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Authors:James J. Kim, Harry T. Reis, Michael R. Maniaci, Samantha Joel Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The prevailing theory on relationship judgments for interaction attributes suggests individuals tend to underestimate a romantic partner’s expressions of compassionate love and that such underestimation is beneficial for the relationship. Yet, limited research has incorporated dyadic perspectives to assess how biased perceptions are associated with both partners’ outcomes. In two daily studies of couples, we used distinct analytical approaches (Truth and Bias Model; Dyadic Response Surface Analysis) to inform perspectives on how biased perceptions are interrelated and predict relationship satisfaction. Consistent with prior research, people demonstrated an underestimation bias. However, there were differential effects of biased perceptions for actors versus partners: Underestimation predicted lower actor satisfaction but generally higher satisfaction for partners. Furthermore, we find evidence for complementarity effects: partners’ directional biases were inversely related, and couples were more satisfied when partners had opposing patterns of directional bias. Findings help integrate theoretical perspectives on the adaptive role of biased relationship perceptions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-26T12:54:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171986
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Authors:Terence D. Dores Cruz, Romy van der Lee, Myriam N. Bechtoldt, Bianca Beersma Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Much information people receive about others reaches them via gossip. But is this gossip trustworthy' We examined this in a scenario study (Nsenders = 350, Nobservations = 700) and an interactive laboratory experiment (Nsenders = 126; Nobservations = 3024). In both studies, participants played a sequential prisoner’s dilemma where a gossip sender observed a target’s (first decider’s) decision and could gossip about this to a receiver (second decider). We manipulated the interdependence structure such that gossipers’ outcomes were equal to targets’ outcomes, equal to receivers’ outcomes, or independent. Compared to no interdependence, gossip was more often false when gossipers were interdependent with targets but not when interdependent with receivers. As such, false positive gossip (self-serving when interdependent with targets) increased but false negative gossip (self-serving when interdependent with receivers) did not. In conclusion, the interdependence structure affected gossip’s trustworthiness: When gossipers’ outcomes were interdependent with targets, gossip was less trustworthy. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-26T06:04:55Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171054
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Authors:Alisa Bedrov, Shelly L. Gable Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Keeping a secret is often considered burdensome, with numerous consequences for well-being. However, there is no standardized measure of secrecy burden, and most studies focus on individual/cognitive burden without considering social/relational aspects. This research aimed to develop and validate a secrecy burden measure tapping both intrapersonal and interpersonal components. Study 1 used exploratory factor analysis to reveal a four-factor model of secrecy burden: Daily Personal Impact, Relationship Impact, Pull to Reveal, and Anticipated Consequences. Study 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to replicate this factor structure and found that each factor was uniquely associated with different emotional and well-being outcomes. Study 3 employed a longitudinal design and found that higher scores on each factor predicted lower authenticity and higher depression and anxiety 2 to 3 weeks later. Altogether, this research is the first step in standardizing a secrecy burden measure and applying it to real-world secrets and well-being outcomes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-24T08:50:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231172387
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Authors:Holly R. Engstrom, Kristin Laurin, Nick R. Kay, Lauren J. Human Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. How does a person’s socioeconomic status (SES) relate to how she thinks others see her' Seventeen studies (eight pre-registered; three reported in-text and 14 replications in supplemental online material [SOM], total N = 6,124) found that people with low SES believe others see them as colder and less competent than those with high SES. The SES difference in meta-perceptions was explained by people’s self-regard and self-presentation expectations. Moreover, lower SES people’s more negative meta-perceptions were not warranted: Those with lower SES were not seen more negatively, and were less accurate in guessing how others saw them. They also had important consequences: People with lower SES blamed themselves more for negative feedback about their warmth and competence. Internal meta-analyses suggested this effect was larger and more consistent for current socioeconomic rank than cultural background. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-22T11:05:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171435
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Authors:Xindong Wei, Thomas Talhelm, Kaili Zhang, Wang Fengyan Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Interdependent cultures around the world have generally controlled COVID-19 better. We tested this pattern in China based on the rice theory, which argues that historically rice-farming regions of China are more interdependent than wheat-farming areas. Unlike earlier findings, rice-farming areas suffered more COVID-19 cases in the early days of the outbreak. We suspected this happened because the outbreak fell on Chinese New Year, and people in rice areas felt more pressure to visit family and friends. We found historical evidence that people in rice areas visit more family and friends for Chinese New Year than people in wheat areas. In 2020, rice areas also saw more New Year travel. Regional differences in social visits were correlated with COVID-19 spread. These results reveal an exception to the general idea that interdependent culture helps cultures contain COVID-19. When relational duties conflict with public health, interdependence can lead to more spread of disease. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-19T12:52:29Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231174070
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Authors:Jacob Elder, Liz Wilson, Jimmy Calanchini Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models—the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure—to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-19T12:50:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256
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Authors:Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Zuzanna Farny Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. To provide deeper insights into the relationships between psychopathic traits and utilitarian moral judgment, we studied N = 702 adults using three psychopathy scales: (a) the Levenson’s Self-report Psychopathy Scale; (b) the Psychopathic Personality Inventory; and (c) the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure; and three measures of utilitarian moral judgment: (a) trolley dilemmas; (b) the Consequences, Norms, and Inaction (CNI) model of moral decision-making; and (c) the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale. When using the traditional approach to moral judgment (i.e., trolley dilemmas, instrumental harm, traditional score from the CNI model), we found that higher levels of psychopathic traits were associated with a higher utilitarian tendency. When using the modeling approach, we found that a higher level of psychopathic traits was related to weaker sensitivity to moral norms and less action averse in morally problematic situations. In addition, we found negative associations between impartial beneficence and all psychopathy scores. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-11T12:37:39Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169105
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Authors:Benjamin B. Haggerty, David P. Kennedy, Thomas N. Bradbury, Benjamin R. Karney Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Since the onset of COVID-19, a rise in loneliness has raised concerns about the social impact of lockdowns and distancing mandates. Yet, to date, the effects of the pandemic on social networks have been studied only indirectly. To evaluate how the pandemic affected social networks, the current analyses analyzed five waves of detailed social network interviews conducted before and during the first 18 months of the pandemic in a sample especially vulnerable to contracting the virus: mostly non-White couples (243 husbands and 250 wives) recruited from lower income neighborhoods. Pre-COVID interviews asked spouses to name 24 individuals with whom they interact regularly. Post-COVID interviews indicated a nearly 50% decline in face-to-face interactions and a nearly 40% decline in virtual interactions, with little recovery over the first 18 months of the pandemic. Compared with less affluent couples, those with higher incomes maintained more of their network relationships, especially when virtual interactions were taken into account. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-09T10:16:34Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169591
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Authors:Erin Freiburger, Mattea Sim, Amy G. Halberstadt, Kurt Hugenberg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We adopted an intersectional stereotyping lens to investigate whether race-based size bias—the tendency to judge Black men as larger than White men—extends to adolescents. Participants judged Black boys as taller than White boys, despite no real size differences (Studies 1A and 1B), and even when boys were matched in age (Study 1B). The size bias persisted when participants viewed computer-generated faces that varied only in apparent race (Study 2A) and extended to perceptions of physical strength, with Black boys judged as stronger than White boys (Study 2B). The size bias was associated with threat-related perceptions, including beliefs that Black boys were less innocent than White boys (Study 3). Finally, the size bias was moderated by a valid threat signal (i.e., anger expressions, Studies 4A and 4B). Thus, adult-like threat stereotypes are perpetrated upon Black boys, leading them to be erroneously perceived as more physically formidable than White boys. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-09T10:09:35Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167978
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Authors:Hao Chen, Xijing Wang, Huilin Zang, Ana Guinote Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Cultural tightness is characterized by strong norms and harsh punishments for deviant behaviors. We hypothesized that followers in tight (vs. loose) cultures would more strongly prefer muscular leaders. This hypothesis was confirmed across seven studies (N = 1,615) employing samples from the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. Using actual political leaders, we demonstrated that the tighter the state’s culture was, the more muscular the elected governor was (Study 1). Temporarily situating participants in a tight (vs. loose) culture made them select a leader higher on muscularity but not on body fat, and the effects obtained occurred for both male and female leaders (Studies 2–3B). In addition, we demonstrated the mediating role of authoritarianism and a preference for a dominant leadership in this process (Studies 4–5B). These results demonstrate the importance of considering the interface between culture and the physical appearance of leaders. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-08T12:39:28Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169107
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Authors:Stéphane P. Francioli, Felix Danbold, Michael S. North Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Intergenerational conflict appears frequently in American public discourse, often framed as clashes between Millennials and Baby Boomers. Building on intergroup threat theory in an exploratory survey, a preregistered correlational study, and a preregistered intervention (N = 1,714), we find that (a) Millennials and Baby Boomers do express more animosity toward each other than toward other generations (Studies 1–3); (b) their animosity reflects asymmetric generational concerns: Baby Boomers primarily fear that Millennials threaten traditional American values (symbolic threat) while Millennials primarily fear that Baby Boomers’s delayed transmission of power hampers their life prospects (realistic threat; Studies 2–3); (c) finally, an intervention challenging the entitativity of generational categories alleviates perceived threats and hostility for both generations (Study 3). These findings inform research on intergroup threat, provide a theoretically grounded framework to understand intergenerational relations, and put forward a strategy to increase harmony in aging societies. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-03T12:48:40Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164203
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Authors:Simon Ozer, Milan Obaidi, Gulnaz Anjum Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Radicalization—as a complex process of adopting extremist attitudes—includes maladaptive responses to the transformative power of globalization. Globalization contains sociocultural disruptive and acculturative processes, initiating exclusionary and integrative reactions. These reactions have dissimilarly been associated with aspects of extremism. In seven preregistered studies (N = 2,161), we draw on various methods combining naturalistic circumstances, cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and representative data to scrutinize the complex globalization–radicalization nexus within the contexts of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan. Our results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that insecure life attachment (i.e., experience of contextual safety, inclusiveness, reliability, fairness, and facilitating well-being) and globalization perceived as a threat can lead to extremism through defensive reactions to globalization. Specifically, we found ethnic protection to be a central mechanism connecting sociocultural disruption and threats with extremism. Globalized radicalization ascends as a contemporary phenomenon reflecting the dark side of global interconnectivity. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-29T01:24:38Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167694
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Authors:Niels Skovgaard-Olsen, Karl Christoph Klauer Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. A number of papers have applied the CNI model of moral judgments to investigate deontological and consequentialist response tendencies. A controversy has emerged concerning the methodological assumptions of the CNI model. In this article, we contribute to this debate by extending the CNI paradigm with a skip option. This allows us to test an invariance assumption that the CNI model shares with prominent process-dissociation models in cognitive and social psychology. Like for these models, the present experiments found violations of the invariance assumption for the CNI model. In Experiment 2, we replicate these results and selectively influence the new parameter for the skip option. In addition, structural equation modeling reveals that previous findings for the relationship between gender and the CNI parameters are completely mediated by the association of gender with primary psychopathy. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-22T11:40:55Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164888
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Authors:Sarah Ward Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People sometimes must choose between prioritizing meaningful work or high compensation. Eight studies (N = 4,177; 7 preregistered) examined the relative importance of meaningful work and salary in evaluations of actual and hypothetical jobs. Although meaningful work and high salaries are both perceived as highly important job attributes when evaluated independently, when presented with tradeoffs between these job attributes, participants consistently preferred high-salary jobs with low meaningfulness over low-salary jobs with high meaningfulness (Studies 1-5). Forecasts of happiness and meaning outside of work helped explain condition differences in job interest (Studies 4 and 5). Extending the investigation toward actual jobs, Studies 6a and 6b showed that people express stronger preferences for higher pay (vs. more meaningful work) in their current jobs. Although meaningful work is a strongly valued job attribute, it may be less influential than salary to evaluations of hypothetical and current jobs. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-20T12:30:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159781
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Authors:Ivan Hernandez, Ryan S. Ritter, Jesse L. Preston Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Four studies investigate a fear of imbalanced minds hypothesis that threatening agents perceived to be relatively mismatched in capacities for cognition (e.g., self-control and reasoning) and emotion (e.g., sensations and emotions) will be rated as scarier and more dangerous by observers. In ratings of fictional monsters (e.g., zombies and vampires), agents seen as more imbalanced between capacities for cognition and emotion (high cognition–low emotion or low cognition–high emotion) were rated as scarier compared to those with equally matched levels of cognition and emotion (Studies 1 and 2). Similar effects were observed using ratings of scary animals (e.g., tigers, sharks; Studies 2 and 3), and infected humans (Study 4). Moreover, these effects are explained through diminished perceived control/predictability over the target agent. These findings highlight the role of balance between cognition and emotion in appraisal of threatening agents, in part because those agents are seen as more chaotic and uncontrollable. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-20T12:27:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160035
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Authors:Gregory J. Rousis, Francois Alexi Martel, Jennifer K. Bosson, William B. Swann Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Incels (involuntary celibates) have advocated for and even enacted violence against women. We explored two mechanisms that may underly incels’ actions: identity fusion and self-verification. Study 1 (n = 155) revealed stronger identity fusion (deep alignment) with the ingroup among men active in online incel communities compared to men active in other male-dominated groups. Study 2 (n = 113) showed that feeling self-verified by other incels predicted fusion with incels; fusion, in turn, predicted endorsement of past and future violence toward women. Study 3 (n = 283; preregistered) replicated the indirect effects from Study 2 and extended them by linking fusion to online harassment of women. All indirect effects were particularly strong among self-identified incels high in narcissism. We discuss the synergistic links between self-verification and identity fusion in fostering extreme behaviors and identify directions for future research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-18T11:59:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231166481
