Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles) ISSN (Print) 1741-3842 - ISSN (Online) 1741-3850 Published by Oxford University Press[424 journals]
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Pages: 1 - 2 Abstract: ‘Science can identify solutions to pressing public health problems, but only politics can turn most of those solutions into reality’. PubDate: Tue, 14 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad015 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2023)
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Abstract: Abstract‘Agere Contra’ is a term introduced by St. Ignatius. The term comes from the Latin, meaning ‘to act against’ or ‘to act otherwise.’ In more depth, what conventional traders do does not necessarily go against government regulations. But they do the opposite, because on the basis of a higher than all, namely life. They are willing to sacrifice for their families to ‘go against’ government regulations, so that all their family members can still eat and survive in the current crisis situation. PubDate: Fri, 16 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac089 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: Disinformation continues to wreak havoc on individuals, institutions and societies unabated. In public health, spreading false and misleading information1 related to coronavirus disease of 2019 has significantly affected the roll-out of vaccines.2 Fake news is often accompanied by hate posts and online threats encouraging extreme behavior resulting in deadly violence. The signs of the times call for governments and institutions to look at the impact of the consumption of disinformation on people’s health and create concrete steps beyond educational campaigns and fact-checking. PubDate: Tue, 13 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac096 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: Throughout human history until the contemporary Russia–Ukraine War, armed conflict between and within nations and groups has profoundly caused ill health and mortality. In a recent issue of the journal, the authors made a unified analysis of the relationship between war and public health and subsequently outlined the role of Public Health Professionals in times of war including ‘surveillance and documentation of the health effects of war…and advocating policies and promoting actions to deal with war and its health consequences.’1 This uniquely provides a new approach toward public health discourse and language. Since the WHO’s declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020,2 the tone of health-related scholarships largely follows an internal-external prototype (e.g. health crisis effects on education, globalization, environment) and only a minority sample of its opposite, or exploring the influence of varying worldwide phenomena on global public health security. Therefore, public health promotion requires a sense of exigency both on the personal and collective levels by looking into penetrative factors that shape (in)directly our health in general. PubDate: Sat, 30 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac076 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: Ali and colleagues reported that Indian women without health insurance were less likely to receive complete antenatal care (ANC) services (odds ratio [OR]: 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63–0.71) and institutional delivery (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.37–0.55) than those women with health insurance coverage. Women living in urban areas with higher income, educational attainment and caste have higher health insurance coverage than vulnerable groups.1 These geographic and socioeconomic disparities in healthcare services remain a significant challenge in improving maternal and child health in developing countries.2,3 We share the current health insurance and ANC coverage trends in the Philippines, a developing country in Southeast Asia. PubDate: Mon, 13 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac068 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractIn Indonesia, there is currently a hot discussion regarding chemtrails appearing in the skies in several cities. Many people attribute this to conspiracy theories, according to which these chemtrails cause the omicron-type of coronavirus disease 2019 (B.1.1.529). Through this paper, we hope that Indonesian citizens be able to think more positively and maintain their mental and physical health. PubDate: Fri, 20 May 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac054 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractCurrently, Metaverse has become a hot topic of conversation everywhere. Therefore, this can also be an accurate solution to the mental health challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hopefully in the future, mental health workers can make the best use of it. PubDate: Mon, 25 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac049 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractBackgroundFace mask use offers an important public health tool for reducing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the politicization of COVID-19 has resulted in uneven adherence. This study assesses the effects of setting characteristics and the sociodemographic composition of crowds on group-level masking rates.MethodsWe conducted 123 site observations of masking behavior at public locations across Oklahoma (USA) between