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Authors:David J. Harding, Bruce Western, Jasmin A. Sandelson Pages: 8 - 25 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 8-25, May 2022. Across a variety of measures of safety and rehabilitation, our current systems of parole and probation are failing. Research shows that community supervision fails to reduce crime; traps its subjects in cycles of criminal justice involvement; is excessively punitive; and creates widespread harm to individuals, families, and communities—all while failing to significantly contribute to the social and economic integration of those under its control. We argue for a wholesale reform of community supervision, including the abandonment of current monitoring and control functions, and the repurposing of resources into systems of support for the hundreds of thousands of people leaving prison and jail every year. We also provide an overview to the articles assembled for this volume, which chart the challenges facing those on community supervision and offer a roadmap of potential policy solutions for improving the life chances of formerly incarcerated and justice-involved people. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:30Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115486 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Bryan L. Sykes, Meghan Ballard, Daniela Kaiser, Vicente Celestino Mata, J. Amanda Sharry, Justin Sola Pages: 28 - 45 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 28-45, May 2022. Obtaining employment is a major barrier to social reintegration for people on probation or parole. Research on the reentry process identifies several mechanisms that accentuate difficulties in locating work, including human capital development, structural changes in the labor market, and onerous probation and parole conditions. In this article, we review theories that explain low labor market participation rates among people reentering society, and we draw on multiple sources of data to identify the types of jobs that are available to people with low human capital. We find that nearly a quarter of people in America’s state and federal prisons had permanently removed themselves from the formal labor market before their most recent arrest; however, exclusionary hiring practices in the formal labor market often push those carrying the stigma of a criminal record into underground or informal labor markets, where wage rates are markedly higher than the federal minimum wage. Our findings demonstrate that severe and chronic employment struggles often predate and follow incarceration. We provide a detailed discussion of policy reform proposals that could help to remedy this harmful dynamic. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:27Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221099291 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Harry J. Holzer Pages: 46 - 60 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 46-60, May 2022. In this article, I review what we know about the impacts of felony convictions and incarceration on later employment and earnings, particularly for those under community supervision. I then discuss what employers and public policymakers can do to improve these outcomes. First, I review the basic empirical facts on the employment and earnings of returning citizens, various hypotheses that could explain these facts, and the available evidence that support those hypotheses. Second, I review why people under community supervision may have either similar or different employment outcomes from those of returning citizens more broadly. Third, I consider the perspectives of employers and why it might be in their interests to reduce hiring penalties associated with earlier incarceration (especially in tight labor markets). Fourth, I consider what we know about policies to reduce these penalties and improve outcomes. In sum, I argue that both moral and economic arguments exist for a general reduction of hiring penalties that would improve employment outcomes. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:38Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221109992 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Jesse Capece Pages: 61 - 75 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 61-75, May 2022. Evidence suggests that steady employment is a key component in reducing the likelihood that people under community supervision will return to prison. Largely unexplored, however, is the extent to which employment outcomes and self-perceptions of employability among people under community supervision are affected by stipulations mandated upon release from prison. These stipulations include measures like visits with a probation office, court appearances, or drug and mental health treatments. This article review research on the relationship between the stipulations of community supervision and employment outcomes. It presents evidence from a new study that explores relationships between release stipulations, probation officer support, feelings of employability, and employment outcomes. The new evidence suggests that there is a negative relationship between community supervision and employment outcomes and perceptions of employability. I argue for alternative policies that could productively reshape community supervision. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:36Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221112565 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Khoi Quach, Michael Cerda-Jara, Raven Deverux, Johnny Smith Pages: 78 - 97 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 78-97, May 2022. Enrollment in and navigation of higher learning institutions as a pathway to social mobility remains a significant challenge for many currently and formerly incarcerated people, particularly for those placed under community supervision. This article reviews research on the topic, drawing out key contributory factors and summarizing reform efforts in recent history. We discuss the potential differential benefits of postsecondary educational attainment for formerly incarcerated people and emphasize the need for more research around educational attainment for this population. We also examine effective model programs in the State of California as a way of highlighting the complex and variable nature of the challenges in higher learning for justice-impacted individuals due to their social and supervisory circumstances. These analyses are used as basis for general policy recommendations to provide a stronger foundation for targeted support frameworks and to assist institutional partners working to improve the experience and success of justice-impacted people in postsecondary education. We conclude the article with a critical reflection regarding the institutional function of education in accordance with the current demands of neoliberalism and a concomitant call to action anchored to an alternative vision for a more emancipatory education. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:33Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221112772 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Shawn Bushway Pages: 98 - 113 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 98-113, May 2022. Job training programs for people under supervision have been based on an economic framework that identifies individuals involved in crime as a disadvantaged group with poor human capital. The best available research evidence has not found that these programs consistently improve employment outcomes. This article reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of standard job training programs and then examines new developments in the field that use alternative frameworks for understanding the roles of such programs. The first alternative is signaling: how people under community supervision use the completion of job training to signal to employers and others that the behavior that led to their conviction is either anomalous or no longer representative of them. The second alternative is a model of desistance known as identity change: the ways in which job training can help individuals solidify a new, more prosocial identity. I make sense of extant work and new alternatives and provide a set of recommendations for change in the community supervision system. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:32Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115501 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Kylie Jiwon Hwang Pages: 114 - 133 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 114-133, May 2022. Justice-impacted people face significant obstacles to employment. This article explores an alternative pathway for these individuals to find work and income: entrepreneurship. While anecdotal evidence suggests that entrepreneurship is common among people with criminal histories, it remains both theoretically and empirically underexamined. I conduct a synthesis of recent research to assess the viability of entrepreneurship as a path to reintegration for returning citizens. I highlight findings on the prevalence of entrepreneurial entry, the underlying mechanism behind entrepreneurship, the economic and social consequences of entrepreneurship, and the barriers and challenges that reentering entrepreneurs face. Finally, I draw attention to key policy implications and suggest new initiatives that can help enhance the viability of entrepreneurship as a reentry strategy for justice-involved individuals. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:37Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115378 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Natalie Smith Pages: 134 - 150 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 134-150, May 2022. Tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) can provide vital income support to people returning to their communities following incarceration. But the current design of the EITC prevents many from accessing the income support that it provides. In this article, I propose expanding the EITC so that it better serves communities that have been harmed by punitive criminal legal policy. An expanded EITC could raise the incomes of community members returning from incarceration by 8 to 40 percent and raise the incomes of some caregiving families by 20 to 35 percent. I also consider the potential of the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) to encourage employers to hire justice-involved workers. Finally, I argue that policy-makers should develop a bolder, refundable tax credit targeted at individuals who return to their communities from a variety of institutions, including carceral facilities. With more inclusive tax credits, social policy can begin to redress the harms of mass incarceration and support a vision of public safety that is centered on flourishing communities. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:28Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221114232 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Dallas Augustine, Margot Kushel Pages: 152 - 171 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 152-171, May 2022. In recent decades, the United States has seen the simultaneous rise of mass incarceration and homelessness. The two crises are driven by the same structural factors and interact with one another, exacerbating their detrimental effects in a feedback loop. People under community supervision face many barriers to housing, putting them at high risk of experiencing homelessness in the months following release. People who experience homelessness are at heightened risk of criminal justice involvement for offenses like violating the terms of their community supervision as they engage in survival behaviors in public spaces. This article presents evidence-based approaches to improving housing strategies for reentry populations, preventing homelessness among those in community supervision, and rehousing members of the reentry community experiencing homelessness. It concludes with recommendations for policymakers interested in improving housing outcomes and overall reentry success for people on community supervision. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:31Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221113983 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Laura C. Hawks, Nadine Horton, Emily A. Wang Pages: 172 - 190 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 172-190, May 2022. Americans under community supervision experience high rates of chronic disease, mental illness, and substance use disorders but have poor access to high-quality preventive care and treatment. Pervasive barriers to healthcare and health insurance reinforce poor health, as do restrictions to evidence-based addiction treatment. We propose that community supervision agencies transfer management of the health of supervised individuals to an expanded community-based healthcare system and that they abandon practices at odds with the science of addiction medicine (e.g. prohibitions on medications to treat addiction, and revocation of community release for addiction relapse). Further, we argue that correctional systems should prioritize health of those under supervision by standardizing health-related protocols, including basic needs resources in discharge planning, and leveraging the skills of individuals with lived experiences in the correctional system. If implemented, the success of our recommendations would require expansion of community-based primary care, mental health, and addiction treatment centers. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:29Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221119661 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Johnna Christian Pages: 191 - 203 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 191-203, May 2022. Scholars and policy-makers are increasingly recognizing the limitations of bureaucracies to deliver the services and interventions that are most needed by people who have been impacted by the justice system. We are also seeing the ways in which supervision practices can exacerbate the challenges that formerly incarcerated people face in terms of meaningful reintegration with family and community after imprisonment. Local reentry initiatives are showing potential as a mechanism to advance the individual and collective well-being of justice-involved people. This article examines the strategies and initiatives of community-directed organizations that provide for people who have been incarcerated and considers lessons for future practice. Among our key findings are that services need to include people with histories of justice involvement in leadership at all levels of their organizations and that the outcome measures for success in service provision should not be limited to recidivism. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:35Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115380 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Hakim Nathaniel Crampton Pages: 206 - 208 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 206-208, May 2022. The American criminal justice system was built upon the premise of holding its citizens accountable for violations of law and upon being adjudicated and after having paid their prescribed punishment by a Court of Law, such citizens would be recognized as having “paid their debt” to society. However historical precedent has shown that very little of that premise has been practised. Instead citizens deemed felons of the law are perpetually punished by a series of lifetime collateral consequences, translating into an almost bar on access to employment and housing and other public rights. Expungement, or setting aside those convictions for people who’ve “paid their debt to society” is a clear pathway to increased access to employment for persons with a criminal record. Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:36Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221119952 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Teresa Y. Hodge Pages: 209 - 212 Abstract: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 701, Issue 1, Page 209-212, May 2022.
Citation: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science PubDate: 2022-09-14T10:12:36Z DOI: 10.1177/00027162221119058 Issue No:Vol. 701, No. 1 (2022)
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