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Authors:Andre’ Oliver, Ryan E. Tracy, Steven G. Young, Daryl A. Wout Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Utilizing reverse correlation, we investigated Black and White participants’ mental representations of Black–White Biracial people. Across 200 trails, Black and White participants chose which of two faces best fit specific social categories. Using these decisions, we visually estimated Black and White people’s mental representations of Biracial people by generating classification images (CIs). Independent raters blind to condition determined that White CI generators’ Biracial CI was prototypically Blacker (i.e., more Afrocentric facial features and darker skin tone) than Black CI generators’ Biracial CI (Study 1a/b). Furthermore, independent raters could not distinguish between White CI generators’ Black and Biracial CIs, a bias not exhibited by Black CI generators (Study 2). A separate task demonstrated that prejudiced White participants allocated fewer imaginary funds to the more prototypically Black Biracial CI (Study 3), providing converging evidence. How phenotypicality bias, the outgroup homogeneity effect, and hypodescent influences people’s mental images of ingroup/outgroup members is discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-13T12:17:16Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164026
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Authors:Daniel M. Stancato, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that increased income inequality between individuals will reduce social affiliation within dyadic interactions. In three experiments, we examined the effects of income inequality on key indices of affiliation using semi-structured interactions. In the first two experiments, a participant and confederate were randomly assigned to a low- or high-power role and compensated mildly or extremely unequally. In Experiment 3, inequality and inequity were orthogonally manipulated to determine whether inequality’s social consequences are moderated by the fairness of the income distribution. We demonstrated that greater inequality produced more negative emotional responses, reduced desire for closeness, and harsher evaluations of one’s partner, regardless of one’s power role and the equitability of the income distribution. We also obtained evidence that greater inequality reduces behavioral warmth, although this effect was less consistent. Our results begin to unpack the psychological processes through which income inequality worsens societal well-being. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-11T11:27:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164213
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Authors:Julie C. Driebe, Julia Stern, Lars Penke, Tanja M. Gerlach Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Ideal partner preferences for traits in a partner are said to be stable cognitive constructs. However, longitudinal studies investigating the same participants’ ideals repeatedly have so far been limited to relatively short retest intervals of a maximum of 3 years. Here, we investigate the stability and change of ideals across 13 years and participants’ insight into how ideals have changed. A total of 204 participants (M = 46.2 years, SD = 7.4, 104 women) reported their ideals at two time points. We found a mean rank-order stability of r = .42 and an overall profile stability of r = .73 (distinctive r = .53). Some ideals changed over time, for example, increased for status-resources in relation to age and parenthood. We found some but varying insight into how ideals had changed (mean r = .20). Results support the idea of ideals being stable cognitive constructs but suggest some variability related to the demands of different life stages. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-08T08:25:07Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164757
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Authors:Sierra H. Feasel, Tessa L. Dover, Payton A. Small, Brenda Major Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Periods of social mobility, such as attending college, can challenge one’s status-based identity, leading to uncertainty around one’s status in society. Status uncertainty is associated with poorer well-being and academic outcomes. Little is known, however, about what experiences lead to status uncertainty. The current longitudinal study investigated discrimination experiences and cultural mismatch as predictors of status uncertainty. We propose that discrimination indirectly predicts increased status uncertainty by increasing perceived cultural mismatch with the university. Participants were Latinx college students, all of whom were low-income and/or first generation to college. Discrimination experiences were measured at the end of participants’ first year. Cultural mismatch and status uncertainty were measured at the end of Year 2. Status uncertainty was measured again at the end of Year 3. Results indicated that students who experienced more frequent discrimination felt more cultural mismatch 1 year later, and, in turn, reported increased status uncertainty over the following year. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-07T09:13:14Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231163736
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Authors:Roxanne N. Felig, Jamie L. Goldenberg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The “selfie” phenomenon shaped the past two decades, yet there is inconsistent evidence concerning the relationship between selfie behaviors and self-evaluations. This meta-analysis investigates the relationship between selfie taking, editing, and posting behavior and general and appearance-specific self-evaluations. The results reveal that selfie taking and posting are related to positive appearance-specific self-evaluations. In contrast, selfie editing is related to negative self-evaluations both generally and specific to appearance. Gender and age did not moderate these relationships, but methodological factors did, suggesting these relationships depend on factors, such as how selfie behaviors are measured and study design. We interpret these findings through the lens of prominent social psychological theories and conclude with suggestions to guide future research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-06T07:11:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158252
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Authors:Jennifer Lynch, Alex J. Benson Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Integrating insights from interdependence theory with the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept, we propose that a pivotal obstacle for narcissistic leaders is their inability to sustain benevolent perceptions over time. As people strive to interpret social behavior in terms of self- or other-interest, the narcissistic tendency of prioritizing self-interests over the collective may become apparent and eventually taint their reputation as a leader. We examined how interpersonal motive perceptions—based on attributions of self- and other-interest—would clarify the leadership paradox of narcissism. We tracked 472 participants in 119 teams across four time-points. Narcissistic rivalry (but not admiration) corresponded to increasingly negative leader effectiveness ratings. The extent to which individuals were perceived as self-maximizing and lacking concern for other interests was tightly connected to declines in leader effectiveness across time. Altogether, these results offer insight into how perceived interpersonal motives may explain the downfall of narcissistic leadership. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-04T09:32:08Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231163645
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Authors:Susan A. Brener, Willem E. Frankenhuis, Ethan S. Young, Bruce J. Ellis Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Previous research has demonstrated an inverse relation between subjective social class (SSC) and performance on emotion recognition tasks. Study 1 (N = 418) involved a preregistered replication of this effect using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task and the Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery. The inverse relation replicated; however, exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction between sex and SSC in predicting emotion recognition, indicating that the effect was driven by males. In Study 2 (N = 745), we preregistered and tested the interaction on a separate archival dataset. The interaction replicated; the association between SSC and emotion recognition again occurred only in males. Exploratory analyses (Study 3; N = 381) examined the generalizability of the interaction to incidental face memory. Our results underscore the need to reevaluate previous research establishing the main effects of social class and sex on emotion recognition abilities, as these effects apparently moderate each other. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-04T09:29:06Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159775
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Authors:Young-eun Lee, James P. Dunlea, Larisa Heiphetz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Laypeople often believe that God punishes transgressions; however, their inferences about God’s punishment motives remain unclear. We addressed this topic by asking laypeople to indicate why God punishes. We also examined participants’ inferences about why humans punish to contribute to scholarly conversations regarding the extent to which people may anthropomorphize God’s mind. In Studies 1A to 1C, participants viewed God as less retributive than humans. In Study 2, participants expected God (vs. humans) to view humans’ true selves more positively; this difference mediated participants’ views of God as less retributive than humans. Study 3 manipulated agents’ views of humans’ true selves and examined how such information influenced each agent’s perceived motives. Participants viewed a given agent as less retributive when that agent regarded the true self as good (versus bad). These findings extend scholarship on lay theories of punishment motives and highlight links between religious and moral cognition. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-03T06:18:38Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160027
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Authors:Jiyoung Park, Shinobu Kitayama, Yuri Miyamoto Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. High subjective social status (SSS) is believed to protect health in the current literature. However, high SSS entails social responsibilities that can be stressful in collectivistic cultural contexts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that those socialized in collectivistic societies (e.g., Japan) recognize their high social status as entailing social duties difficult to ignore even when they are excessive. Using cross-cultural survey data (N = 1,289) and a measure of biological health risk (BHR) by biomarkers of inflammation and cardiovascular malfunction, we found that higher SSS predicted lower BHR for American males. In contrast, higher SSS predicted higher BHR for Japanese males, mediated by the perceived difficulty of disengaging from their current goals. In both cultural groups, females showed no association between SSS and BHR. These findings suggest that social status has differing health implications, depending on the relative salience of privileges and burden-producing responsibilities in different cultural contexts. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-01T06:57:02Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231162747
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Authors:Corey L. Guenther, Yiyue Zhang, Constantine Sedikides Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Authenticity refers to behaving in a manner that aligns with one’s true self. The true self, though, is positive. From a self-enhancement standpoint, people exaggerate their strengths and overlook their shortcomings, forming positively-distorted views of themselves. We propose a self-enhancement framework of authenticity, advocating a reciprocal relation between the two constructs. Trait self-enhancement was associated with higher trait authenticity (Study 1), and day-to-day fluctuations in self-enhancement predicted corresponding variations in state authenticity (Study 2). Furthermore, manipulating self-enhancement elevated state authenticity (Studies 3–4), which was associated with meaning in life (Study 4), and manipulating authenticity augmented self-enhancement, which was associated with meaning in life and thriving (Study 5). The authentic self is largely the self-enhancing self. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-01T06:56:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160653
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Authors:Kimberly E. Chaney, Alison L. Chasteen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Past research has demonstrated that older adults are stereotyped as less malleable than young adults. Moreover, beliefs that people are less malleable are associated with lower confrontations of prejudice, as perpetrators are seen as less capable of changing their (prejudiced) behavior. The present research sought to integrate these lines of research to demonstrate that endorsement of ageist beliefs that older adults are less malleable will lead to a lower confrontation of anti-Black prejudice espoused by older adults. Across four experimental studies (N = 1,573), people were less likely to confront anti-Black prejudice espoused by an 82-year-old compared with a 62-, 42-, or 20-year-old, due, in part, to beliefs that older adults are less malleable. Further exploration demonstrated that malleability beliefs about older adults were held across young, middle-aged, and older adult samples. These findings demonstrate how stereotypes about older adults can impede racial equality. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-31T11:36:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159767
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Authors:April H. Bailey, Joshua Knobe Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People with biological essentialist beliefs about social groups also tend to endorse biased beliefs about individuals in those groups, including intensified emphasis on the group, stereotypes, and prejudices. These correlations could be due to biological essentialism causing bias, and some experimental studies support this causal direction. Given this prior work, we expected to find that biological essentialism would lead to increased bias compared with a control condition and set out to extend this prior work in a new direction (regarding “value-based” essentialism). But although the manipulation affected essentialist beliefs and essentialist beliefs were correlated with group emphasis (Study 1), stereotyping (Studies 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c), prejudice (Studies 3a), there was no evidence that biological essentialism caused these outcomes (NTotal = 1,903). Given these findings, our initial research question became moot. We thus focus on reexamining the relationship between essentialism and bias. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-29T04:50:36Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158095
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Authors:Julia D. Hur, Rachel L. Ruttan Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Society changes, but the degree to which it has changed can be difficult to evaluate. We propose that people possess beliefs that society has made, and will make, progress in a linear fashion toward social justice. Five sets of studies (13 studies in total) demonstrate that American participants consistently estimated that over time, society has made positive, linear progress toward social issues, such as gender equality, racial diversity, and environmental protection. These estimates were often not aligned with reality, where much progress has been made in a nonlinear fashion. We also ruled out some potential alternative explanations (Study 3) and explored the potential correlates of linear progress beliefs (Study 4). We further showed that these beliefs reduced the perceived urgency and effort needed to make further progress on social issues (Study 5), which may ultimately inhibit people’s willingness to act. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-23T10:17:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158843
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Authors:Samuel Fairlamb, Andrada-Elena Stan, Katinka Lovas Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Lifshin et al. found that death primes increased support for killing animals, suggesting that the killing of animals serves a terror management function. The present research adds to this by suggesting that protecting animals can also serve a terror management function when people see such behaviors as culturally valuable. In three studies (N = 765), environmental contingent self-worth (ECSW) moderated the effect of death primes on attitudes toward animals. Attitudes toward animals also mediated the effect of a death prime on increased power-based invulnerability for those with low ECSW and decreased power-based invulnerability for those with high ECSW (Study 3). Finally, we found little support that death primes influenced beliefs regarding human–animal superiority (Study 1 and 2) or similarity (Study 2). Our findings therefore provide partial support for past terror management research and further the understanding regarding how to promote more benevolent human–animal relations. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-22T06:20:11Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160652
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Authors:Florian van Leeuwen, Bastian Jaeger, Willem W.A. Sleegers, Michael Bang Petersen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. By conforming to ingroup norms, individuals coordinate with other group members, preserve cohesion, and avoid costs of exclusion. Previous experiments have shown that increased concerns about infectious disease increase conformity. However, coordination with other group members has multiple benefits, most of which exist independent of pathogenic infection. Hence, a strong causal effect of pathogen avoidance motivations on conformity seems unlikely. Results from five experiments (N = 1,931) showed only limited support for the hypothesis that experimentally increasing pathogen avoidance motivations influences conformity. Overall, our findings are not consistent with the notion that the human mind contains a fast-acting psychological mechanism that regulates conformity as a function of short-term pathogen avoidance motivations. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-22T06:18:12Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160655