June and September 2020. We used analyses of variance and t-tests to examine variation in masking and ordinary least squares regression to model the effect of setting and sociodemographic characteristics on site-level masking rates.ResultsThe masking rate across all sites averaged 34% but varied widely. Site-level masking rates were higher at metropolitan sites and sites with a store or municipal masking mandate. The masking rate at sites where women or older adults (60+) were the predominant group did not differ significantly from other sites. Ethnically diverse sites exhibited significantly higher masking rates compared with predominantly white sites. Findings indicate that setting characteristics explained a greater amount of variation in collective masking rates than sociodemographic differences.ConclusionsThis study underscores the importance of place and policy for mask adherence. In the absence of state-level mandates, masking policies at a more local level may be effective. PubDate: Mon, 04 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac007 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractIn Indonesia, controversy about the COVID-19 vaccination is still going on, there is a group of people who believe in this vaccine, and another group chooses not to believe. There are those who support this as mandatory, but there are also those who think that this is optional. Hopefully through this letter, we can all respect the decisions of every human being who has free will and has full rights over their own life. PubDate: Sun, 03 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac037 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractBackgroundPrevious evidences have reported that almost three-fourth of young hypertensives are not seeking care for their condition leading to severe complications. This study was conducted to assess the determinants of treatment-seeking behaviour among the young hypertensives in India.MethodsThe National Family Health Survey-4 data were analysed. Sampling weights and clustering was accounted using svyset command. Screening, awareness, prevalence and control status were reported with 95% confidence interval (CI). Poisson regression was done to identify the determinants of treatment-seeking behaviour.ResultsIn total, 13.8% of younger adults had hypertension, 51.1% were aware of their status and 19.5% sought treatment. Participants in 15–19 years (adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) = 0.70) and 20–29 years (aPR = 0.63), male gender (aPR = 0.84), Muslim religion (aPR = 1.14), urban region (aPR = 0.87), secondary (aPR = 0.88) and higher education (aPR = 0.86), residing in Northern (aPR = 0.79), Central (aPR = 0.76), Southern region (aPR = 0.65), preferring home treatment, medical shop or any other care (aPR = 0.63) were significant determinants of treatment-seeking behaviour.ConclusionMore than 1 in 10 younger adults in India have hypertension and only half of them were aware of their status and one-fifth sought treatment. Adolescents, males, Hindus, urban population, higher education and residing in Northern, Central and Southern region had poor treatment-seeking behaviour. PubDate: Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac006 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: Facts, control, empathy, stable democracy and civic culture have helped democratic governments preserve lives, democracy and freedom during the COVID-19 crisis. Public health participation and leadership are essential components to successfully managing a public health crisis.1 On the other hand, populism is the opposite of representative or participative democracy. It requires a specific and voluntaristic policy that aggravates and purifies democracy and strips it of what it considers important.2 In Europe, the outbreak of COVID-19 has further deepened authoritarian and protectionist sentiments, allowing a range of populists to consolidate their positions.3 COVID-19 is tailor-made for populist governments and actions to distribute counterfeit medical information and conspiracy hypotheses, thereby keeping citizens off balance.4 In addition, some governments responded with campaigns of denial and disinformation by shutting down media, prosecuting critics and dismissing scientists who attempted to provide accurate information. This article will argue recent populist actions taken by the current Government of Montenegro, which is trying to increase its rating among citizens through new economic solutions. However, these solutions require milder COVID-19 prevention measures, which leads to a severe uptick in infection cases. PubDate: Fri, 25 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac016 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: A recent article reported that pandemic fatigue is one of the prolonged negative effects on people’s mental health and safety despite lesser restrictions in the ongoing lockdown.1 Indeed, the global health crisis caused tremendous distress where many of our normal social behaviors have undergone dramatic changes. Impacts of the pandemic bring mental health problems to many people. As we navigate towards desirable solutions, attention has been given mostly to adults and other professionals. To be more holistic, this article extends the call to include studies on the well-being and coping of children with disabilities. They are mostly forgotten and neglected which makes them more vulnerable to the negative impact of the