two leading causes of death in the developed world including the USA. However, mortality trends for these diseases are highly dynamic, and the geographic landscape is in transition. We analyze patterns of mortality improvement at county level during recent decades focusing on mortality decline and geographic diversity.MethodsWe grouped age-adjusted mortality rates of cardiovascular and cancer diseases from CDC WONDER for 2959 US counties into 3-year time periods to improve reliability. We calculated percent mortality decrease between 1981–83 and 2016–19 for both causes to quantify mortality improvements for counties.ResultsUsing standard deviation as an index of disparities, place-based cancer mortalities were 68% larger than cardiovascular disparities. Significantly, 566 US counties had same or higher rates of cancer mortality in 2019 as in 1981. The geographic distribution of mortality improvement in either cause tends to favor largely populated areas along coasts. Less-populated, rural places in the interior and southeastern regions were experiencing less improvement.ConclusionsAt the county level, large place-based disparities exist for both causes of death with the magnitude of disparities being substantially larger for the reduction in cancer deaths. Put differently, place matters, more for cancer than cardiovascular mortality. PubDate: Sat, 01 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad089 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 804 - 815 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundAccommodations with shared washing facilities increase the risks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection for people experiencing rough sleeping and evidence on what interventions are effective in reducing these risks needs to be understood.MethodsSystematic review, search date 6 December 2022 with methods published a priori. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Database and supplemented with grey literature searches, hand searches of reference lists and publication lists of known experts. Observational, interventional and modelling studies were included; screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were done in duplicate and narrative analyses were conducted.ResultsFourteen studies from five countries (USA, England, France, Singapore and Canada) were included. Ten studies were surveillance reports, one was an uncontrolled pilot intervention, and three were modelling studies. Only two studies were longitudinal. All studies described the effectiveness of different individual or packages of mitigation measures.ConclusionsDespite a weak evidence base, the research suggests that combined mitigation measures can help to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission but are unlikely to prevent outbreaks entirely. Evidence suggests that community prevalence may modify the effectiveness of mitigation measures. More longitudinal research is needed.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42021292803. PubDate: Thu, 20 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad114 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 816 - 821 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures posed an unprecedented challenge to the crucial role of grandparenting in family-oriented cultures, such as Italy. Reduced contact with grandchildren during this period potentially threatened grandparents’ mental health and well-being.MethodsWe analysed data from the LOckdown and lifeSTyles in Lombardia cross-sectional study conducted in November 2020. The study included a representative sample of 4400 older adults from Lombardy, Italy, of which 1289 provided childcare to their grandchildren.ResultsA decrease in self-reported grandparenting was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms among grandparents (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.01–2.24). Conversely, an increase in grandparenting was linked to poorer sleep quality (OR 11.67, 95% CI 5.88–23.17) and reduced sleep quantity (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.45–4.41).ConclusionsDespite the barriers posed by the pandemic, grandparenting played a beneficial role in maintaining the mental health and well-being of older adults. However, it is crucial to recognise specific vulnerabilities, such as gender, feelings of hopelessness and overcrowding, which can have detrimental effects during and beyond emergency situations. Careful attention to these factors is essential for developing targeted support systems and interventions aimed at safeguarding the mental health of older adults and enhancing their resilience in crises. PubDate: Fri, 25 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad154 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 822 - 828 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThis study provides a nationwide representative quantification of the impact of educational inequalities on cancer mortality in Italy.MethodsThe study is based on prevalence data and mortality rate ratios according to levels of education obtained from the Italian 2011 census cohort, including >35 million individuals aged 30–74. We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) and the number of cancer deaths associated with low education (below university degree) in Italy by sex.ResultsPAFs for low levels of education were 29.1% among men and 