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Authors:Melissa Wilson, Kate Sweeny Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Waiting for important news is uniquely anxiety provoking, and expectations for one’s outcome fluctuate throughout the wait. Emotional volatility is typically associated with negative outcomes, but little is known about volatility in expectations. In Study 1, law graduates (N = 248) estimated their chances of passing the bar exam every 2 weeks during the wait for results. Greater volatility in expectations, operationalized as the frequency with which outcome expectations changed during the wait, was associated with greater worry and more negative emotionality throughout the wait. Study 2 partially replicated these findings in a sample of Trump and Biden supporters (N = 444) awaiting the result of the 2020 presidential election. Study 2 also demonstrated a causal link between constrained (vs. volatile) expectations and worry. Our findings have implications for how best to manage one’s expectations while awaiting important news, with the goal of minimizing worry and other negative emotions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-21T12:33:06Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158883
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Authors:Reine C. van der Wal, Lukas F. Litzellachner, Johan C. Karremans, Nadia Buiter, Jamie Breukel, Gregory R. Maio Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. There are substantive theoretical questions about whether personal values affect romantic relationship functioning. The current research tested the association between personal values and romantic relationship quality while considering potential mediating mechanisms related to pro-relational attitudes, communal strength, intrinsic relationship motivation, and entitlement. Across five studies using different measures of value priorities, we found that the endorsement of self-transcendence values (i.e., benevolence, universalism) was related to higher romantic relationship quality. The findings provided support for the mediating roles of pro-relational attitudes, communal strength, and intrinsic relationship motivation. Finally, a dyadic analysis in our fifth study showed that self-transcendence values mostly influence a person’s own relationship quality but not that of their partner. These findings provide the first evidence that personal values are important variables in romantic relationship functioning while helping to map the mechanisms through which this role occurs. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-21T12:29:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156975
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Authors:Brielle N. Johnson, Erin Freiburger, Jason C. Deska, Jonathan W. Kunstman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social pain, defined as distress caused by negative interpersonal experiences (e.g., ostracism, mistreatment), is detrimental to health. Yet, it is unclear how social class might shape judgments of the social pains of low-socioeconomic status (SES) and high-SES individuals. Five studies tested competing toughness and empathy predictions for SES’s effect on social pain judgments. Consistent with an empathy account, in all studies (Ncumulative = 1,046), low-SES White targets were judged more sensitive to social pain than high-SES White targets. Further, empathy mediated these effects, such that participants felt greater empathy and expected more social pain for low-SES targets relative to high-SES targets. Social pain judgments also informed judgments of social support needs, as low-SES targets were presumed to need more coping resources to manage hurtful events than high-SES targets. The current findings provide initial evidence that empathic concern for low-SES White individuals sensitizes social pain judgments and increases expected support needs for lower class White individuals. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-11T06:43:30Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156025
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Authors:Veronica X. Yan, Daphna Oyserman, Gülnaz Kiper, Mohammad Atari Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. When a task or goal is hard to think about or do, people can infer that it is a waste of their time (difficulty-as-impossibility) or valuable to them (difficulty-as-importance). Separate from chosen tasks and goals, life can present unchosen difficulties. Building on identity-based motivation theory, people can see these as opportunities for self-betterment (difficulty-as-improvement). People use this language when they recall or communicate about difficulties (autobiographical memories, Study 1; “Common Crawl” corpus, Study 2). Our difficulty mindset measures are culture-general (Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, New Zealand, Turkey, the United States, Studies 3–15, N = 3,532). People in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD)-er countries slightly agree with difficulty-as-improvement. Religious, spiritual, conservative people, believers in karma and a just world, and people from less-WEIRD countries score higher. People who endorse difficulty-as-importance see themselves as conscientious, virtuous, and leading lives of purpose. So do endorsers of difficulty-as-improvement—who also see themselves as optimists (all scores lower for difficulty-as-impossibility endorsers). Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-02T09:20:41Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231153680
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Authors:Christie Newton, Justin Feeney, Gordon Pennycook Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Many measures have been developed to index intuitive versus analytic thinking. Yet it remains an open question whether people primarily vary along a single dimension or if there are genuinely different types of thinking styles. We distinguish between four distinct types of thinking styles: Actively Open-minded Thinking, Close-Minded Thinking, Preference for Intuitive Thinking, and Preference for Effortful Thinking. We discovered strong predictive validity across several outcome measures (e.g., epistemically suspect beliefs, bullshit receptivity, empathy, moral judgments), with some subscales having stronger predictive validity for some outcomes but not others. Furthermore, Actively Open-minded Thinking, in particular, strongly outperformed the Cognitive Reflection Test in predicting misperceptions about COVID-19 and the ability to discern between vaccination-related true and false news. Our results indicate that people do, in fact, differ along multiple dimensions of intuitive-analytic thinking styles and that these dimensions have consequences for understanding a wide range of beliefs and behaviors. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-02T09:15:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231154886
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Authors:Johannes Berendt, Esther van Leeuwen, Sebastian Uhrich Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social comparison theories suggest that ingroups are strengthened whenever important outgroups are weakened (e.g., by losing status or power). It follows that ingroups have little reason to help outgroups facing an existential threat. We challenge this notion by showing that ingroups can also be weakened when relevant comparison outgroups are weakened, which can motivate ingroups to strategically offer help to ensure the outgroups’ survival as a highly relevant comparison target. In three preregistered studies, we showed that an existential threat to an outgroup with high (vs. low) identity relevance affected strategic outgroup helping via two opposing mechanisms. The potential demise of a highly relevant outgroup increased participants’ perceptions of ingroup identity threat, which was positively related to helping. At the same time, the outgroup’s misery evoked schadenfreude, which was negatively related to helping. Our research exemplifies a group’s secret desire for strong outgroups by underlining their importance for identity formation. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-27T09:04:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158097
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Authors:Suraiya Allidina, Elizabeth U. Long, Wyle Baoween, William A. Cunningham Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Implicit measures of attitudes have classically focused on the association between a social group and generalized valence, but debate exists surrounding how these associations arise and what they can tell us about beliefs and attitudes. Here, we suggest that representations of oppression, which relate positively to implicitly measured prejudice but negatively to explicitly measured prejudice, can serve to decrease the predictive validity of implicit measures through statistical suppression. We had participants complete a Black–White implicit association test (IAT) and an IAT measuring representations of oppression, and find that oppression-related representations statistically suppress the relation between IAT scores and explicit attitudes, such that accounting for these representations increases the total amount of variance explained by implicit measures. We discuss the implications of this work both for practical matters around use of the IAT and for theoretical debates on the conceptualization of valence in implicit attitudes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-27T09:02:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156029
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Authors:Laura E. Wallace, Lucas Hinsenkamp, Duane T. Wegener, Zachary Braun Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Communicators commonly present two-sided messages to avoid being perceived as biased. This approach equates bias with one-sidedness rather than divergence from the position supported by available data. Messages often concern topics with mixed qualities: a product is exceptional but expensive; a politician is inexperienced but ethical. For these topics, providing a two-sided message should reduce perceived bias according to both views of bias as one-sidedness and divergence from available data. However, if perceived bias follows divergence from available data, for topics viewed as one-sided (univalent), a two-sided message should not reduce perceived bias. Across five studies, acknowledging two sides reduced perceived bias for novel topics. In two of the studies, two-sidedness no longer reduced perceived bias for topics viewed as univalent. This work clarifies that people conceptualize bias as a divergence from available data, not simply one-sidedness. It also clarifies when and how to leverage message-sidedness to reduce perceived bias. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-18T11:56:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231155389
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Authors:Andrea Freund, Francis Flynn, Kieran O’Connor Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Individuals tend to hold a dim view of for-profit corporations, believing that profit-seeking comes at the expense of ethicality. In the present research, we show that this belief is not universal; rather, people associate ethicality with an organization’s size. Across nine experiments (N = 4,796), people stereotyped large companies as less ethical than small companies. This size-ethicality stereotype emerged spontaneously (Study 1), implicitly (Study 2), and across industries (Study 3). Moreover, we find this stereotype can be partly explained by perceptions of profit-seeking behavior (Supplementary Studies A and B), and that people construe profit-seeking and its relationship to ethicality differently when considering large and small companies (Study 4). People attribute greater profit-maximizing motives (relative to profit-satisficing motives) to large companies, and these attributions shape their subsequent judgments of ethicality (Study 5; Supplementary Studies C and D). Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-16T09:57:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231151791
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Authors:Arthur S. Jago, Glenn R. Carroll Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Producers and creators often receive assistance with work from other people. Increasingly, algorithms can provide similar assistance. When algorithms assist or augment producers, does this change individuals’ willingness to assign credit to those producers' Across four studies spanning several domains (e.g., painting, construction, sports analytics, and entrepreneurship), we find evidence that producers receive more credit for work when they are assisted by algorithms, compared with humans. We also find that individuals assume algorithmic assistance requires more producer oversight than human assistance does, a mechanism that explains these higher attributions of credit (Studies 1–3). The greater credit individuals assign to producers assisted by algorithms (vs. other people) also manifests itself in increased support for those producers’ entrepreneurial endeavors (Study 4). As algorithms proliferate, norms of credit and authorship are likely changing, precipitating a variety of economic and social consequences. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-03T09:44:33Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221149815
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Authors:Yuning Sun, Elaine L. Kinsella, Eric R. Igou Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Building on earlier research that examined the characteristics people associate with heroes, our research examined similarities and differences of the hero stereotype across cultures. Specifically, in Study 1 (N = 209) and Study 2 (N = 298), we investigated lay perceptions of heroes among participants from a collectivistic culture. In Study 3 (N = 586), we examined whether group membership could be determined by participants’ centrality ratings of the combined set of hero features. In Study 4 (N = 197), we tested whether the hero features that distinguish American and Chinese participants, when used to describe a target person, influence the impression that the target person is a hero. In Study 5 (N = 158) and Study 6 (N = 591), we investigated cultural differences in perceptions of different types of heroes (e.g., social, martial, civil) and the influence of individualism and collectivism on the perception of those heroes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-02T11:08:27Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150238
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Authors:Miriam E. Schwyck, Meng Du, Yuchen Li, Luke J. Chang, Carolyn Parkinson Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social interactions unfold within networks of relationships. How do beliefs about others’ social ties shape—and how are they shaped by—expectations about how others will behave' Here, participants joined a fictive online game-playing community and interacted with its purported members, who varied in terms of their trustworthiness and apparent relationships with one another. Participants were less trusting of partners with untrustworthy friends, even after they consistently showed themselves to be trustworthy, and were less willing to engage with them in the future. To test whether people not only expect friends to behave similarly but also expect those who behave similarly to be friends, an incidental memory test was given. Participants were exceptionally likely to falsely remember similarly behaving partners as friends. Thus, people expect friendship to predict similar behavior and vice versa. These results suggest that knowledge of social networks and others’ behavioral tendencies reciprocally interact to shape social thought and behavior. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-02T11:03:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221140269
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Authors:Charles Chu, Brian S. Lowery Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We test the hypothesis that the perception of stability in one’s self-concept (i.e., future self-continuity) enables the experience of meaning in life because perceiving a stable sense of self confers a sense of certainty to the self-concept. Study 1 provided initial evidence of the influence of future self-continuity on feelings of meaning in life (MIL) in a nationally representative sample. In Studies 2a and 2b, we manipulated future self-continuity by varying the expectedness of one’s future self, demonstrating the causal influence of future self-continuity on self-certainty and feelings of MIL. Study 3 again manipulated future self-continuity, finding an indirect effect on feelings of meaning in life via self-certainty. Our findings thus suggest the experience of meaning in life arises from the perception of a stable sense of self. We discuss the implications for the antecedents and conceptualization of MIL as well as the nature of the self-concept. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-01T10:17:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150234
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Authors:Martin Weiß, Julian Schulze, Stefan Krumm, Anja S. Göritz, Johannes Hewig, Patrick Mussel Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Greed, the insatiable and excessive desire and striving for more even at the expense of others, may be directed toward various goods. In this article, we propose that greed may be conceptualized as a domain-specific construct. Based on a literature review and an expert survey, we identified 10 domains of greed which we operationalized with the DOmain-SPEcific Greed (DOSPEG) questionnaire. In Study 1 (N = 725), we found support for the proposed structure and convergent validity with related constructs. Bifactor-(S-1) models revealed that generic greed is differentially related to the greed domains, indicating that generic greed primarily captures a striving for money and material things. In the second study (N = 591), we found that greed domains had incremental validity beyond generic greed with regard to corresponding criteria assessed via self- and other-reports. We conclude that greed can be conceptualized as a domain-specific construct and propose an onion model reflecting this structure. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-25T11:05:50Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221148004
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Authors:Gina A. Paganini, A. Alex McConnell, Jason C. Deska, Steven M. Almaraz, Kurt Hugenberg, E. Paige Lloyd Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The current work investigates the effects of target of perception’s waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on perceivers’ judgments of sexual unrestrictedness and sexual victimization prototypicality. Studies 1a and 1b found that women with lower WHRs were perceived as relatively more sexually unrestricted. Studies 2a and 2b found that women with lower WHRs were perceived as relatively more prototypic of sexual victimization. Study 3 built on these findings to consider implications for responses to sexual assault disclosures. Perceivers disbelieved and minimized a disclosure of assault relatively more when made by a woman with a higher WHR. In sum, this body of work implicates WHR as a body cue that can inform consequential sexual perception. Thereby, this work identifies factors that could influence judgments of credibility of sexual violence reports, which may have implications for hesitancy to report sexual violence. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-21T09:54:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221148008