pandemic. PubDate: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac012 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractAs the world experiments with multiplex approaches to achieve a free pandemic society, infodemic pillages the online and offline realms, which exacerbates the spectrum of media fragilities, especially for particular age groups. Misinformation and disinformation related to health, political, and social issues, among others, deter the thin line that demarcates official reports from fake news. As a response to the COVID-19 infodemic, a curriculum and competency framework for media and information literacy can help promote a critical understanding of communications content for people to become media literate citizens. Incorporating the framework in the political and educational spheres enables the people, especially the dominant media users, to reinforce reliable information through responsible content-sharing on media platforms, which is essential for public health safety. PubDate: Sun, 13 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab412 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractBackgroundMost of the evidence about impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) comes from symptom questionnaires. It is important to evaluate main mental health diagnoses in hospital front-line HCW’s during the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile.MethodsAn individual-level cross-sectional study using administrative data was conducted. A Difference-in-Difference (DiD) approach was used to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sick leave rates of depression, anxiety and acute stress reaction among hospital front-line HCW’s in comparison with other private insured workers.ResultsDiD estimates showed a significant reduction of depression (17%), anxiety (8%) and acute stress reaction (8%) sick leave rate, in the front-line HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Reduction of the three mental disorders sick leave rates was higher in men than women. Except for depression, front-line HCW’s from the Santiago region’s sick leave rates of anxiety and acute stress reaction decreased more than other regions’.ConclusionOpposite to our hypothesis the results suggests a remarkable resilience level and compromise of front-line HCW’s. To address threats to the mental health of HCW’s is key to promotes programs for their psychological well-being and safety. PubDate: Sat, 05 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac008 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractBackgroundTwice weekly lateral flow tests (LFTs) for secondary school children was UK Government policy from 8 March 2021. We evaluate use of LFTs (both supervised at test centres, and home test kits) in school-aged children in Cheshire and Merseyside.MethodsWe report (i) number of LFT positives (ii) proportion of LFT positive with confirmatory reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test within 2 days, and (iii) agreement between LFT-positive and confirmatory PCR, and dependence of (i–iii) on COVID-19 prevalence.Findings1 248 468 LFTs were taken by 211 255 12–18 years old, and 163 914 by 52 116 5–11 years old between 6 November 2020 and 31 July 2021. Five thousand three hundred and fourteen (2.5%) 12–18 years old and 1996 (3.8%) 5–11 years old returned LFT positives, with 3829 (72.1%) and 1535 (76.9%) confirmatory PCRs, and 3357 (87.7%) and 1383 (90.1%) confirmatory PCR-positives, respectively.Monthly proportions of LFT positive with PCR negative varied between 4.7% and 35.3% in 12–18 years old (corresponding proportion of all tests positive: 9.7% and 0.3%).Deprivation and non-White ethnicity were associated with reduced uptake of confirmatory PCR.InterpretationSubstantial inequalities in confirmatory testing need more attention to avoid further disadvantage through education loss. When prevalence is low additional measures, including confirmatory testing, are needed. Local Directors of Public Health taking more control over schools testing may be needed.FundingDHSC, MRC, NIHR, EPSRC. PubDate: Fri, 04 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac003 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: ABSTRACTBackgroundSelf-isolation is challenging and adherence is dependent on a range of psychological, social and economic factors. We aimed to identify the challenges experienced by contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases to better target support and minimize the harms of self-isolation.MethodsThe Contact Adherence Behavioural Insights Study (CABINS) was a 15-minute telephone survey conducted with confirmed contacts of COVID-19 (N = 2027), identified through the NHS Wales Test Trace Protect (TTP) database.ResultsYounger people (aged 18–29 years) were three times more likely to report mental health concerns (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.05–4.86) and two times more likely to report loneliness (aOR: 1.96, CI: 1.37–2.81) compared to people aged over 60 years. Women were 1.5 times more likely to experience mental health concerns (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.20–1.92) compared to men. People with high levels of income precarity were eight times more likely to report financial challenges (aOR: 7.73, CI: 5.10–11.74) and three times more likely to report mental health concerns than their more financially secure counterparts (aOR: 3.08, CI: 2.22–4.28).ConclusionSelf-isolation is particularly challenging