13.3% among women, corresponding to 22,271 cancer deaths associated with low education in men and 7456 in women in 2019. PAFs by cancer site in men were: 53.0% for upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), 44.6% for liver, 41.3% for stomach, 41.3% for lung, 37.0% for bladder, 18.5% for colorectal, 9.8% for prostate and 9.1% for pancreatic cancers. PAFs in women were: 44.5% for cervical, 36.1% for UADT, 34.9% for stomach and 13.9% for colorectal cancers. The cancer sites with the highest number of deaths associated with low education were lung among men (7902/22,271, 35.5%) and colorectum among women (780/7456, 10.5%).ConclusionsAbout a quarter of cancer deaths in 2019 in Italy may be prevented by reducing the socioeconomic determinants that contribute to educational disparities in cancer mortality. PubDate: Thu, 07 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad164 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 829 - 839 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundUnemployment has adverse consequences for families and can put children at risk of harm. This study presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of global evidence on associations between parental unemployment and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).MethodsSystematic literature searches across four databases identified cross-sectional, cohort or case–control studies measuring associations between parental employment and individual or cumulative ACEs in children. Available risk estimates were extracted and pooled odds ratios calculated using random-effects models.ResultsOf 60 included studies, 37 provided risk estimates suitable for pooling across seven ACE types. Paternal/any parental unemployment was associated with a 29% increased risk of sexual abuse, 54% increased risk of neglect, 60% increased risk of physical abuse and around 90% increased risk of child maltreatment and parental mental illness. No associations were found between maternal unemployment and ACEs. Pooling estimates from representative general population studies also identified increased risk of child maltreatment with paternal/any parental unemployment (82%) but not maternal unemployment.ConclusionsChildren who grow up with parental unemployment can be at increased risk of ACEs. A combination of socioeconomic measures to increase employment opportunities and parental support targeting fathers and mothers may help break multigenerational cycles of abuse and deprivation. PubDate: Tue, 30 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad069 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 840 - 846 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundSelf-reported height, weight and body mass index (BMI) data are widely used to monitor trends in malnutrition. However, several studies expressed concerns about its reliability—citing trends of over-reporting and underreporting anthropometric data. This study aims to: (1) identify the validity of self-reported height and weight and BMI as compared with measured values and (2) examine the potential recurrence of malnutrition in an urban-based population.MethodsPaired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were conducted to identify potential discrepancies between self-reported and measured anthropometric data. These values were collected among 255 male and 400 female participants in the Davao City.ResultsHeight overestimation in females and underestimation in males were observed to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Researchers also note an alarming rise in malnutrition cases when the Asia-Pacific Index was applied to the BMI study data. A 40.79 and 22% increase in obese cases among male and female respondents were recorded.ConclusionModifying participant-gathered height and weight values is likely to result in discrepancies between self-reported and measured values. Identifying a person’s height and weight status is crucial to understanding who among the population experience malnutrition. Thus, policymakers are called to strengthen educational support that trains respondents to report reliable and valid health data. PubDate: Sat, 10 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad085 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 847 - 853 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundDisordered gambling is a public health problem with interconnections with health and social inequality, and adverse impacts on physical and mental health. Mapping technologies have been used to explore gambling in the UK, though most were based in urban locations.MethodsWe used routine data sources and geospatial mapping software to predict where gambling related harm would be most prevalent within a large English county, host to urban, rural and coastal communities.ResultsLicensed gambling premises were most concentrated in areas of deprivation, and in urban and coastal areas. The aggregate prevalence of disordered gambling associated characteristics was also greatest in these areas.ConclusionsThis mapping study links the number of gambling premises, deprivation, and risk factors for disordered gambling, and highlights that coastal areas see particularly high density of gambling premises. Findings can be applied to target resources to where they are most needed. PubDate: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad096 