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Authors:Lisette Yip, Emma F. Thomas, Catherine Amiot, Winnifred R. Louis, Craig McGarty Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social change movements may take years or decades to achieve their goals and thus require ongoing efforts from their supporters. We apply the insights of self-determination theory to examine sustained collective action over time. We expected that autonomous motivation, but not controlled motivation, would predict sustained action. We also examine whether autonomous motivation shapes and is shaped by social identification as a supporter of the cause. Longitudinal data were collected from supporters of global poverty reduction (N = 263) at two timepoints 1 year apart. Using latent change score modeling, we found that increases in autonomous motivation positively predicted increases in opinion-based group identification, which in turn predicted increases in self-reported collective action. Controlled motivation (Time 1) negatively predicted changes in action. We concluded that autonomous motivation predicts sustained action over time, while promoting controlled motives for action may backfire because it may undermine identification with the cause. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-21T09:54:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221148396
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Authors:Christopher D. Petsko, Stefan Vogler Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People perceive men’s masculinity to be more precarious, or easier to lose, than women’s femininity. In the present article, we investigated (a) whether men’s heterosexuality is likewise perceived to be more precarious than women’s, and if so, (b) whether this effect is exaggerated when the targets in question are Black rather than White. To investigate these questions, we conducted three experiments (one of which was conducted on a probability-based sample of U.S. adults; total N = 3,811) in which participants read about a target person who either did or did not engage in a single same-sex sexual behavior. Results revealed that participants questioned the heterosexuality of men more than the heterosexuality of women when they engaged (vs. did not engage) in same-sex sexual behavior. Surprisingly, these effects were not moderated by whether targets were Black versus White. Results are interpreted in light of recent models of intersectional stereotyping. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-21T09:54:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143839
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Authors:Jordan Axt, Nicholas Buttrick, Ruo Ying Feng Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although measures of implicit associations are influential in the prejudice literature, comparative tests of the predictive power of these measures are lacking. A large-scale (N> 100,000) analysis of four commonly used measures—the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Single-Category IAT (SC-IAT), evaluative priming task (EPT), and sorting paired features task (SPF)—across 10 intergroup domains and 250 outcomes found clear evidence for the superiority of the SC-IAT in predictive and incremental predictive validity. Follow-up analyses suggested that the SC-IAT benefited from an exclusive focus on associations toward stigmatized group members, as associations toward non-stigmatized group members diluted the predictive strength of relative measures like the IAT, SPF, and EPT. These results highlight how conclusions about predictive validity can vary drastically depending on the measure selected and reveal novel insights about the value of different measures when focusing on predictive than convergent validity. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-20T08:26:44Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150229
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Authors:Theresa Pauly, Janina Lüscher, Corina Berli, Christiane A. Hoppmann, Rachel A. Murphy, Maureen C. Ashe, Wolfgang Linden, Kenneth M. Madden, Denis Gerstorf, Urte Scholz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Symptom-system fit theory proposes that problematic behaviors are maintained by the social system (e.g., the couple relationship) in which they occur because they help promote positive relationship functioning in the short-term. Across three daily life studies, we examined whether mixed-gender couples reported more positive relationship functioning on days in which they engaged in more shared problematic behaviors. In two studies (Study 1: 82 couples who smoke; Study 2: 117 couples who are inactive), days of more shared problematic behavior were accompanied by higher daily closeness and relationship satisfaction. A third study with 79 couples post-stroke investigating unhealthy eating failed to provide evidence for symptom-system fit. In exploratory lagged analyses, we found more support for prior-day problematic behavior being associated with next-day daily relationship functioning than vice-versa. Together, findings point to the importance of a systems perspective when studying interpersonal dynamics that might be involved in the maintenance of problematic behaviors. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-12T08:25:16Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143783
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Authors:Megan E. Edwards, Peter J. Helm, Steven Pratscher, B. Ann Bettencourt, Jamie Arndt Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We propose that awe has multifaceted relations with existential isolation, a feeling of separation between the self and others or the world. Three studies examined the relation between awe and existential isolation via feelings of small self (vastness, self-size, self-perspectives) and a sense of connectedness. Awe (vs. a control topic) was induced either using virtual reality (Study 1) or a recall task (Studies 2 and 3) and was indirectly associated with higher and lower levels of existential isolation through differing pathways. Awe was associated with lower feelings of existential isolation via an increased sense of vastness, which in turn predicted greater connectedness; whereas awe was associated with higher feelings of existential isolation via increased sense of feeling small, which in turn predicted lower connectedness. This work advances understanding of the complex nature of awe—revealing its competing effects on the self and the social connectedness pathways through which awe can influence existential isolation. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-12T04:33:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221144597
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Authors:Oliver Genschow Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Previous research found that experimentally reducing people’s belief in free will affects social behaviors. However, more recent investigations could not replicate several findings in this literature. An explanation for the mixed findings is that free will beliefs are related to social behaviors on a correlational level, but experimental manipulations are not able to detect this relation. To test this interpretation, we conceptually replicated and extended a landmark study in the free will belief literature originally conducted by Baumeister et al. In five studies (total N = 1,467), we investigated whether belief in free will predicts helping behavior in comparison to other beliefs related to free will. Overall, our results support the original findings, as belief in free will correlated with helping behavior. However, the results also show that the best predictor of helping behavior is not belief in free will but belief in dualism. Theoretical implications are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-12T04:29:34Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221137209
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Authors:Rajen A. Anderson, Benjamin C. Ruisch, David A. Pizarro Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Across four studies, we test the hypothesis that people exhibit “slippery slope” thinking in their judgments of moral character—that is, do observers judge that a person who behaves immorally will become increasingly immoral over time' In Study 1, we find that a person who commits an immoral act is judged as more likely to behave immorally and as having a worse character in the future than in the past. In Study 2, we find that it is the commission of an immoral act specifically—rather than merely attempting an immoral act—that drives this slippery slope effect. In Study 3, we demonstrate that observers judge the moral agent as more likely to commit acts of greater severity further in time after the initial immoral act. In Study 4, we find that this effect is driven by an anticipated corrupting of moral character, related to perceptions of the agent’s guilt. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-05T10:46:56Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143022
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Authors:Yuqi Wang, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Mingzheng Wu, Huajian Cai Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We examined the change and stability of nostalgia in emerging adulthood. We followed 327 students through their 4 university years with six assessments. Nostalgia demonstrated moderate rank stability (r = .25–.79). A Trait-State-Occasion model analysis indicated that the stable trait component, slowing-change trait component, and state component explained 37% to 43%, 10% to 27%, and 29% to 49% of variation in nostalgia on specific occasions, respectively. Longitudinal multilevel analysis revealed that the mean nostalgia level declined across university years. Greater intensity of negative life events at the start of university was associated with higher initial nostalgia and slower decline of it, while the emotion intensified when experiencing more negative life events. Nostalgia in emerging adulthood displays moderate stability, with negative life events contributing to the shape of its trajectory. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-05T09:47:16Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143241
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Authors:Joshua Correll, Debbie S. Ma, David A. Kenny, Tomás A. Palma Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Face individuation involves sensitivity to physical characteristics that provide information about identity. We examined whether Black and White American faces differ in terms of individuating information, and whether Black and White perceivers differentially weight information when judging same-race and cross-race faces. Study 1 analyzed 20 structural metrics (e.g., eye width, nose length) of 158 Black and White faces to determine which differentiate faces within each group. High-utility metrics (e.g., nose length, eye height, chin length) differentiated faces of both groups, low-utility metrics (e.g., face width, eye width, face length) offered less individuating information. Study 2 (N = 4,510) explored Black and White participants’ sensitivity to variation on structural metrics using similarity ratings. High-utility metrics affected perceived dissimilarity more than low-utility metrics. This relationship was non-significantly stronger for same-race faces rather than cross-race faces. Perceivers also relied more on features that were racially stereotypic of the faces they were rating. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-04T06:59:43Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221141510
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Authors:Melissa J. Williams, James B. Wade, Tosen Nwadei, Anand Swaminathan, C. Keith Harrison, Scott Bukstein Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This project explores the effects of racial phenotypic stereotypicality, or the degree to which a person’s appearance is perceived as typical of their racial group, on leadership outcomes. Building on research showing that people hold an image of the ideal leader as a White person, we propose that looking more typically White may facilitate leadership attainment. In Study 1, which used a sample of American college football coaches (N = 1,106), White (vs. Black) coaches were more likely to occupy leadership roles. Furthermore, within race, stereotypicality positively predicted occupying a leadership or head-coach role among White professionals (and negatively predicted occupying a head-coach role among Black professionals). Study 2 elucidated a possible mechanism by showing a causal effect of stereotypicality on perceived suitability for leadership among Whites. These findings advance theorizing on the White–leader link and have implications for the ability of people of color to access lucrative professional roles. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-28T09:30:24Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143756
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Authors:Rachel Smallman, Amy Summerville, Jessica C. Lowe Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Counterfactuals, thoughts about “what might have been,” play an important role in causal judgment, emotion, and motivation, and spontaneously arise during daily life. However, current methods to measure spontaneous counterfactual thinking are cumbersome and subjective. The current research adapts a paradigm from the Spontaneous Trait Inference literature to develop the Spontaneous Counterfactual Inference measure (SCFI), which uses false recognition of counterfactual statements as a measure of spontaneous counterfactual thought. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrate that the SCFI is sensitive to precursors of counterfactual thinking: norm violation and counterfactual closeness. Study 2 demonstrates that the SCFI converges with the generation of counterfactual statements in an open-ended writing task. The SCFI also predicts two important consequences of counterfactual thought, blame (Study 3), and intention endorsement (Study 4). The SCFI thus offers a new tool for researchers interested in counterfactual thinking. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-28T09:28:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221142181
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Authors:Jasper Neerdaels, Christian Tröster, Niels Van Quaquebeke Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The literature has widely discussed and supported the relationship between poverty and support for authoritarian leaders and regimes. However, there are different claims about the mediating mechanism and a lack of empirical tests. We hypothesize that the effect of poverty on support for authoritarianism is mediated by shame: People living in poverty frequently experience social exclusion and devaluation, which is reflected in feelings of shame. Such shame, in turn, is likely to increase support for authoritarianism, mainly due to the promise of social re-inclusion. We support our hypothesis in two controlled experiments and a large-scale field study while empirically ruling out the two main alternative explanations offered in the literature: stress and anxiety. Finally, we discuss how the present findings can support policymakers in efficiently addressing the negative political consequences of poverty. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-28T09:26:24Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221141509
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Authors:Karlijn Hoyer, Marcel Zeelenberg, Seger M. Breugelmans Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. What is greed good for' Greed is ubiquitous, suggesting that it must have some benefits, but it is also often condemned. In a representative sample of the Dutch population (N = 2,367, 51.3% female, Mage = 54.06, SD = 17.90), we examined two questions. First, inspired by Eriksson et al., we studied whether greedy people generate more personal and household income (economic outcomes), have more sexual partners, longer relationships, and more offspring (evolutionary outcomes), and are more satisfied in life (psychological outcomes). We found that greedy individuals had higher economic outcomes, mixed evolutionary outcomes, and lower psychological outcomes. Second, we compared greed and self-interest. We found that they differed in terms of economic outcomes, and partly in terms of evolutionary outcomes, but that they were similar in terms of psychological outcomes. This research provides insights into what greed is and does. Directions for further research are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-28T09:12:44Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221140355
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Authors:Zachariah Berry, Brian J. Lucas Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The amount of effort required to bring about a prosocial outcome can vary from low—handing a stranger the wallet she just dropped—to high—spending days tracking down the owner of a lost wallet. The goal of the current research is to characterize the relationship between prosocial effort and moral character judgments. Does more prosocial effort always lead to rosier moral character judgments' Across four studies (N = 1,658), we find that moral character judgments increase with prosocial effort to a point and then plateau. We find evidence that this pattern is produced, in part, by descriptive and prescriptive norms: exceeding descriptive norms increases moral character judgments, but exceeding prescriptive norms has the opposite effect, which leads to a tapering off of moral character judgments at higher levels of effort. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-28T09:10:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221135954
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Authors:Kaitlyn T. Harper, Fiona Stanley, Morgan J. Sidari, Anthony J. Lee, Brendan P. Zietsch Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Individuals are thought to seek the best possible romantic partner in exchange for their own desirability. We investigated whether individuals’ self-evaluations were related to their partner choices and whether the accuracy of these self-evaluations was associated with mating outcomes. Participants (N = 1,354) took part in a speed-dating study where they rated themselves and others on mate value and indicated their willingness to date each potential partner. Individuals were somewhat accurate in their self-evaluations, and these self-evaluations were associated with individuals’ revealed minimum and maximum standards for a potential partner, but not the number of partners they were interested in. Participants who overestimated their mate value were accepted by an equivalent number of partners compared with under-estimators, but the over-estimators were choosier and thus ended up with fewer (but similarly attractive) reciprocal matches. Results support social exchange theory and the matching hypothesis, and contrast findings that self-enhancement facilitates positive social outcomes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-21T11:06:18Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221135955