for younger people, women and those with precarious incomes. Providing enhanced support is required to minimize the harms of self-isolation. PubDate: Fri, 04 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac002 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractBackgroundConsuming a diet rich in plant-based foods (PBFs) may be protective for risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic disease. However, the impact of consuming healthy versus all types of PBF on MetS is unknown.MethodsThe relationship between consumption of PBF (both healthy and all) was examined using data from the 2015 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The amount of PBFs consumed was calculated as average daily servings, whereas dichotomous MetS variables were based on the National Cholesterol Education Adult Program Treatment Panel III (2005). After weighting and multiple imputation, adjusted associations were examined using logistic regression and marginal probabilities.ResultsConsumption of healthy PBF was significantly associated with reduced risk for elevated waist circumference (P = 0.017; odds ratio, OR 0.96, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.94–0.98) and MetS (P = 0.006; OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99). Interactions revealed significant protective effects for females who were $\ge$ 60 years.ConclusionsIn the adjusted model, a 1-unit increase in daily servings of healthy PBF was associated with a 4% lower risk for prevalence of elevated waist circumference and a 4% decrease in risk for prevalence of MetS. Increasing consumption of PBF may offer a viable strategy for reducing risk of MetS. PubDate: Tue, 11 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab403 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Abstract: AbstractBackgroundDespite generally high coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination rates in the UK, vaccination hesitancy and lower take-up rates have been reported in certain ethnic minority communities.MethodsWe used vaccination data from the National Immunisation Management System (NIMS) linked to the 2011 Census and individual health records for subjects aged ≥40 years (n = 24 094 186). We estimated age-standardized vaccination rates, stratified by ethnic group and key sociodemographic characteristics, such as religious affiliation, deprivation, educational attainment, geography, living conditions, country of birth, language skills and health status. To understand the association of ethnicity with lower vaccination rates, we conducted a logistic regression model adjusting for differences in geographic, sociodemographic and health characteristics. ResultsAll ethnic groups had lower age-standardized rates of vaccination compared with the white British population, whose vaccination rate of at least one dose was 94% (95% CI: 94%–94%). Black communities had the lowest rates, with 75% (74–75%) of black African and 66% (66–67%) of black Caribbean individuals having received at least one dose. The drivers of these lower rates were partly explained by accounting for sociodemographic differences. However, modelled estimates showed significant differences remained for all minority ethnic groups, compared with white British individuals.ConclusionsLower COVID-19 vaccination rates are consistently observed amongst all ethnic minorities. PubDate: Thu, 06 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab400 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 36 - 39 Abstract: AbstractIntroductionPolitical polarization has increased in the USA within recent years. Studies have shown Republicans are less likely to accept COVID-19 vaccinations than Democrats; however, little is known regarding the association between COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and political polarization.MethodsWe used data from a nationally-representative survey of 1427 participants conducted between 9 February 2021 and 17 February 2021. We estimated multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for COVID-19 vaccination intent and receipt according to perceived political polarization (measured as the perceived size of the ideological gap between Democrats and Republicans), political party affiliation, and social trust, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors.ResultsAmong participants perceiving high levels of polarization, Republicans (versus Democrats) reported a 90% lower odds of vaccination intent (OR = 0.10 [0.05, 0.19], P < 0.001). Participants with high (versus low) social trust and low perceived polarization had a 2-folder higher vaccination intent (OR = 2.39 [1.34, 4.21], P = 0.003); this association was substantially weaker in the high perceived polarization group.ConclusionsHigh perceived levels of political polarization appear to magnify the decrease in the odds of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine and the intent to get vaccinated among Republicans versus Democrats. Political polarization may further attenuate the protective associations of high social capital with vaccination. PubDate: Tue, 25 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab401 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 40 - 46 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori causes large burden of gastric cancer (GC) in Asia. We aimed to comprehensively quantify the burden of GC attributable to H. pylori infection in Asia.MethodsWe searched related articles from January 1998 to December 