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 854 - 862 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundResearch from various countries has shown increases in alcohol- and drug-related deaths and suicide, known as ‘deaths of despair’ over recent decades, particularly among low-educated middle-aged individuals. However, little is known about trends in death-of-despair causes in Spain. Therefore, we aim to descriptively examine this among 25–64-year-olds from 1980 to 2019 and by educational attainment for the years 2017–19.MethodsWe obtained mortality and population data from the National Institute of Statistics to estimate age-standardized mortality rates and assess educational inequalities using the relative index of inequality (RII).ResultsDeaths of despair as a share of total mortality slightly increased from 2000 onwards, particularly among 25–64-year-old men (from 9 to 10%). Only alcohol-related mortality declined relatively more since 1980 compared with all-cause mortality. Regarding educational differences, low-educated men presented higher mortality rates in all death-of-despair causes (alcohol-related: RII 3.54 (95% CI: 2.21–5.66); drug-related: RII 3.49 (95% CI: 1.80–6.77); suicide: RII 1.97 (95% CI: 1.49–2.61)). Women noteworthy differences were only observed for alcohol-related (RII 3.50 (95% CI: 2.13–5.75)).ConclusionsFindings suggest an increasing proportion of deaths of despair among 25–64-year-olds since 2000, particularly among men. Public health policies are needed to reduce and prevent these premature and preventable causes of mortality. PubDate: Tue, 25 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad133 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 863 - 869 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundMothers who have children removed from their care often have complex needs. These women have poor health outcomes and are dying earlier than their peers from preventable and amenable causes. Yet there is little known about how health care services might mitigate these risks. This study aimed to listen to the voices of women who had children removed from their care to understand their experiences of health and healthcare.MethodsWe used a narrative approach to collect and analyse interview data with six mothers who had experienced child removal in England. Each participant was asked to reflect on their life and main health challenges.ResultsThree narrative subplots were developed to consolidate experiences of unmet health need: (i) ‘on paper you’re normal’: narratives of complex need, (ii) ‘in my family, everyone had issues’: narratives of whole family need and (iii) ‘I’m still mummy, no matter where they are’: narratives of maternal identity and health.ConclusionsFindings highlight limitations within current systems of support, including a culture of distrust and women falling between the gaps of services. Women’s narratives illustrate opportunities for health intervention, especially immediately following child removal. PubDate: Mon, 31 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad137 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 870 - 877 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global economic changes and mental health outcomes. However, sex differences are unclear regarding the relationship between economic status change and mental health outcomes during the pandemic. Therefore, we investigated whether change in economic status is associated with depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation, based on sex.MethodsWe used data from the COVID-19 National Mental Health Survey 2021 in South Korea. We used the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 7-item scale for measuring anxiety, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale for measuring depression and self-reported questionnaires for investigating suicidal ideation and COVID-19-related suicidal ideation.ResultsAmong 2000 participants, those with a worse economic status change had a 2.7-fold higher risk of GAD (prevalence ratio [PR], 2.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.07–3.51); 2.5-fold higher depression risk (PR, 2.55; 95%CI, 2.05–3.18); 2.1-fold higher risk of suicidal ideation (PR, 2.09; 95%CI, 1.72–2.53); and 4.0-fold higher risk of COVID-19-related suicidal ideation (PR, 4.03; 95%CI, 2.78–5.83). Women whose economic status worsened had a 3.5-fold higher risk of COVID-19-related suicidal ideation (PR, 3.49; 95%CI, 2.01–6.06).ConclusionWorse economic change is associated with negative mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic; particularly, women experiencing financial hardships during the pandemic had a higher risk of COVID-19-related suicidal ideation. PubDate: Sat, 05 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad142 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 878 - 887 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundCommercial advertising and sponsorship drive the consumption of harmful commodities. Local authorities (LAs) have considerable powers to reduce such exposures. This study aimed to characterize local commercial policies across all English LAs.MethodsWe conducted a census of all English LAs (n = 333) to identify local commercial policies concerning advertising and sponsorship of tobacco, alcohol, less healthy foods and gambling, through online searches and Freedom of Information