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Authors:Qian Sun, Nicolas Geeraert, Veronica M. Lamarche Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Acculturation—the process through which people adopt the sociocultural values of their heritage and settlement cultures—is a complex experience, particularly within family structures. Although the consequences of acculturation gaps between parents and children have been studied extensively, the consequences for migrant couples are often overlooked. We propose that acculturation gaps in migrant couples are likely detrimental for personal and relational well-being. To test this, a study of 118 migrant couples with the same heritage culture and now living in the United Kingdom was conducted. Acculturation gaps in our studies were conceptualized as both within person and within couple, and their impact on personal well-being and relationship quality was tested using Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Results suggest that although within-couple acculturation gaps negatively impacted personal well-being, they were not necessarily harmful to relationship quality. Interestingly, within-person acculturation gaps had dyadic consequences, with one person specifically contributing to their partner’s personal well-being. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-16T12:27:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139083
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Authors:Thekla Morgenroth, Jordan R. Axt, Erin C. Westgate Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Transgender women’s access to women-only spaces is controversial. Arguments against trans-inclusive policies often focus on cisgender women’s safety from male violence, despite little evidence to suggest that such policies put cisgender women at risk. Across seven studies using U.S. and U.K. participants (N = 3,864), we investigate whether concerns about male violence versus attitudes toward trans people are a better predictor of support for trans-inclusive policies and whether these factors align with the reasons given by opponents and supporters regarding their policy views. We find that opponents of these policies do not accurately report their reasons for opposition: Specifically, while opponents claim that concerns about male violence are the primary reason driving their opposition, attitudes toward transgender people more strongly predicted policy views. These results highlight the limitations of focusing on overt discourse and emphasize the importance of investigating psychological mechanisms underlying policy support. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-13T01:16:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221137201
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Authors:Anton Gollwitzer, Cameron Martel, Anna Heinecke, John A. Bargh Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We propose that deviancy aversion—people’s domain-general discomfort toward the distortion of patterns (repeated forms or models)—contributes to the strength and prevalence of social norms in society. Five studies (N = 2,390) supported this hypothesis. In Study 1, individuals’ deviancy aversion, for instance, their aversion toward broken patterns of simple geometric shapes, predicted negative affect toward norm violations (affect), greater self-reported norm following (behavior), and judging norms as more valuable (belief). Supporting generalizability, deviancy aversion additionally predicted greater conformity on accuracy-orientated estimation tasks (Study 2), adherence to physical distancing norms during COVID-19 (Study 3), and increased following of fairness norms (Study 4). Finally, experimentally heightening deviancy aversion increased participants’ negative affect toward norm violations and self-reported norm behavior, but did not convincingly heighten belief-based norm judgments (Study 5). We conclude that a human sensitivity to pattern distortion functions as a low-level affective process that promotes and maintains social norms in society Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-10T12:05:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221131378
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Authors:Erin Cooley, Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi, Ryan F. Lei, William Cipolli, Lauren E. Philbrook Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. In past work, White Americans’ beliefs about Black poverty have predicted lower perceived work ethic of the poor, and, thus, less welfare support. In this article, we examine whether beliefs about White poverty predict more positive attributions about the poor among three representative samples of White Americans. Study 1 reveals that White (but not Black) Americans’ White-poor beliefs predict increased perceptions that welfare recipients are hardworking, which predict more welfare support. Study 2 demonstrates that the link between White Americans’ White-poor beliefs and the humanization of welfare recipients is stronger among White Americans who feel intergroup status threat (i.e., those who hold racial zero-sum beliefs). Study 3 replicates and extends Study 2 by using an experimental approach. Together, these data suggest that White Americans’ White-poor beliefs function to humanize welfare recipients as a means to justify policies that could help the ingroup, preserving the racial status quo. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-08T02:00:02Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139071
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Authors:Elizabeth A. Mahar, Louis H. Irving, Allison Derovanesian, Abigail Masterson, Gregory D. Webster Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Consensually non-monogamous (CNM) romantic and sexual relationships tend to be stigmatized. The present research examined this stigma across two studies. First, we qualitatively explored the specific ways that people in CNM relationships report experiencing stigma using thematic analysis and identified the following four themes: Expressions of discomfort/disapproval of CNM, Loss of resources/threatening behaviors, Character devaluation, and Relationship devaluation (Study 1; N = 372). Second, we examined the relationship between experienced stigma and psychological well-being for people in CNM relationships, using the framework of minority stress theory. We found that experienced stigma was positively associated with psychological distress and that this association was partially statistically mediated by anticipated stigma and internalized stigma (Study 2; N = 383). Overall, this research strives to achieve a better understanding of the processes and potential consequences of stigma toward CNM relationships and individuals. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-03T09:12:26Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139086
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Authors:Ayten Yesim Semchenko, Zeynep Senveli, Mitchell R. L. Forrest, Jonathon Flores, Vojtěch Fiala, Laith Al-Shawaf, David M. Buss, David M. G. Lewis Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Despite progress in attractiveness research, we have yet to identify many fitness-relevant cues in the human phenotype or humans’ psychology for responding to them. Here, we test hypotheses about psychological systems that may have evolved to process distinct cues in the female lumbar region. The Fetal Load Hypothesis proposes a male preference for a morphological cue: lumbar curvature. The Lordosis Detection Hypothesis posits context-dependent male attraction to a movement: lordosis behavior. In two studies (Study 1 N: 102, Study 2 N: 231), we presented men with animated female characters that varied in their lumbar curvature and back arching (i.e., lordosis behavior). Irrespective of mating context, men’s attraction increased as lumbar curvature approached the hypothesized optimum. By contrast, men experienced greater attraction to lordosis behavior in short-term than long-term mating contexts. These findings support both the Lordosis Detection and Fetal Load Hypotheses. Discussion focuses on the meaning of human lordosis and the importance of dynamic stimuli in attractiveness research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-03T05:41:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221115218
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Authors:Marta Marchlewska, Paulina Górska, Ricky Green, Dagmara Szczepańska, Marta Rogoza, Zuzanna Molenda, Piotr Michalski Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. National narcissism and national identification, two distinct types of national commitment, differ in terms of their psychological concomitants. Therefore, in the current article, we hypothesized that they would also relate to different adult attachment styles. Namely, we proposed that national narcissism would be positively associated with higher attachment anxiety, while national identification would be associated with lower attachment anxiety and avoidance. These hypotheses were tested in three cross-sectional surveys (Study 1 N = 570; Study 3 N = 558; Study 4 N = 649) and one longitudinal survey (Study 2 N = 808). In all studies, we found a consistent positive relationship between attachment anxiety and national narcissism, and a negative relationship between attachment avoidance and national identification. Finally, we also demonstrated indirect effects of attachment anxiety (via national narcissism) on maladaptive group-related outcomes: conspiracy beliefs, non-normative collective action, and willingness to conspire. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-12-01T07:28:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139072
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Authors:Annetta Snell, Miron Zuckerman, Bonnie Le Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The current meta-analysis addressed whether theistic religious beliefs are causally related to greater prejudice by analyzing 44 studies (Ntotal = 11,330) that used experimental designs—priming religion and then measuring negativity toward outgroups (e.g., LGBT and Muslim). The overall priming effect was significant but small (r = .06), indicating that priming religion increases prejudice. The implications of these results for the relation between religion and prejudice and for future work on religious priming are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-11-24T09:10:56Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221135956
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Authors:Sophie L. Kjærvik, Muniba Saleem, Gertrudes Velasquez, Craig A. Anderson, Brad J. Bushman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The Tangram Help/Hurt Task (THHT) allows participants to help another participant win a prize (by assigning them easy tangrams), to hurt another participant by preventing them from winning the prize (by assigning them difficult tangrams), or to do neither (by assigning them medium tangrams) in offline or online studies. Consistent with calls for continued evidence supporting psychological measurement, we conducted a meta-analytic review of the THHT that included 52 independent studies involving 11,060 participants. THHT scores were associated with helping and hurting outcomes in theoretically predicted ways. Results showed that THHT scores were not only associated with short-term (experimental manipulations, state measures) and long-term (trait measures) helping and hurting outcomes, but also with helping and harming intentions. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the THHT relative to other laboratory measures of prosocial behavior and aggression, discuss unanswered questions about the task, and offer suggestions for the best use of the task. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-11-21T07:04:56Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221127759
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Authors:Sylvia Niehuis, Karsen Davis, Alan Reifman, Kenzi Callaway, Ali Luempert, C. Rebecca Oldham, Jayla Head, Emma Willis-Grossmann Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Issues in applied survey research, including minimizing respondent burden and ensuring measures’ brevity for smartphone administration, have intensified efforts to create short measures. We conducted two studies on the psychometric properties of single-item satisfaction, love, conflict, and commitment measures. Study 1 was longitudinal, surveying college-age dating couples at three monthly waves (n =121, 84, and 68 couples at the respective waves). Partners completed single- and multi-item measures of the four constructs, along with other variables, to examine test–retest reliability and convergent, concurrent, and predictive validity. Single-item measures of satisfaction, love, and commitment exhibited impressive psychometric qualities, but our single-item conflict measure performed somewhat less strongly. Study 2, a cross-sectional online survey (n = 280), showed strong convergent validity of the single-item measures, including that of conflict. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-11-09T02:15:53Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221133693
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Authors:James N. Donald, Joseph Ciarrochi, Jiesi Guo Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. As the online world plays an increasing role in young peoples’ lives, research on compulsive internet use (CIU) is receiving growing attention. Given the social richness of the online world, there is a need to better understand how CIU influences adolescents’ social support and vice versa. Drawing on ecological systems theory, we examined the longitudinal links between adolescents’ CIU and perceived social support from three sources (parents, teachers, and friends) across 4 critical years of adolescence (Grades 8–11). Using random intercept cross-lagged modeling, we found that CIU consistently preceded reduced social support from teachers, whereas social support from parents preceded increases in CIU over time. We discuss the implications of our findings for parents and schools seeking to support young people experiencing CIU. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-11-09T02:13:41Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221127802
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Authors:Pia Dietze, Sally Olderbak, Andrea Hildebrandt, Laura Kaltwasser, Eric D. Knowles Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People remember what they deem important. In line with research suggesting that lower-class (vs. higher class) individuals spontaneously appraise other people as more relevant, we show that social class is associated with the habitual use of face memory. We find that lower-class (vs. higher class) participants exhibit better incidental memory for faces (i.e., spontaneous memory for faces they had not been instructed to memorize; Studies 1 and 2). No social-class differences emerge for faces participants are instructed to learn (Study 2), suggesting that this pattern reflects class-based relevance appraisals rather than memory ability. Study 3 extends our findings to eyewitness identification. Lower-class (vs. higher-class) participants’ eyewitness accuracy is less impacted by the explicit relevance of a target (clearly relevant thief vs. incidental bystander). Integrative data analysis shows a robust negative association between social class and spontaneous face memory. Preregistration (Studies 1 and 3) and cross-cultural replication (Study 2) further strengthen the results. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-11-05T12:39:36Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221125599
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Authors:Jessica L. Spence, Matthew J. Hornsey, Eloise M. Stephenson, Kana Imuta Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Standard-accented job candidates are perceived as more hireable than non-standard-accented candidates. Two broad perspectives have emerged as to what drives this effect: (a) that it is a pragmatic response to the perception that non-standard accents can impede job-relevant communication (processing fluency explanation) and/or (b) that non-standard accents signal “otherness” and candidates are devalued as a result (prejudice explanation). This meta-analytic integration of 139 effect sizes (N = 4,576) examined these two perspectives. Standard-accented candidates were considered more hireable than non-standard-accented candidates (d = 0.47)—a bias that was stronger for high communication jobs. Other findings, however, are difficult to explain from a processing fluency explanation: candidates’ relative comprehensibility was not a significant moderator of hiring bias. Moreover, the degree of accent bias was associated with perceptions of the candidates’ social status, and accent bias was particularly pronounced among female candidates and for candidates who spoke in foreign (as compared with regional) accents. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-11-03T12:29:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221130595
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Authors:Tom Nijs, Borja Martinovic, Maykel Verkuyten Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People can have a sense of collective ownership of a particular territory, such as “our” country, “our” neighborhood, and “our” park. Collective psychological ownership is argued to go together with rights and responsibilities that have different behavioral implications. We found that collective psychological ownership leads to perceived determination right, and indirectly to the exclusion of outsiders from “our” place. Simultaneously, collective psychological ownership leads to perceived group responsibility, and indirectly to engagement in stewardship behavior. These results were found among Dutch adults, cross-sectionally in relation to their country (Study 1; N = 617) and a neighborhood (Study 2; N = 784), and experimentally in relation to an imaginary local park (Study 3; N = 384, Study 4; N = 502, both pre-registered). Our research shows that the feeling that a place is “ours” can, via perceived rights and responsibilities, result in both exclusionary and prosocial behavioral tendencies. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-26T10:31:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221129757
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Authors:Morgan D. Stosic, Shelby Helwig, Mollie A. Ruben Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The present research examined how face masks alter first impressions of warmth and competence for different racial groups. Participants were randomly assigned to view photographs of White, Black, and Asian targets with or without masks. Across four separate studies (total N = 1,012), masked targets were rated significantly higher in warmth and competence compared with unmasked targets, regardless of their race. However, Asian targets benefited the least from being seen masked compared with Black or White targets. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate how the positive effect of masks is likely due to these clothing garments re-directing attention toward the eyes of the wearer. Participants viewing faces cropped to the eyes (Study 3), or instructed to gaze into the eyes of faces (Study 4), rated these targets similarly to masked targets, and higher than unmasked targets. Neither political affiliation, belief in mask effectiveness, nor explicit racial prejudice moderated any hypothesized effects. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-19T09:15:40Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221128114