2020 to obtain the prevalence and relative risks (or odds ratio) of GC associated with H. pylori in Asia. The burden of GC attributable to H. pylori infection was quantified by Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) and Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).ResultsWe quantified the burden of GC attributable to H. pylori infection with 415.6 thousand DALYs and 38.03% PAF through the five included Asian countries in 2019. The study found that the burden had obvious regional differences. The DALYs ranged from 298.9 thousand in China to 1.9 thousand in Malaysia, and the PAFs were between 58.00% in Japan and 30.89% in China. The average prevalence of H. pylori in the included general population was estimated to be 56.29%.ConclusionsHelicobacter pylori poses a huge disease burden of GC to the population, and its eradication should receive attention, especially in the countries with high incidence of and mortality due to GC. PubDate: Fri, 04 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab410 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 47 - 56 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) is one of the main tools used in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response, including physical distancing, frequent hand washing, face mask use, respiratory hygiene and use of contact tracing apps. Literature on compliance with NPI during the COVID-19 pandemic is limited.MethodsWe studied this compliance and associated factors in Portugal, between 28th October 2020 and 11th January 2021 (Portuguese second and third waves of the pandemic), using logistic regressions. Data were collected through a web-based survey and included questions regarding NPI compliance, COVID-19-related concerns, perception of institutions’ performance, agreement with the measures implemented and socio-demographic characteristics.ResultsFrom the 1263 eligible responses, we found high levels of compliance among all COVID-19 related NPI, except for the contact tracing app. Females and older participants showed the highest compliance levels, whereas the opposite was observed for previously infected participants. There was heterogeneity of COVID-19 NPI compliance across Portuguese regions and a clear gradient between concern, government performance’s perception or agreement and compliance.ConclusionsResults suggested areas for further study with important implications for pandemic management and communication, for future preparedness, highlighting other factors to be accounted for when recommending policy measures during public health threats. PubDate: Sat, 26 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac001 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 57 - 65 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundIdentifying features associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) documentation could inform screening. This study used published data to describe differences in documented and estimated AF prevalence in general practices, and explored predictors of variations in AF prevalence.MethodsCross-sectional study of 7318 general practices in England. Descriptive and inferential statistics were undertaken. Multiple linear regression was used to model the difference between estimated AF and documented AF, adjusted for population, practice and practice performance variables.ResultsDocumented AF prevalence was lower than estimated (− 0.55% 95% confidence intervals, −1.89, 2.99). The proportion of variability accounted for in the final regression model was 0.25. Factors positively associated with AF documentation (increase in difference between estimated and documented), were patients 65–74 years, 75 years +, Black or South Asian ethnicity, diabetes mellitus and practices in East and Midlands of England. Eight variables (female patients, deprivation score, heart failure and peripheral artery disease, total patients per practice, full-time GPs and nurses; and location in South of England) were negatively associated with AF documentation (reduction in difference).ConclusionVariations in AF documentation were predicted by several practice and population characteristics. Screening could target these sources of variation to decrease variation and improve AF documentation. PubDate: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac009 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 66 - 74 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to assess the specific associations between stroke and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among Korean adults.MethodsWe used data extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database from 2002 to 2013, including information on individuals with or without stroke aged 20 years and older. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke or unspecified stroke were classified as stroke patients, while a reference population matched in terms of sex and age were also selected. The outcomes were all-cause mortality, natural causes of death (i.e. all natural causes, death by stroke and death by other diseases) and suicide. Survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsOf the 73 150 eligible participants—including 14 630 stroke patients and 58 520 age- and sex-matched controls—11 121 (15.2%) died during the study period. Of them, 10 513 participants (94.5%) died of natural causes, including 1653 (14.5%) who died due to stroke and 8860 (79.7%) who died due to other diseases. Two hundred and fifty patients (2.2%) died by suicide. Stroke patients showed higher adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause (HR = 6.48, 95% CI, 3.87–10.86), all-natural-cause (HR = 2.68, 95% CI, 2.53–2.84), stroke (HR = 21.16, 95% CI, 17.49–25.61), other disease (HR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.58–1.81) and suicide mortality (HR = 3.34, 95% CI, 2.24–4.98) than those without stroke. The effect size of stroke for suicide mortality was greater than that for other causes of mortality (except stroke mortality).ConclusionsStroke was associated with a higher risk of all-cause, natural cause and suicide mortality; stroke was more strongly associated with risk of suicide mortality than with any mortality for any other causes. From a policy standpoint, these results suggest the need for greater supportive care to prevent unnatural deaths among stroke patients. PubDate: Sat, 26 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac011 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 75 - 83 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body weight perception (BWP) with suicidal behaviors among mainland Chinese adolescents.MethodsA nationally representative sample (N = 10 110) of Chinese adolescents was assessed in this study. Suicidal behaviors (ideation, plan and attempt) were evaluated by four self-reported questions. Generalized linear mixed model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association between BWP/BMI with suicidal behaviors.ResultsThe prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicidal plan and suicidal attempt was 12, 5 and 2.1%, respectively. After adjusting potential covariates, perceiving oneself as obese was significantly associated with increased risks of suicidal ideation (OR: 2.4, 95% confidence intervals, CI: 1.6–4.0, P = 0.001), suicidal plan (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5–6.3, P = 0.002) and suicidal attempt (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.5–9.1, P = 0.001) compared with perceiving as normal weight among male adolescents; the effect attenuated to null among female adolescents. Perceiving oneself as underweight and overweight both exhibited significant adverse effect on suicidal behaviors (only suicidal ideation and suicidal plan) compared with perceiving oneself as normal weight among male adolescents, but not among female adolescents. The actual measured BMI was not significantly associated with suicidal behaviors among neither gender.ConclusionsSelf-perception of their body image rather than actual measured weight may have a gender-specific adverse effect on suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents. PubDate: Mon, 28 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac015 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 109 - 117 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundLoneliness is a growing public health concern, yet little is known about loneliness in young people. The current study aimed to identify social ecological factors related to loneliness and examine the extent to which geographic region may account for differences in loneliness.MethodsThe data come from a cross-sectional sample of 6503 young people living in the UK. Loneliness was measured using the UCLA 3-item scale. Bivariate analyses were used to test associations between each predictor and loneliness. Multilevel models were used to identify key social ecological factors related to loneliness, and the extent to which loneliness may vary across geographic regions (local authority districts).ResultsSociodemographic, social, health and well-being, and community factors were found to be associated with loneliness. Geographic region was associated with 5–8% of the variation in loneliness. The effect of gender, sexual orientation and minority ethnic background on loneliness differed across regions.ConclusionsThis is the first study to highlight modifiable social and community factors related to youth loneliness, and individual vulnerabilities, such as poor mental well-being. Results related to geographic differences suggest that local-level initiatives may be most appropriate in tackling loneliness, rather than wider, less contextualized national efforts. PubDate: Fri, 07 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab402 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 118 - 123 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to understand the extent of household food insecurity amongst undocumented migrant families in Birmingham,UK.MethodsCross-sectional survey of households (n = 74) with dependent children using the USDA 18-item household food security (HFS) module. All households had an irregular immigration status and were accessing an immigration advice drop-in service (n = 98 adults; n = 138 children) in Birmingham.ResultsAbout 95.9% of households were food insecure, and 94.6% of children lived in households with low or very low food security. Food insecurity varied within households. Around 91.8% of adults were food insecure, compared to 75.6% of children. Spearman’s rank-order correlation indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between household food insecurity level and number of children (rho = 0.253, P = 0.031). A Kruskal–Wallis H Test indicated no statistically significant difference (P = 0.730) in HFS score between households supported by asylum support, children’s social services or paid employment in the informal economy and those that had no regular