requests. We explored policy presence, commodity frequency and type, and associations with LA characteristics (region, urban/rural and deprivation).ResultsOnly a third (106) of LAs in England had a relevant policy (32%). These included restrictions on tobacco (91%), gambling (79%), alcohol (74%) and/or less healthy foods (24%). Policy prevalence was lowest in the East of England (22%), North East (25%) and North West (27%), higher in urban areas (36%) than rural areas (28%) and lower in the least (27%) compared with the most (38%) deprived areas. Definitions in policies varied, particularly for alcohol and less healthy foods.ConclusionsEnglish LAs currently underutilize their levers to reduce the negative impacts of harmful commodity industry marketing, particularly concerning less healthy foods. Standardized guidance, including clarity on definitions and application, could inform local policy development. PubDate: Tue, 22 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad155 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 888 - 893 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundArea-based index of multiple deprivation (IMD) indicators of financial hardship lack individual specificity and sensitivity. This study compared self-reports of hardship with area measures in relation to health status.MethodsInterviews in one London Borough, reported financial hardship and health status. Associations of health status with most and least deprived quintiles of the IMD 2015 were compared with self-reported hardship; always or sometimes ‘having difficulty making ends meet at the end of the month’ in relation to never.Results1024 interviews reported hardship status in 1001 (98%). 392 people (39%) reported they ‘always’ or ‘sometimes’ had hardship. In multivariate analysis, self-reported hardship was more strongly associated with smoking; odds ratio = 5.4 (95% CI: 2.8–10.4) compared with IMD, odds ratio = 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2–3.2). Health impairment was also more likely with self-reported hardship, odds ratio = 11.1 (95% CI: 4.9–25.4) compared with IMD; odds ratio = 2.7 (95% CI: 1.4–5.3). Depression was similarly related; odds ratio = 2.4 (95% CI: 1.0–5.6) and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.2–6.6), respectively.ConclusionsSelf-reported hardship was more strongly related to health status than area-based indicators. Validity and implementation in routine health care settings remains to be established. PubDate: Thu, 24 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad161 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 894 - 903 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe ‘Making Every Contact Count’ (MECC) approach is in line with the current National Health Service (NHS) strategy to improve and prevent health conditions in England. Despite its importance and value for preventative healthcare, implementation of MECC varies. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of implementing MECC and MECC training into an integrated care system (ICS).MethodsRemote semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff across an ICS in the North West of England who were involved in implementing and delivering MECC across the region. Data were analysed initially using an inductive thematic analysis approach and then interpreted using the ‘Capability, Opportunity, Motivation = Behaviour’ (COM-B) model of behaviour change.ResultsWe interviewed nine stakeholders and identified three superordinate themes: (1) macro-level barriers and facilitators, e.g. funding; (2) organizational level barriers and facilitators, e.g. time and resource; and (3) individual-level barriers/facilitators for both MECC trainers and MECC agents.ConclusionsMECC has potential to meet the needs of the public’s health, but barriers to its implementation exist. MECC must be successfully embedded into organizations and regions in which it is implemented, which relies on further development of an appropriate infrastructure including sustainable funding and a shift in culture to value preventative healthcare. PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad173 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 904 - 911 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundSurvival from colorectal cancer depends on stage at detection. In England, bowel cancer mortality has historically been highest in deprived areas. During the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to temporarily halt many screening programmes, which may have led to inequalities in uptake since screening restarted.MethodsCross-sectional data from the Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Systemwide Dataset were analyzed. Associations of baseline characteristics with uptake of bowel screening were examined using logistic regression.ResultsAmongst 86 850 eligible adults aged 60–74 years, 5261 had no screening record. There was little evidence of association between no screening and sex (adjusted odds ratio 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.90, 1.02)). Absence of screening record was associated with deprivation (1.26 (1.14, 1.40) for the most compared with the least deprived groups), smoking (1.11 (1.04, 1.18)) compared with no smoking record and black (1.36 (1.09, 1.70)) and mixed (1.08 (1.01, 1.15)) ethnicity compared with white ethnicity.ConclusionsIn a data set