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Authors:Lora Park, Deborah E. Ward, Kristin Naragon-Gainey, Kentaro Fujita, Nicole Koefler Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People with financially contingent self-worth (FCSW) base their self-esteem on money and feel pressured to achieve financial success. However, the present research suggests such individuals may be vulnerable to compulsive buying and experiencing distress and impairment in their lives from engaging in this maladaptive behavior (Study 1a–1b). Study 2 identified a key mechanism: People with FCSW experience more motivational conflict between wanting to spend (vs. not spend) their money, which predicts greater compulsive buying intentions and anticipated distress from making excessive purchases. A 5-week diary study revealed that FCSW—on average and at a weekly level—predicted greater perceived financial motivational conflict and more compulsive buying, distress, and impairment in life (Study 3). People with FCSW experience more financial motivational conflict, independent of beliefs about spending implying wealth or feeling pressured to spend to display one’s wealth to others (Study 4). Implications and future directions are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-11T12:58:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221119356
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Authors:Mengran Xu, Richard E. Petty Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Prior research showed that people holding attitudes on relatively moral topics became more open to two- rather than one-sided messages as the moral basis of their attitudes increased. Across three studies (N = 963), we extend this finding to relatively non-moral topics by demonstrating that two-sided messages can encourage people with strong attitudes indexed by various non-moral attitude strength measures to be more open to contrary positions. Study 1 demonstrated this for four indicators of attitude strength (e.g., certainty). As the strength of one’s attitude increased, two-sided messages increased in relative effectiveness over one-sided communication. This was mediated by perceived appreciation for the speaker acknowledging one’s view. Study 2 replicated this finding in a preregistered experiment. Study 3 conceptually replicated and extended it to people holding attitudes based on their political identity. Finally, evidence was obtained supporting perceived appreciation (rather than source evaluation) as the key driver of this interactive effect. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-10T12:33:36Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221128113
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Authors:Fiona Kazarovytska, Roland Imhoff Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Historical perpetrator groups seek to shield themselves from image threat by advocating for closing the discussion of their crimes. However, from a broader theoretical perspective, such demand for historical closure (HC) may also reflect willingness to reconcile with the victim group or to focus on the future rather than the past. In nine studies across four different contexts (Germany, United States, Italy, and Australia; N = 3405), we analyzed whether these three facets of HC (defensive, reconciliatory, and future-oriented) indeed substantially differ. Contrary to expectations, nomological network analyses suggested that all three facets reflect the same defensive desire (Studies 1a–2c) and are perceived as overall similar from a third-party perspective (Study 3). Finally, all three HC facets showed a positive trend toward costly avoidance of confrontation with the ingroup’s perpetrator past (Studies 4a–c). We discuss implications for (and against) a more nuanced understanding of the demand for HC. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-10T12:24:17Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221124674
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Authors:Peter J. Helm, Tyler Jimenez, Skyler Carter, Jamie Arndt Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. An apparent phenomenological divide between majority and minoritized groups exists in contemporary America in terms of feelings of social connection. Drawing on recent findings relating to existential isolation (i.e., the sense that one is alone in one’s subjective experience), three studies compare these feelings toward one’s in-group and out-group. Study 1 assesses whether Black and White participants vary in their self-reported existential isolation when referencing their own or another racial group. Results reveal Black Americans feel as though other Black Americans share their perceptions more than do White Americans. In contrast, White Americans report similarly shared perceptions by both racial groups. Study 2 (preregistered) assessed these effects with a concealable identity: sexual orientation. Study 3 further replicates these effects and finds effects among Black Americans to significantly differ from a neutral control condition. Implications and future directions for epistemic (in)validation are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-08T12:11:39Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221127799
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Authors:Jiesi Guo, Geetanjali Basarkod, Francisco Perales, Philip D. Parker, Herbert W. Marsh, James Donald, Theresa Dicke, Baljinder K. Sahdra, Joseph Ciarrochi, Xiang Hu, Chris Lonsdale, Taren Sanders, Borja del Pozo Cruz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Individuals’ subjective well-being (SWB) is an important marker of development and social progress. As psychological health issues often begin during adolescence, understanding the factors that enhance SWB among adolescents is critical to devising preventive interventions. However, little is known about how institutional contexts contribute to adolescent SWB. Using Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 and 2018 data from 78 countries (N = 941,475), we find that gender gaps in adolescents’ SWB (life satisfaction, positive and negative affect) are larger in more gender-equal countries. Results paradoxically indicated that gender equality enhances boys’ but not girls’ SWB, suggesting that greater gender equality may facilitate social comparisons across genders. This may lead to an increased awareness of discrimination against females and consequently lower girls’ SWB, diluting the overall benefits of gender equality. These findings underscore the need for researchers and policy-makers to better understand macro-level factors, beyond objective gender equality, that support girls’ SWB. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-07T12:33:30Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221125619
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Authors:Alexandria L. West, Hanieh Naeimi, Alyssa A. Di Bartolomeo, Maya Yampolsky, Amy Muise Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Intercultural romantic relationships are increasingly common and although the obstacles such couples face are well documented, the factors that facilitate their success are less studied. Although cultural differences may present challenges, they also offer opportunities for self-expansion—personal growth via new perspectives, knowledge, and identities. In three studies using cross-sectional, dyadic, longitudinal, and experimental methods (NTotal = 896), self-expansion was associated with relationship quality and identity outcomes (i.e., identity integration, cultural self-awareness). Self-expanding through a partner’s culture (i.e., cultural self-expansion) was uniquely related to identity outcomes, beyond self-expanding more generally (relational self-expansion). Furthermore, actively sharing cultures and discussing their differences were linked to greater cultural and relational self-expansion, which in turn differentially predicted partners’ relationship quality and cultural identities. These studies provide a first look at the role of self-expansion in intercultural relationships, demonstrating that the way couples negotiate their cultures is linked to both relational and personal outcomes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-10-06T10:28:15Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221121508
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Authors:Yuxi Xie, Brian N. Chin, Brooke C. Feeney Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. There is emerging evidence for links between relationship factors and sleep quality. Existing research linking attachment orientation to sleep quality has yielded inconsistent effects, has focused on younger samples, and has not considered underlying mechanisms of action. This research addressed these gaps in two studies that investigated the links between attachment orientation and sleep quality in both younger/middle-aged (Study 1) and older (Study 2) adult couples using Actor–Partner Interdependence Models. We also tested mediating effects of relationship-specific security and negative affect. In both studies, participants completed surveys assessing their attachment orientation, sleep quality, and the proposed mediators. Both studies revealed that relationship-specific security and negative affect mediated the negative association between insecure attachment and one’s own sleep quality. This research enhances our understanding of how attachment orientation affects sleep quality, provides a foundation for future research on relationship influences on sleep, and suggests avenues for improving sleep quality. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-26T09:11:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221123859
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Authors:Xin Qin, Kai Chi Yam, Wenping Ye, Junsheng Zhang, Xueji Liang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Krishna Savani Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This research challenges the idea that teams from more collectivistic cultures tend to perform better. We propose that in contexts in which there are tradeoffs between group goals (i.e., what is best for the group) and relational goals (i.e., what is best for one’s relationships with specific group members), people in less collectivistic cultures primarily focus on group goals but those in more collectivistic cultures focus on both group and relational goals, which can lead to suboptimal decisions. An archival analysis of 100 years of data across three major competitive team sports found that teams from more collectivistic nations consistently underperformed, even after controlling for a number of nation and team characteristics. Three follow-up studies with 108 Chinese soccer players, 109 Singapore students, and 119 Chinese and the U.S. adults provided evidence for the underlying mechanism (i.e., prioritizing relational goals over group goals). Overall, this research suggests a more balanced view of collectivism, highlighting an important context in which collectivism can impair team performance. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-23T12:34:34Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221123776
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Authors:Gabrielle N. Pfund, Mathias Allemand Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This study investigated correlated change between the Big Five personality traits and perceived social support in old age. Two data waves with an 8-year span from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Adult Development (ILSE) were utilized. The longitudinal sample for this study consisted of 491 older adults (aged 64–68 years at T1). Four different aspects of perceived availability of social support were assessed (emotional support, practical support, social integration, and social strain). The Big Five personality traits were assessed with the Neuroticism–Extraversion–Openness Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Results show significant latent concurrent correlations and correlated changes between personality traits and social support. Notably, correlated change with social support types differed depending on the Big Five traits being evaluated, with changes in extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness being the traits most associated with changes in social support types, and openness being least associated. Results are discussed through a life span development lens in light of past research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-23T12:31:40Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221120493
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Authors:Kristina M. Schrage, Bonnie M. Le, Jennifer E. Stellar, Emily A. Impett Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Prosocial motivation is an important ingredient for satisfying relationships. However, individuals high in attachment avoidance—those who fear closeness and prefer independence—often display reduced prosocial motivation for their romantic partner. In two daily experience studies (Ntotal = 324), we examined whether feeling appreciated by a romantic partner would buffer this negative link. When avoidantly attached individuals felt highly appreciated by their partner, they displayed greater prosocial motivation; specifically, they were more willing to sacrifice, and did so with the intention to benefit their partner (Studies 1 and 2). These effects did not emerge for other, less prosocial motives for sacrifice, such as to benefit oneself or avoid negative outcomes. Furthermore, one reason why avoidantly attached individuals were more prosocial when they felt appreciated is because they felt more committed to the relationship (Study 2). These findings reveal the importance of feeling appreciated, especially among individuals who typically neglect a partner’s needs. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-20T11:09:26Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221122515
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Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-20T04:45:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221117340
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Authors:Connor R. Hasty, Sarah E. Ainsworth, Jose L. Martinez, Jon K. Maner Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Dominance and prestige are two strategies people use to regulate their social rank within group hierarchies. Despite a growing literature on dominance- and prestige-oriented leaders, little is known about how those strategies operate among people lower in social rank. Four studies tested the hypothesis that, among subordinates, dominance and prestige are associated with high levels of malicious and benign envy, respectively. Individual differences in prestige were positively and independently associated with benign envy, and negatively associated with malicious envy. Individual differences in dominance were positively and independently associated with both malicious and benign envy. Two experiments demonstrated that activating a prestige-oriented mindset (relative to a dominance-oriented mindset) caused people to display higher levels of benign envy. No experimental effects on malicious envy were observed. Theories of prestige and dominance provide a useful framework for understanding ways in which subordinate group members strive for high social rank. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-17T10:45:20Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221113670
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Authors:Hui Bai Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Past studies on how political value (i.e., ideology) and identity (i.e., party identity) predict support for candidates often fail to consider both the perspectives of citizens and candidates, introducing omitted variable problems. To address them, this paper introduces the multiple matching perspective, which considers how citizens’ ideology and political identity are matched (i.e., moderated) by a candidate’s ideology and party affiliation. Four studies using this approach reveal: 1. The effect of ideology match is large, robust, and consistent. 2. candidates’ ideology plays more role than candidates’ party identity except during the final stage of a presidential race. 3. Citizens’ party identity can guide them to support a candidate based on the candidate’s ideology (Republicans will support conservatives), but it is less so for the reverse of it (conservatives do not always support Republicans). Therefore, this approach helps theory-building in political psychology by uncovering novel effects of ideology and partisanship. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-13T08:46:40Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221121381
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Authors:Stephanie L. Reeves, Tina Nguyen, Abigail A. Scholer, Kentaro Fujita, Steven J. Spencer Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Self-affirmation—reflecting on a source of global self-integrity outside of the threatened domain—can mitigate self-threat in education, health, relationships, and more. Whether people recognize these benefits is unknown. Inspired by the metamotivational approach, we examined people’s beliefs about the benefits of self-affirmation and whether individual differences in these beliefs predict how people cope with self-threat. The current research revealed that people recognize that self-affirmation is selectively helpful for self-threat situations compared with other negative situations. However, people on average did not distinguish between self-affirmation and alternative strategies for coping with self-threat. Importantly, individual differences in these beliefs predicted coping decisions: Those who recognized the benefits of self-affirmation were more likely to choose to self-affirm rather than engage in an alternative strategy following an experience of self-threat. We discuss implications for self-affirmation theory and developing interventions to promote adaptive responses to self-threat. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-06T07:19:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221120612
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Authors:Zahra Rahmani Azad, Alexandra Goedderz, Adam Hahn Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Research showing that people can predict the patterns of their implicit evaluations toward social groups has raised questions concerning how widely these findings extend to other domains, such as semantic implicit stereotyping. In a preregistered laboratory study, participants were asked to predict their scores on five implicit gender stereotyping Implicit Associations Tests (IATs). Within-subjects correlations between IAT score predictions and IAT scores showed high levels of accuracy. Although part of the IAT score patterns could be predicted from shared knowledge, own predictions significantly outperformed predictions of random others and normative patterns, suggesting self-awareness beyond reliance on shared knowledge. In line with dual-process models emphasizing that different information is captured by implicit as opposed to explicit measures, predictions explained correlations between implicit and traditional explicit stereotyping measures, and led to acknowledgment of bias. Discussion focuses on understanding conscious awareness of semantic automatic processes and conceptualizations of the cognitions underlying implicit measures. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-03T11:53:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221120703