income.ConclusionsPrevalence of HFS was higher in this sample of undocumented migrant households with dependent children in Birmingham, UK, than in the wider population, and larger households were more food insecure. Households without a regular income were no more likely to be food insecure than households with financial support. PubDate: Tue, 18 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab408 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 136 - 144 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundAgriculture is one of the most hazardous occupations in the USA. Especially, tractor rollover incidents are the leading cause of farming-related injuries or deaths. This study examines the effect of a VR intervention (Virtual Reality Intervention for Safety Education; VRISE) on behavioral intentions for occupational safety and identifies a psychological mechanism that shows how the immersive technology works.MethodsVRISE was developed by a multidisciplinary team of agricultural educators, computer scientists and communication specialists. It was designed to provide a virtual environment where users practice tractor operation and try to avoid several rollover hazards. The participants (291 high school students) were recruited at the 2019 National Future Farmers Association Convention & Expo and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: two different types of control groups (Control1: No treatment group and Control2: 2D Screen group) and the treatment group.ResultsFindings show that, through the immersive VR experience, the VR intervention enhanced perceived threat of tractor-related accidents which in turn, led to improved behavioral intentions for tractor safety.ConclusionsFindings shed light on the effectiveness of a VR intervention to improve public health outcomes, especially in occupational safety education, where unsafe practices often result in injury and fatality. PubDate: Thu, 20 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab407 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 145 - 153 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundAreca nut (AN) is a proven human carcinogen and a global public health menace. There is yet no review providing comprehensive information on the determinants and interventions available for cessation of AN. This systematic review was aimed at summarizing the available literature on drivers and interventions for cessation of AN chewing habit and to highlight the research lacunae.MethodsA systematic literature search (from 1990 till March 2021) was conducted for studies on AN cessation. Relevant data were extracted independently by two authors.ResultsA total of 16 studies were included, which highlighted the influence of socio-cultural factors, addictive nature of AN and withdrawal symptoms as barriers to quitting. However, the knowledge of ill-effects of AN use on health, absence of concurrent alcohol use or smoking and family pressure were associated with likelihood of AN cessation. The interventions utilized for AN cessation have been behavioural in majority of the studies except for one where antidepressants were used for this purpose.ConclusionsThe current review emphasizes the imperative need of appropriate cessation strategies for AN chewing habit including enhancing awareness of the harmful effects and research into additional behavioural and pharmacologic cessation therapies to control this significant public health problem. PubDate: Sat, 29 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab411 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 154 - 161 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundSelf-harm is an important public health problem but therapeutic interventions, particularly for people who have a history of multiple repetition, are not always taken up or effective when they are. The aim of this review is to explore first-hand accounts of what helps outside therapy and identify actions and processes, which can support the reduction or cessation of self-harm.MethodsA systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis of the first-person accounts of what has helped to reduce or stop self-harm reported in primary studies.ResultsThe meta-synthesis combined 546 participant excerpts from 56 studies. Two over-arching themes were identified: (i) breaking the chain incorporated actions taken to break the link between a person’s current psychological or social state and the act of self-harm and (ii) building a new foundation for change captured actions over the longer-term, focusing on practical changes in relationships and in a person’s way of life, such as work or living arrangements.ConclusionsThe results emphasize the importance of interpersonal change in reducing or stopping self-harm. While interpersonal factors are acknowledged as important reasons behind self-harm, they are often under-represented in self-management advice and therapeutic interventions that focus on individual psychopathology. PubDate: Thu, 24 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac022 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 176 - 188 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThe objective was to achieve high coverage of possible serious bacterial infections (PSBI) treatment using the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for managing it on an outpatient basis when referral to a hospital is not feasible.MethodsWe implemented this guideline in the programme settings at 10 Basic Health Units (BHU) in two rural districts of Sindh in Pakistan using implementation research. A Technical Support Unit supported the programme to operationalize guidelines, built capacity of health workers through training, monitored their clinical skills, mentored them and assured quality. The community-based health workers visited households to identify sick infants and referred them to the nearest BHU for further management. The research team collected data.ResultsOf 17 600 identified livebirths, 1860 young infants with any sign of PSBI sought care at BHUs and 1113 (59.8%) were brought by families. We achieved treatment coverage of 95%, assuming an estimated 10% incidence of PSBI in the first 2 months of life and that 10% of young infants came from outside the study catchment area. All 923 infants (49%; 923/1860) 7–59 days old with only fast breathing (pneumonia) treated with outpatient oral amoxicillin were cured. Hospital referral was refused by 83.4% (781/937) families who accepted outpatient treatment; 92.2% (720/781) were cured and 0.8% (6/781) died. Twelve (7.6%; 12/156) died among those treated in a hospital.ConclusionIt is feasible to achieve high coverage by implementing WHO PSBI management guidelines in a programmatic setting when a referral is not feasible. PubDate: Wed, 09 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab409 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 189 - 192 Abstract: AbstractHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a significant public health problem, with ~1.2 million Americans living with HIV and ~14% unaware of their infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that patients 13 to 64 years of age get screened for HIV at least once, and those with higher risk profiles screen at least annually. Unfortunately, screening rates are below recommendations for high-risk populations, leading to problems of delayed diagnosis. Novel technologies have been applied in HIV research to increase prevention, testing and treatment. Conversational agents, with potential for integrating artificial intelligence and natural language processing, may offer an opportunity to improve outreach to these high-risk populations. The feasibility, accessibility and acceptance of using conversational agents for HIV testing outreach is important to evaluate, especially amidst a global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic when clinical services have been drastically affected. This viewpoint explores the application of a conversational agent in increasing HIV testing among high-risk populations. PubDate: Thu, 24 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac020 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 245 - 258 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to assess the risk factors and predictors of violence among patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center in a single institution.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who were admitted with a history of violence between 2012 and 2016.ResultsA total of 9855 trauma patients were admitted, of whom 746 (7.6%) had a history of violence prior to the index admission. Patients who had history of violence were younger and more likely to be males, Black, Hispanic and covered by low-income primary payer in comparison to non-assault trauma patients (P < 0.001 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that covariate-adjusted predictors of violence were being Black, male having low-income primary payer, Asian, drug user, alcohol intoxicated and smoker.ConclusionsViolence is a major problem among young age subjects with certain demographic, social and ethnic characteristics. Trauma centers should establish violence injury prevention programs for youth and diverse communities. PubDate: Tue, 15 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac010 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 267 - 273 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundChild malnutrition remains a matter of concern in India as the current levels are high and the decline is slow. National Family Health Survey (NFHS–4, 2015-16) data, for the first time, provides credible, good quality data at district level on social, household and health characteristics.MethodsTechniques of spatial analysis on data in respect of 640 districts were used to identify spatial characteristics of the nutrition levels for children in the 0–60-month age group. Further, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify 7 important correlates of the malnutrition out of 21 relevant components provided in the NFHS-4. The paper further uses three techniques, ordinary least squares (OLS), spatial lag model (SLM) and spatial error model (SEM) to assess the strength of correlation between the malnutrition levels and the shortlisted correlates.ResultsThe use of SLM and SEM shows improvement in the strength of the association (high R-square) compared to OLS. Women's height and Iodized salt in stunting, child anaemia in wasting, women's height and child anaemia in underweight were found to be significant factors (P < 0.01) along with spatial autoregressive constant.ConclusionsSuch analysis, in combination with PCA, has shown to be more effective in prioritizing the programme interventions for tackling child malnutrition. PubDate: Mon, 04 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac035 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 1 (2022)
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