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Authors:Luigi Achilli, Antje Missbach, Soledad Álvarez Velasco Pages: 8 - 22 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 8-22, September 2023. Contemporary research shows that current migration policies and technologies produce criminality. It would be advantageous, then, to understand how migrants make sense of and respond to these criminalizing migration policies, technologies, and practices. This volume delves deeply into criminalization processes, focusing on how migrants perceive and react to the enactment and implementation of policy. The articles take a close look at the day-to-day experiences of criminalized migrants, advancing our understanding of some of the societal effects of migration policies and of the relationship between criminalization and migration. The collection of work presented in this volume seeks to inspire more critical scholarship, given that public narratives about migration tend to present narratives of tragedy and despair only. We argue that policy and public understanding of migration can improve if we understand more about how, exactly, migrants respond to their criminalization and how they manage to sustain their migratory projects and their lives. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:34Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241251625 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Soledad Álvarez Velasco, Manuel Bayón Jiménez Pages: 24 - 45 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 24-45, September 2023. We analyze how the criminalization of migration has taken hold in the borderlands of Ecuador and Colombia from 2000 to 2022, despite the existence of progressive legal frameworks in those two countries that have historically allowed for relatively open borders and recognition of migrants’ rights. We use a historical and ethnographic approach to explore how criminalizing mechanisms have been implemented, showing that the criminalization of migration happened episodically. The criminalization of migration has been justified under the legal regime of migrant-smuggling statutes, and mechanisms of criminalization have been activated only at specific junctures to halt the growth of irregularized migrations from the Global South to the U.S. We go on to argue that border crossings por trocha, as unlawful river and land pathways are locally known, have served as a strategy for resistance to criminalization and have enhanced the expansion and refinement of illegal border economies and local livelihoods. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:35Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241245505 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Ruta Nimkar, Abdullah Mohammadi Pages: 46 - 64 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 46-64, September 2023. The European Union has worked with non-EU countries, including Afghanistan, to manage migration from that country since 2015. EU policies regarding Afghan migration aim, in part, to change a migration dynamic in which smugglers have played a key role. This approach was maintained even in the immediate aftermath of the return of the Taliban in 2021 and was mainstreamed into EU humanitarian efforts. Here, we argue that current efforts at so-called border externalization have contributed to a moral rift between the EU and Afghan smugglers, one in which the smugglers develop moral justifications for their work. We show that the EU’s short-term gains with regard to lower arrival numbers have come at the expense of developing a sense of legitimacy for their migration principles, governance, and infrastructure among the Afghan people over the long term. The widening moral rift between Afghan smugglers and EU policymakers is likely to bolster an existing migration infrastructure that provides a logic for grassroots resistance. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:33Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241245189 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:David L. Suber Pages: 65 - 85 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 65-85, September 2023. Border corruption can help facilitate the smuggling of people and irregular migration, but it receives limited attention in academic research. In this article, I explore how smugglers use corruption and bribery to circumvent border restrictions. I focus on the role of bribery in the survival economy of border communities, including migrants, smugglers, and border authorities, and on its role in facilitating cross-border movement. This study draws on extensive ethnographic research conducted on land routes between West Asia and Europe, interviewing smugglers specifically on the Syrian–Turkish border and the Evros border between Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria. My findings indicate that on both borders, smugglers and border guards accommodate each other’s interests in creative collaborative processes. As such, corruption and bribery are not merely illegal practices but rather strategic adaptations in response to harsher border enforcement policies, stemming from specific needs of local border realities. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:35Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241245504 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Tabea Scharrer Pages: 86 - 104 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 86-104, September 2023. In the late 2000s, after the implementation of European policies to prevent and criminalize irregular migration, a new form of human smuggling—ransom smuggling—appeared in North Africa. This article is an analysis of ransom smuggling of Somali migrants, based on anthropological fieldwork in Germany and Kenya. Ransom smuggling is dangerous and complex, involving both human smugglers and hostage takers, but I argue that Somali migrants—especially younger ones—make use of this form of smuggling despite its risks because it is cheaper and easier to organize than other options. I describe the major elements of Somali ransom smuggling, which involves transit through the Sahara and Libya. I focus on the various actors involved, and the responsibilities and burdens that accrue to the migrants who transit a system that accounts for their lives as commodities for trade. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:37Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241246664 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Federico Alagna, Eugenio Cusumano Pages: 105 - 123 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 105-123, September 2023. Since 2017, Italian authorities have repressed nongovernmental sea rescuers operating in the Mediterranean Sea. These repressive practices have been enacted irrespective of the ideological orientation of the governments in office, but have evolved over time. The strategies devised by civil society organizations to resist repression have adapted accordingly, encompassing a range of activities such as the dissemination of counternarratives aimed at desecuritizing migration, the establishment of alliances with sympathetic state actors, the reflagging or replacement of the ships used for rescue operations, and engagement in legal mobilization. This article examines how the repressive practices of the Italian government and the counter-repression actions of civil society organizations influenced one another from 2017 to 2023. We show that although governmental repression reduced civil society’s rescue operations, the organizations’ ability to adapt and engage in counter-repression strategies has ensured the continuation of their lifesaving activities. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:38Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241248062 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Luigi Achilli Pages: 126 - 144 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 126-144, September 2023. A widespread narrative in policy and media circles is that criminal organizations’ exploitation of migrants amounts to “modern slavery.” The research presented here argues for a different understanding that includes migrant agency. I examine the interactions of migrants—specifically Syrian unaccompanied minors—within illicit economies in Lebanon. I use the notion of “markets of dispossession” to explain the intricate relationship binding migration policy, migrant agency, and crime formation. The term shows how, rather than stemming from extensive criminal enterprises, the “crime” associated with these economies often emerges from myriad micro-interactions, decisions, and acts of resilience by disenfranchised individuals, like unaccompanied minors, navigating restrictive policies and their subsequent criminalization. I go on to argue that acknowledging the agency of the minor migrants in criminalized systems underscores the importance of addressing the poverty, inequality, and social instability that compel their participation in these markets of dispossession. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:37Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241247756 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Danau Tanu, Antje Missbach Pages: 145 - 164 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 145-164, September 2023. Thousands of refugees transit through Indonesia, often for prolonged periods of time. With limited access to basic rights, including the right to work, some young or underage male refugees forge intimate relationships with older Indonesians. Public perception of these relationships is, for the most part, dichotomous: the refugees are seen either as moral transgressors or victims of sexual exploitation. This research explores how these intimate, age-dissimilar relationships are formed, and the consequences of the public condemnation and criminal sanctions that can follow. We show that these relationships are often more complex than a mere exchange of money for sex, and argue that they can be best understood as intimate labor. When these relationships are extended ones, they can help refugees alleviate their economic precariousness and afford a more consumerist lifestyle, and to overcome the loneliness, boredom, and hopelessness that characterize their prolonged waiting times in transit. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:39Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241248280 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Louis Vuilleumier Pages: 165 - 183 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 165-183, September 2023. Bogged down in exploitative jobs or unemployment, some migrants mitigate their precarious condition and forced idleness through involvement in petty crime, including low-level drug distribution. This article explores the daily lives of migrants who navigate asymmetrical interactions and relationships with police in ways that avoid detection of their illicit activities. Drawing from extensive ethnographic fieldwork and 18 biographical interviews with sub-Saharan male migrants active in low-level drug retail, I scrutinize how migrants negotiate the rules that are supposed to govern them. I am particularly interested in the ways in which migrants negotiate their legal status with the police, whose view of them is often heavily influenced by race. I demonstrate that relationships between police officers and migrants can be influenced by migrants’ deliberate mimicry of local norms, calculated conformity with informal policing practices, and influence over police officers’ moral judgment of whether they are deserving of police’s discretionary power to look the other way. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:36Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241248998 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Federica Infantino Pages: 184 - 201 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 184-201, September 2023. This article shows how the organizational activities that filter people through borders are shaped by anticipation of migrants’ agency. Through ethnographic research in the United Kingdom’s two largest immigration detention centers, I analyze implementation practices carried out by frontline workers of the Home Office. I question the underexamined relationship between time and organizational action. I find that implementation practices are systematized, in part, by assessments of the future, and are aimed at anticipating and countering detainees’ responses to the possibility of deportation, even before these responses surface. Detainees’ responses can slow the ideal progression of the bureaucratic processes of detention and expulsion, even as speeding up those processes remains a crucial concern of the Home Office organization, largely because of a political fantasy of cost-effectiveness. I argue that more knowledge about these sorts of implementation dynamics allows for reappraisals of policies that remain salient, despite their failures and costs. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:38Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241250232 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Dostin Mulopo Lakika Pages: 202 - 217 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 202-217, September 2023. Drawing on interviews with Congolese in Johannesburg, this research explains some of the impact of the discriminatory immigration laws in South Africa that expose refugees to various forms of precarity. I show that precarity becomes a driving force for these people to engage in illegal or unauthorized activities, and I analyze how Congolese refugees attempt to obtain legal status and adapt to intensified discriminatory immigration policies and practices. I argue that the criminalization of migration creates a paradox: it subjects migrants to increased vulnerability due to restrictive policies, but it also empowers them to assert their agency in response. Yet due to the generally illegal nature of their chosen activities, migrants are exposed to more exploitation, perpetuating their criminalization and vulnerability. I demonstrate the adverse outcomes of government antimigrant policies that push people into precarity without necessarily endorsing the illegal activities migrants may employ. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:38Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241248063 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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Authors:Andrew Geddes Pages: 218 - 226 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 709, Issue 1, Page 218-226, September 2023. While this volume contributes to the expansion of knowledge about the criminalization of migration, this article seeks to build on collected contributions by identifying gaps that can impede uptake of this knowledge, particularly by policymakers and practitioners. I argue that a key challenge is not necessarily a lack of scientific evidence and information, but limits to the use or uptake of research. These limits are characterized as being linked to more general challenges of “post-normal” science when facts and values can at times be uncertain and contested while the stakes are very high and the need for decisions is seen as being urgent. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2024-06-11T11:40:40Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162241251962 Issue No:Vol. 709, No. 1 (2024)
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