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Authors:Bojana Većkalov, Natalia Zarzeczna, Jonathon McPhetres, Frenk van Harreveld, Bastiaan T. Rutjens Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This article presents and tests psychological distance to science (PSYDISC) as a domain-general predictor of science skepticism. Drawing on the concept of psychological distance, PSYDISC reflects the extent to which individuals perceive science as a tangible undertaking conducted by people similar to oneself (social), with effects in the here (spatial) and now (temporal), and as useful and applicable in the real world (hypothetical distance). In six studies (two preregistered; total N = 1,630) and two countries, we developed and established the factor structure and validity of a scale measuring PSYDISC. Crucially, higher PSYDISC predicted skepticism beyond established predictors, across science domains. A final study showed that PSYDISC shapes real-world behavior (COVID-19 vaccination uptake). This work thus provides a novel tool to predict science skepticism, as well as a construct that can help to further develop a unifying framework to understand science skepticism across domains. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-03T11:49:19Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221118184
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Authors:Danyang Li, Katherine B. Carnelley, Angela C. Rowe Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This is the first meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on insecure attachment and negative attribution bias (NAB) from both developmental and social/personality attachment traditions. This meta-analysis is important because extant studies report inconsistent associations, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the nature of these associations. Based on 41 samples (N = 8,727) from 32 articles, we specify and compare the effect sizes of these associations across studies. Results confirmed positive associations between NAB and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions and an insecure composite, with a medium effect size. Correlations were moderated by age group, type of attachment measurement, and cultural background. Our findings advance knowledge and build on attachment and attribution theories, reconcile mixed findings, and inform the development of NAB interventions. Important gaps in the literature are revealed that will inspire future research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-03T11:47:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221117690
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Authors:Netta Weinstein, Heather Hansen, Thuy-vy Nguyen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. What does it mean to be in solitude' Researchers building this nascent field are learning much about the potential affordances of solitude, but lack an agreed-upon definition or set of definitions. Arriving at that meaning is crucial to forming a solid foundation for studies that use both naturalistic and laboratory designs to explore outcomes of solitude. This study identified themes from semi-structured interviews with adults aged 19 to 80 from diverse backgrounds. We concluded that solitude is a state in which the dominant relationship is with the self. If not physically alone, people in solitude are mentally distanced from others and away from active technology-mediated interactions. Complete solitude involves both physical separation and inner focus, but solitude is best defined through a taxonomy that recognizes physical separation and internal focus as independent, sufficient characteristics. An internal focus benefits from (but is not defined by) balancing solitude with social time, quiet, and choice. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-03T11:42:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221115941
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Authors:Sabrina Thai, Penelope Lockwood Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Comparison processes are critical to social judgments, yet little is known about how individuals compare people other than themselves in daily life (social-judgment comparisons). The present research employed a 7-day experience-sampling design (Nparticipants = 93; Nsurveys = 3,960) with end-of-week and 6-month follow-ups, to examine how individuals make social-judgment comparisons in daily life as well as the cumulative impact of these comparisons over time. Participants compared close (vs. distant) contacts more frequently and made more downward than upward comparisons. Furthermore, downward, relative to upward, comparisons predicted more positive perceptions of the contact, greater closeness to the contact, and greater relationship satisfaction. More frequent downward comparisons involving a particular contact also predicted greater closeness 1 week and 6 months later. When participants made upward comparisons, they were motivated to protect close, but not distant, contacts by downplaying domain importance, and engaging in this protective strategy predicted greater closeness to the contact 1 week later. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-02T10:33:56Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221115558
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Authors:Matthew R. DeVerna, Andrew M. Guess, Adam J. Berinsky, Joshua A. Tucker, John T. Jost Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We used supervised machine-learning techniques to examine ideological asymmetries in online rumor transmission. Although liberals were more likely than conservatives to communicate in general about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings (Study 1, N = 26,422) and 2020 death of the sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein (Study 2, N = 141,670), conservatives were more likely to share rumors. Rumor-spreading decreased among liberals following official correction, but it increased among conservatives. Marathon rumors were spread twice as often by conservatives pre-correction, and nearly 10 times more often post-correction. Epstein rumors were spread twice as often by conservatives pre-correction, and nearly, eight times more often post-correction. With respect to ideologically congenial rumors, conservatives circulated the rumor that the Clinton family was involved in Epstein’s death 18.6 times more often than liberals circulated the rumor that the Trump family was involved. More than 96% of all fake news domains were shared by conservative Twitter users. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-09-01T11:41:26Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221114222
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Authors:Valerio Capraro, Tatiana Celadin Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Accuracy prompts, nudges that make accuracy salient, typically decrease the sharing of fake news, while having little effect on real news. Here, we introduce a new accuracy prompt that is more effective than previous prompts, because it does not only reduce fake news sharing, but it also increases real news sharing. We report four preregistered studies showing that an “endorsing accuracy” prompt (“I think this news is accurate”), placed into the sharing button, decreases fake news sharing, increases real news sharing, and keeps overall engagement constant. We also explore the mechanism through which the intervention works. The key results are specific to endorsing accuracy, rather than accuracy salience, and endorsing accuracy does not simply make participants apply a “source heuristic.” Finally, we use Pennycook et al.’s limited-attention model to argue that endorsing accuracy may work by making people more carefully consider their sharing decisions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-08-22T06:00:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221117691
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Authors:Katie E. Garrison, Grace N. Rivera, Rebecca J. Schlegel, Joshua A. Hicks, Brandon J. Schmeichel Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Is self-control authentic' Across several hypothetical scenarios, participants perceived impulsive actions as more authentic for others (Study 1a) but self-control as more authentic for themselves (Study 1b). Study 2 partially replicated this asymmetry. Study 3 accounted for behavior positivity because self-control was typically the more positive action in the previous studies. Study 4 minimized the influence of positivity by framing the same behaviors as either impulsive or controlled; impulsive actions were deemed more authentic than self-control, but only for other people. An internal meta-analysis controlling for behavior positivity revealed that (a) more positive behaviors are more authentic, and (b) impulsive actions are more authentic than self-controlled actions, especially for others. This actor–observer asymmetry suggests that, even in the face of a strong tendency to perceive positive actions as authentic, there exists a competing tendency to view others’ impulsive actions as more authentic than self-control. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-08-19T07:00:28Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221118187
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Authors:Rotem Kahalon, Nurit Shnabel, Keren Sharvit, Samer Halabi, Stephen C. Wright Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We examined the association between intergroup contact and academic performance at university among minority students in a context with a segregated pre-university school system. Study 1 tested whether participation in a group dynamics course, which involves intimate interpersonal contact between Israeli Arab (n = 125) and Jewish students, was associated with better grade point average (GPA). As expected, Arab students who participated in the course had a higher GPA than those who did not, even when controlling for pre-university achievements. The corresponding difference among Jews was substantially smaller. Study 2 (N = 90), a longitudinal study, revealed that the quality of contact with Jewish students at university was associated with Arab students’ subsequent higher GPA, even when controlling for pre-university contact, proxies of academic achievements, and perceptions of intergroup relations. The quality of contact with Jewish students was also associated with Arab students’ sense of academic belonging. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-08-17T10:19:33Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221115943
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Authors:Sebastian Pusch, Franz J. Neyer, Birk Hagemeyer Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Individuals can differ in the degree of closeness they desire in their romantic relationships: Some people may perceive their current level of closeness as just right, whereas others may feel not close enough or too close to their partners (referred to as negative and positive closeness discrepancy, respectively). This study (N = 1,177 individuals from 748 couples) examined the implications of closeness discrepancies for subjective relationship quality (SRQ) using dyadic response surface analysis. The analyses found evidence for linear, but not broad, closeness discrepancy effects: SRQ was lower for individuals reporting more negative closeness discrepancies and, independent of this actor effect, for individuals with partners who reported more negative closeness discrepancies. These results suggest that low levels of closeness paired with a strong desire for closeness can impair both partners’ relational well-being. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-08-11T11:35:24Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221113981
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Authors:Sabahat C. Bagci, Gülseli Baysu, Mustafa Tercan, Abbas Turnuklu Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Despite increasing contact opportunities, prejudice toward refugees persists, especially in mass immigration contexts. We investigated changes in and associations between Turkish early adolescents’ (N = 687, Mage = 11.11 years) positive and negative contact with Syrian refugees and their outgroup approach-avoidance tendencies over 15 months (three waves). Univariate growth curve models demonstrated a rise in outgroup negativity indicated by increasing negative contact and avoidance tendencies, and decreasing approach tendencies, while positive contact only slightly increased over time (nonsignificantly). Combined latent growth curve models showed that increasing positive contact buffered against increasing outgroup negativity in behavioral tendencies by predicting a less steep decline in approach and a less steep increase in avoidance. Increasing negative contact was positively associated with increasing outgroup negativity so that it predicted a more steep increase in avoidance. Findings underline the importance of early contact interventions that target the fast deterioration of positive intergroup interactions in increasingly hostile intergroup contexts. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-20T11:14:49Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221110325
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Authors:Tonglin Jiang, Ting Wang, Kai-Tak Poon, Wangchu Gaer, Xue Wang Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Whether and how self-concept clarity (SCC) affects self-control has not been sufficiently explored in empirical research. We proposed that low SCC inhibits self-control through a lower sense of global self-continuity. The results of five studies provided converging support for our mediation model (N = 898). Compared with participants with high SCC, participants with low SCC scored lower on self-control scales (Studies 1 and 2), spent less time practicing to improve their performance on a tedious task (Study 3), and were less likely to stay focused on an ongoing task (Study 4) or to adhere to the exercise plan to stay healthy (Study 5). Global self-continuity mediated the effects of low SCC on self-control (Studies 1–5) even after emotional affect (Study 5) and self-esteem (Studies 4 and 5) were controlled for. These findings highlight the importance of fostering SCC for coping with self-control failures. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-20T11:12:26Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221109664
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Authors:Thomas Talhelm, Cheol-Sung Lee, Alexander S. English, Shuang Wang Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Wealthy nations led health preparedness rankings in 2019, yet many poor nations controlled COVID-19 better. We argue that a history of rice farming explains why some societies did better. We outline how traditional rice farming led to tight social norms and low-mobility social networks. These social structures helped coordinate societies against COVID-19. Study 1 compares rice- and wheat-farming prefectures within China. Comparing within China allows for controlled comparisons of regions with the same national government, language family, and other potential confounds. Study 2 tests whether the findings generalize to cultures globally. The data show rice-farming nations have tighter social norms and less-mobile relationships, which predict better COVID outcomes. Rice-farming nations suffered just 3% of the COVID deaths of nonrice nations. These findings suggest that long-run cultural differences influence how rice societies—with over 50% of the world’s population—controlled COVID-19. The culture was critical, yet the preparedness rankings mostly ignored it. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-20T11:09:58Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221107209
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Authors:Titus Schauf, Michael Dufner, Steffen Nestler, Richard Rau Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This meta-analysis examines generalized reciprocity, that is, the relationship between how people perceive others and how they are perceived by others. It tests the hypothesis that generalized reciprocity varies as a function of the content domain under investigation. Generalized reciprocity for attributes with primarily communal content (e.g., friendliness) was hypothesized to be more positive than generalized reciprocity for attributes with primarily agentic content (e.g., assertiveness). Sixty-four primary studies reporting correlations between perceiver and target effects with a total number of 17,561 participants were included in the analysis. Results of a multilevel meta-analytical random effects model showed that reciprocity correlations were slightly negative, but around zero, for primarily agentic attributes (r = −.05) and became more positive with increasing communal content (up to r = .18 for primarily communal attributes). Generalized reciprocity thus varied depending on the extent to which the regarded attribute is agentic versus communal. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-12T12:15:15Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221107205
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Authors:Wei Jie Reiner Ng, Ya Hui Michelle See, Laura E. Wallace Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Understanding when people are likely to feel ambivalent is important, as ambivalence is associated with key attitude outcomes, such as attitude-behavior consistency. Interestingly, the presence of conflicting positive and negative reactions (objective ambivalence) is weakly related to feeling conflicted (subjective ambivalence). We tested a novel situation that can influence the correspondence between objective and subjective ambivalence: whether a message and a recipient’s topic match in affective versus cognitive orientation. When a person encounters a message with an affective or cognitive match to the topic, conflicting reactions may be more accessible, increasing feelings of ambivalence. Across five studies, greater objective–subjective ambivalence correspondence occurred with an affective–cognitive match between message and topic orientation. Studies 4 and 5 also demonstrated that this primarily occurred when the message was counterattitudinal. This work contributes to the literature explaining the gap between measures of objective and subjective ambivalence as well as how messages can influence attitude strength properties. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-12T12:13:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221102015
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Authors:Woo J. Kim, Amy Summerville Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This research examines how counterfactual potency (CP), the multiplicative effect of the likelihoods of the “if” and “then” clauses of counterfactuals, determines the effects of counterfactuals on behavioral intentions. In Study 1, we found that participants who read highly (vs. minimally) mutable vignettes perceived the counterfactuals as more likely and endorsed relevant intentions more. However, CP did not mediate the effect of mutability on intentions. In Studies 2 and 3, we found that CP directly affected intentions and also mediated the effects of mutability on intentions when mutability was specifically manipulated via controllability (Study 2) or norm violation (Study 3). Finally, Study 4 used archival reaction time data to show that more concrete counterfactuals were perceived as more likely and subsequently facilitated intentions. Taken together, the current research provides evidence that more likely counterfactuals facilitate behavioral intentions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-12T05:11:07Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221105958