covering a whole NHS Integrated Care Board, there was evidence of lower uptake of bowel cancer screening in adults living in more deprived areas, of minority ethnic groups and who smoked. These findings may help focus community engagement work and inform research aimed at reducing inequalities. PubDate: Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad179 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 912 - 918 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe Dengvaxia® (dengue vaccine) controversy has been identified as one of the main reasons for the measles vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines. Our study aimed to identify various issues related to the Dengvaxia® controversy and to link these issues with the social perspective of measles vaccine refusal.MethodsSemi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion using ethnography research were conducted with 41 parents and healthcare workers in Pasay City. Using Victor Turner's Social Drama Theory, our study identified existing social issues relating to the different angles of the Dengvaxia® controversy and the measles vaccine hesitancy.ResultsMisinformation on the failed Dengvaxia® rollout implementation has challenged the fundamental understanding of the importance of immunization programs. Our findings on vaccine hesitancy in the community showed a complex problem with compounded factors, including medical populism, moral panics and other social views. We described how Pasay City’s clinic waiting room became a significantly important scenario where individuals often discuss information, concerns and experiences on vaccines and vaccine hesitancy.ConclusionOur study suggests that the Dengvaxia® controversy may reduce the measles vaccination confidence in the Philippines. Lack of transparency played a crucial role in this dilemma, producing a cascading effect on the other vaccines' safety. PubDate: Tue, 20 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad091 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 919 - 929 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe present quasi-experimental study aimed to evaluate the effects of active breaks intervention (ABs) to promote physical and cognitive improvement in primary school.MethodsThe active breaks group (ABsG) performed 10 min of ABs three times per school day and the control group (CG) did normal lessons. The baseline and follow-up evaluation was conducted respectively in October 2019 and in May 2021. Cognitive performance was assessed using working memory test, physical performance was analyzed with ActiGraph accelerometers and physical fitness tests, quality of life was monitored using the Paediatric Quality of Life questionnaire (PedsQL) and classroom behavior was collected with an ad hoc questionnaire.ResultsWe enrolled 153 children (age: 7.61 ± 1.41, 54.2% males). Working memory significantly increased in the ABsG (ΔWM: 1.30 ± 1.17) than in CG (ΔWM: 0.96 ± 1.20). The 6 min Cooper test increased in the ABsG (Δ: 1.77 ± 136.03) but not in CG (Δ: −156.42 ± 187.53), P < 0.05. The weekly physical activity levels increased in both groups; however, the sedentary behavior significantly increased both in ABsG and CG. Children reported improvements in their quality of school life including feeling better in class and in school when using ABs; moreover, children improved their time on task behaviors in ABsG.ConclusionThe present study has proven to be effective on children’s physical and cognitive performance. PubDate: Tue, 04 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad102 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 930 - 934 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundWe sought to assess the extent to which subjective experiences of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among US adults are associated with political party identification.MethodsAn online survey was conducted of a national sample of US adults (N = 1259) identifying as either Republican or Democrat.ResultsThere was no significant difference by party identification in the perceived severity of vaccination side effects; however, Republicans were significantly less likely to recommend the vaccine to others in light of their experience (OR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.31–0.51; P < 0.001). Republicans also reported having a larger share of COVID-19-vaccinated friends and family who experienced notable side effects (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.68; P < 0.05). There was a positive association between respondents’ perceived side-effect severity and the proportion of peers who also reported notable side effects (r = 0.43; P < 0.001).ConclusionSubjective appraisals of the vaccinated may affect broader vaccine acceptability. PubDate: Thu, 06 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad105 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 935 - 946 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing for several decades. Active video games (AVG) may be an effective intervention to help manage this rising health crisis. The aim of this review is to evaluate whether AVG are effective at reducing weight or improving body composition in overweight youths.MethodMedline, Embase, SportDiscus, ASSIA, CINAHL Plus, CENTRAL, CDSR and PsychINFO databases were searched for studies assessing quantitative or qualitative impact of AVG in overweight adolescents published in English. Three authors screened the results using inclusion/exclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria; 11 reported a significant decrease in at least one weight outcome. Results from seven randomized controlled trials were pooled by meta-analysis, which compared with controls subjects in AVG groups demonstrated greater body mass index (BMI) Z-score reduction (mean difference: −0.09 (−0.12, −0.05) I2 = 34%, P < 0.0001). The mean weight reduction (−2.66 Kg (−5.67, +0.35) I2 = 0%, P = 0.08) and BMI (−2.29 (−4.81, +0.22) I2 = 49%, P = 0.07) were greater in AVG groups but results did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsBMI Z-score was significantly reduced in the AVG group and the majority of included studies reported significant results in at least one weight outcome, suggesting AVG can be used to reduce weight or improve body composition in overweight youths. Further studies investigating the long-term sustainability of this change in body composition are needed. PubDate: Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad115 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 947 - 956 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundTo assess the effectiveness of a wristband for immunization alert (WIA) as a reminder device to caregivers to improve immunization timeliness and reduce drop-outs.MethodsEight health facilities, selected from two local government areas in Kano state, Northwestern Nigeria, were clustered in a two-arm study involving an intervention group and a control group. Only the caregivers (757) from the intervention group received WIA as an immunization reminder device. Immunization timeliness data were then collected from the control and intervention groups for the period of intervention and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS version 21.ResultsA cohort analysis of caregivers who received WIA at their second visit showed an increase in immunization timeliness from 10% at the second visit to 86% at the third visit and maintained at 66% for the fifth visit. A difference-in-difference analysis of the effect of WIA on immunization timeliness from baseline to end-line in the control and intervention groups showed a positive 30% increase in immunization timeliness associated with the introduction of WIA.InterpretationGiven that immunization timeliness and drop-outs are reported issues of concern in Northwestern Nigeria, the use of the WIA device is a recommended intervention. PubDate: Tue, 08 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad134 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 957 - 963 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundIn May 2021, due to rising case rates and the detection of a new variant of concern, increased asymptomatic ‘surge testing’ for COVID-19 was implemented in Bedford Borough.MethodsOver 3 weeks, surge testing in higher incidence areas utilized: (i) mobile testing units, (ii) home test kit collection and drop-off and (iii) Door-to-door outreach. Testing was voluntary and supported by a communication campaign. Test results and data provided by participants were analyzed.ResultsDuring surge testing, 16% (n = 5018) of the target population were tested, resulting in 125 positive results (2.5%). Females, those identifying as white, and those living in the most deprived quintile (Q1) were over-represented in testing. Test positivity was relatively higher for ages 0–19 (4.0%), for minority ethnic groups (2.8%), and those not listing an ethnic group (15.1%). Test positivity was lowest for the door-to-door outreach approach (0.9%), despite collecting the most samples (2225).ConclusionsSurge testing in Bedford reached a large number of people, was particularly successful at reaching people living in the most deprived areas, and identified cases that might have otherwise been missed. However, the testing did not reach the majority of the population, and began after new infections had begun to fall. PubDate: Tue, 22 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad153 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 964 - 969 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic had a huge impact on psychological health and socioeconomic structures. The consequences of COVID-19 on the physical, psychological, and social spheres have been extensively studied, except for aspects concerning sexuality and sex workers, in terms of physical, social and economic impact, but also as a possible cause for viral transmission.MethodsWith the intention of counteracting the lack of research, from September 2020 to August 2022, we distributed an anonymous questionnaire to Sex Workers' associations aimed at investigating the impact of the pandemics on sex workers. In the period examined we received and reviewed 147 questionnaires from women, men, and transsexuals.ConclusionsThe prevention of the viral transmission during a pandemic is of utmost importance but should not be exclusively promoted at the expense of other important prevention initiatives. Safeguarding psycho-physical health of the general population, including effective health educational communications emphasizing the importance of sexual activity in mental and physical health should be part of ongoing health objectives. These approaches need to include sex workers of all genders-particularly racialized and marginalized sex workers-in public health planning and messaging alongside structural interventions. Full decriminalization of sex work and access to workplace protections are key to protecting both sex workers' and clients' health. Sex workers of all genders have often been among the first hit by epidemics and the last to be protected-it is long past time to change that. PubDate: Fri, 25 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad159 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 970 - 1041 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundLong-term conditions (LTCs) are prevalent in socio-economically deprived populations. Self-management interventions can improve health outcomes, but socio-economically deprived groups have lower participation in them, with potentially lower effectiveness. This review explored whether self-management interventions delivered to people experiencing socio-economic deprivation improve outcomes.MethodsWe searched databases up to November 2022 for randomized trials. We screened, extracted data and assessed the quality of these studies using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2). We narratively synthesized all studies and performed a meta-analysis on eligible articles. We assessed the certainty of evidence using GRADE for articles included in the meta-analysis.ResultsThe 51 studies included in this review had mixed findings. For the diabetes meta-analysis, there was a statistically significant pooled reduction in haemoglobin A1c (−0.29%). We had moderate certainty in the evidence. Thirty-eight of the study interventions had specific tailoring for socio-economically deprived populations, including adaptions for low literacy and financial incentives. Each intervention had an average of four self-management components.ConclusionsSelf-management interventions for socio-economically deprived populations show promise, though more evidence is needed. Our review suggests that the number of self-management components may not be important. With the increasing emphasis on self-management, to avoid exacerbating health inequalities, interventions should include tailoring for socio-economically deprived individuals. PubDate: Tue, 08 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad145 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 1042 - 1055 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundEngagement in risk behaviours adopted during university continues after graduation, increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This systematic review aimed to investigate the prevalence of NCD risk behaviours amongst South African university students.MethodsPubMed and Scopus databases were searched (January 1990–April 2022) for studies investigating alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables and physical inactivity. Study qualities were assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal and levels of evidence checklists. An overall prevalence percentage was obtained for each risk behaviour.ResultsA total of 50 studies (n = 26 624 students) were included. A range of 44.8–75.0% of students consumed inadequate servings of fruits and vegetables. Just over 54% consumed alcohol (95% confidence intervals [95%CI]:54.0–55.5%). A significantly higher percentage of males (44.2%) than females (25.8%) drank heavily (P < 0.001). Approximately one-third (34.8%, 95%CI:33.4–36.3%) were sedentary and 39.0% (95%CI:37.5–40.4%) were insufficiently active. Almost one-fifth (17.9%, 95%CI:17.3–18.5%) smoked cigarettes, being significantly more prevalent amongst males (21.8%) than females (13.5%) (P < 0.001). A total of 10% smoked 1–10 cigarettes/day and 1.2% smoked >10 cigarettes/day.ConclusionHigh percentages of South African students eat inadequate servings of fruits and vegetables, consume alcohol are physically inactive and smoke cigarettes. South African universities should implement screening measures and health campaigns. PubDate: Wed, 05 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad106 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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Pages: 1056 - 1059 Abstract: AbstractSustainable Development Goal 3 aims to improve access to modern contraceptives and inform and educate people on family planning (FP). However, contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in West Africa is low at approximately 20%. One related factor is the limited engagement of males in FP decision-making. Addressing this issue requires a multiplicity of approaches, including the engagement of faith leaders. Faith leaders are often trusted by their congregants and could be an avenue to promoting male involvement in FP. In this report, we discuss the role of faith leaders in two West African countries, Nigeria and Ghana. We conducted 11 in-depth interviews with faith leaders in Nigeria and Ghana. Our exploratory findings indicate that faith leaders seem to have adequate knowledge and a positive perspective on male engagement and FP. In addition, the relationship of trust faith leaders maintain with their congregants is valuable in educating or counselling congregants on male engagement and FP. PubDate: Mon, 17 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad112 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 4 (2023)
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