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Authors:Quinn Hirschi, Timothy D. Wilson, Daniel T. Gilbert Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We hypothesized that people would exhibit a reticence bias, the incorrect belief that they will be more likable if they speak less than half the time in a conversation with a stranger, as well as halo ignorance, the belief that their speaking time should depend on their goal (e.g., to be liked vs. to be found interesting), when in fact, perceivers form global impressions of each other. In Studies 1 and 2, participants forecasted they should speak less than half the time when trying to be liked, but significantly more when trying to be interesting. In Study 3, we tested the accuracy of these forecasts by randomly assigning participants to speak for 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% of the time in a dyadic conversation. Contrary to people’s forecasts, they were more likable the more they spoke, and their partners formed global rather than differentiated impressions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-12T05:09:27Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221104927
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Authors:Bernard E. Whitley, Andrew Luttrell, Tollie Schultz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although there is consensus that the intergroup ideology of multiculturalism is negatively related to prejudice and that assimilation is positively related to prejudice, research regarding the relationship of racial colorblindness to prejudice has produced mixed results. We investigated whether these mixed results might stem from colorblindness being a multifaceted construct despite typically being treated as unidimensional. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of items from existing measures revealed three factors—equality orientation, color evasion, and rejection of racial categorization—from which we created the Multidimensional Assessment of Racial Colorblindness (MARC). Four studies provided evidence for the reliability and construct validity of the MARC and found that its subscales were often differentially related to other variables, including prejudice. We also compared the MARC to another measure of colorblindness, the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). We discuss the implications of racial colorblindness as a multifaceted construct. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-12T05:07:35Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221103414
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Authors:Daniel L. Rosenfeld, Tiffany N. Brannon, A. Janet Tomiyama Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Shifting societal eating patterns toward a vegetarian diet offers promise for improving public health and environmental sustainability. Yet concerns exist about racial disparities in inclusion, as some sentiments suggest that vegetarianism is stereotypically associated with Whiteness. Through four studies (total N = 3,234), we investigated associations U.S. adults hold between race and vegetarianism, along with implications for behavior change and belongingness among Black individuals. Participants, across racial backgrounds, strongly associated vegetarianism with Whiteness, both explicitly and implicitly. A race prime led Black participants to report lower interest in becoming a vegetarian, whereas a prime of race-vegetarianism associations decreased Black participants’ feelings of belongingness in the vegetarian community. Exposure to racially inclusive messaging about vegetarianism, meanwhile, increased belongingness among Black participants. These findings provide the first quantitative insights into racial stereotypes about vegetarianism and pose future directions for theory, research, and practice at the intersections of race and eating behavior. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-07T12:27:18Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099392
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Authors:Nicholas Buttrick, Erin C. Westgate, Shigehiro Oishi Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. What are the effects of reading fiction' We propose that literary fiction alters views of the world through its presentation of difference—different minds, different contexts, and different situations—grounding a belief that the social world is complex. Across four studies, two nationally representative and one preregistered (total n = 5,176), we find that the reading of literary fiction in early life is associated with a more complex worldview in Americans: increased attributional complexity, increased psychological richness, decreased belief that contemporary inequalities are legitimate, and decreased belief that people are essentially only one way. By contrast, early-life reading of narrative fiction that presents more standardized plots and characters, such as romance novels, predict holding a less complex worldview. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-07T09:00:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221106059
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Authors:Salvador Vargas Salfate, Sammyh S. Khan, James H. Liu, Homero Gil de Zúñiga Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. In this article, we test if conservatism predicts psychological well-being longitudinally. We based the study on previous findings showing that conservatives score higher on different measures of well-being, such as life satisfaction and happiness. Most explanations in the literature have assumed that conservatism antecedes well-being without considering the alternative—that well-being may predict conservatism. In Study 1, using multilevel cross-lagged panel models with a two-wave longitudinal sample consisting of data from 19 countries (N = 8,740), we found that conservatism did not predict well-being over time. We found similar results in Study 2 (N = 2,554), using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models with a four-wave longitudinal sample from Chile. We discuss the main implications of these results for the literature examining the association between conservatism and well-being. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-07-07T08:58:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221096587
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Authors:Annett Schirmer, Clare Cham, Zihao Zhao, Ilona Croy Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This study examined how touch role and culture shape affective touch experiences. Germans (N = 130) and Chinese (N = 130) were surveyed once as toucher and once as touchee. For different touch actions, they (a) provided free-text descriptions of what prompts touch, (b) indicated with whom touch feels comfortable, and (c) highlighted areas of touch comfort on a body outline. Overall, touch was prompted by affectionate feelings, was more comfortable with more closely bonded individuals, and when directed at the upper arms, shoulders, and upper back. Touch role mattered for the experiences prompting touch in that touchees felt less positive than touchers. Culture differentiated touch comfort topographies. Compared with Chinese, Germans felt more comfortable with more intimate touch to the torso and upper back and less comfortable with more public touch to the hands. Notably, however, examining touch role and culture revealed more overlap than divergence, ensuring mutual comfort as individuals physically connect. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-30T05:54:39Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221105966
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Authors:Anita Körner, Roland Deutsch Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Moral dilemmas are frequently used to examine psychological processes that drive decisions between adhering to deontological norms and optimizing the outcome. However, commonly used dilemmas are generally unrealistic and confound moral principle and (in)action so that results obtained with these dilemmas might not generalize to other situations. In the present research, we introduce new dilemmas that are based on real-life events. In two studies (a European student sample and a North American MTurk sample, total N = 789), we show that the new factual dilemmas were perceived to be more realistic and less absurd than commonly used dilemmas. In addition, factual dilemmas induced higher participant engagement. From this, we draw the preliminary conclusion that factual dilemmas are more suitable for investigating moral cognition. Moreover, factual dilemmas can be used to examine the generalizability of previous results concerning action (vs. inaction) and concerning a wider range of deontological norms. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-25T04:46:54Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221103058
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Authors:Preeti Vani, Shilaan Alzahawi, Jennifer E. Dannals, Nir Halevy Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. How does the self-relevance of a social movement shape individuals’ engagement with it' We examined the decision-making processes that underlie support for Black Lives Matter (BLM) among Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White Americans. We find significant between-group differences in levels of support for BLM, both in terms of past behavior (Study 1) and in terms of future intentions to support the movement (Study 2). These differences notwithstanding, thinking about how one’s decisions impact others - which we label impact mindset - explains support for BLM across racial groups, cross-sectionally as well as longitudinally (over 8 months later). Our findings underscore the equivalence of the impact mindset construct across racial groups and its predictive power in the context of BLM. We conclude that, although the struggle for racial justice has different meanings for different racial groups, the same mindset underlies both in-group advocacy and allyship in the context of BLM. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-25T04:46:15Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099710
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Authors:Thomas P. Carpenter, Alexandra Goedderz, Calvin K. Lai Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The use of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of individual differences is stymied by insufficient test–retest reliability for assessing trait-level constructs. We assess the degree to which the IAT measures individual differences and test a method to improve its validity as a “trait” measure: aggregating across IATs. Across three studies, participants (total n = 960) completed multiple IATs in the same session or across multiple sessions. Using latent-variable models, we found that half of the variance in IAT scores reflects individual differences. Aggregating across multiple IATs approximately doubled the variance explained with explicit measures compared with a single IAT D-score. These findings show that IAT scores contain considerable noise and that a single IAT is inadequate to estimate trait bias. However, aggregation across multiple administrations can correct this and better estimate individual differences in implicit attitudes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-25T04:45:55Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099372
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Authors:Antonia Bott, Larissa Brockmann, Ivo Denneberg, Espen Henken, Niclas Kuper, Felix Kruse, Juliane Degner Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Research suggests that people spontaneously infer traits from behavioral information, thus forming impressions of actors’ personalities. Such spontaneous trait inferences (STI) have been examined in a wide range of studies in the last four decades. Here, we provide the first systematic meta-analysis of this vast literature. We included data from k = 86 publications, with overall N = 13,630 participants. The average STI effect was moderate to large (dz = 0.59) and showed substantial heterogeneity. The type of experimental paradigm significantly moderated the STI effect size, with larger effects in long-term memory–based paradigms compared with working memory–based paradigms. Generally, STI effects were robust to various methodological variations and also to potential concerns of publication bias. Contrary to expectations, cultural background (independent vs. interdependent) did not emerge as a significant moderator of STI effects. We discuss these findings with respect to their theoretical relevance and derive implications for future research and theorizing. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-25T03:51:12Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221100336
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Authors:Lily Jampol, Aneeta Rattan, Elizabeth Baily Wolf Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. While research has documented positivity biases in workplace feedback to women versus men, this phenomenon is not fully understood. We take a motivational perspective, theorizing that the gender stereotype of warmth shapes feedback givers’ goals, amplifying the importance placed on kindness when giving critical feedback to a woman versus a man. We found support for this hypothesis in a survey of professionals giving real developmental feedback (Study 1, N = 4,842 raters evaluating N = 423 individuals) and five experiments with MBA students, lab participants, and managers (Studies 2–5, N = 1,589). Across studies, people prioritized the goal of kindness more when they gave, or anticipated giving, critical feedback to a woman versus a man. Studies 1, 3, and 5 suggest that this kindness bias relates to gendered positivity biases, and Studies 4a and 4b tested potential mechanisms and supported an indirect effect through warmth. We discuss implications for the study of motivation and workplace gender bias. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-25T03:49:32Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221088402
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Authors:Zaijia Liu, Elise K. Kalokerinos, Michael L. Slepian Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Secrecy is both common and consequential. Recent work suggests that personal experiences with secrets (i.e., mind-wandering to them outside of concealment contexts), rather than concealment (within conversations), can explain the harms of secrecy. Recent work has also demonstrated that secrecy is associated with emotions that center on self-evaluation—shame and guilt. These emotions may help explain the harms of secrecy and provide a point of intervention to improve coping with secrecy. Four studies with 800 participants keeping over 10,500 secrets found that shame surrounding a secret is associated with lower perceived coping efficacy and reduced well-being. Moreover, shifting appraisals away from shame improved perceptions of efficacy in coping with secrets, which was linked with higher well-being. These studies suggest that emotions surrounding secrets can harm well-being and highlight avenues for intervention. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-25T03:48:32Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221085377
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Authors:Guy Itzchakov, Netta Weinstein, Dvori Saluk, Moty Amar Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Memories of rejection contribute to feeling lonely. However, high-quality listening that conveys well-meaning attention and understanding when speakers discuss social rejection may help them to reconnect. Speakers may experience less loneliness because they feel close and connected (relatedness) to the listener and because listening supports self-congruent expression (autonomy). Five experiments (total N = 1,643) manipulated listening during visualized (Studies 1, 4, 5) and actual (Studies 2, 3) conversations. We used different methods (video vignettes; in-person; computer-mediated; recall; written scenarios) to compare high-quality with regular (all studies) and poor (Study 1) listening. Findings across studies showed that high-quality listening reduced speakers’ state loneliness after they shared past experiences of social rejection. Parallel mediation analyses indicated that both feeling related to the listener and autonomy satisfaction (particularly its self-congruence component; Study 5) mediated the effect of listening on loneliness. These results provide novel insights into the hitherto unexplored effect of listening on state loneliness. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-21T09:48:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221100369
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Authors:Thomas I. Vaughan-Johnston, Devin I. Fowlie, Jill A. Jacobson Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Attitude position and function often are discussed as though they are distinct aspects of attitudes, but scholars have become increasingly interested in how they may interface. We extend existing work showing that people view their positive attitudes as more self-defining than their negative attitudes (i.e., the positivity effect). All datasets support that the positivity effect emerged most strongly among high self-esteem individuals and was attenuated, eliminated, or even reversed among low self-esteem individuals. Furthermore, Study 4 uses a broad array of individual difference measures to triangulate that the higher self-enhancement motivation associated with high self-esteem, rather than merely the positive self-worth of high self-esteem people, is responsible for moderating the positivity effect. In sum, the present work establishes boundary conditions for an important phenomenon in the attitudes literature, develops understanding of the far-ranging implications of trait self-esteem, and illuminates the psychological motivations that connect attitude position and function. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-21T09:45:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221100866
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Authors:Mattea Sim, Kurt Hugenberg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Across six studies, we tested how people with physical disabilities were ascribed mental faculties. People with physical disabilities were seen as more capable of mental agency (e.g., thinking), but not more capable of experience (e.g., pain), compared to nondisabled people (Study 1). People with physical disabilities were also seen as more capable of supernatural mental agency (e.g., seeing the future, reading minds; Study 2). Believing that people with physical disabilities were more mentally agentic than nondisabled people was unrelated to Beliefs in a Just World (Study 3) but was related to beliefs about hardship (Study 4). Narratives of overcoming adversity, common in portrayals of the disabled community, increased the perceived mental sophistication of people with physical disabilities (Study 5). Finally, hardship narratives also affected helping behavior toward people with physical disabilities (Study 6). Thus, hardship stories surrounding individuals with disabilities may contribute to beliefs that they have particularly sophisticated minds. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-14T10:33:05Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099378
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Authors:Travis Proulx, Vlad Costin, Elena Magazin, Natalia Zarzeczna, Geoffrey Haddock Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Progressivism has increasingly challenged traditional liberalism as the dominant influence within left-wing ideology. Across four studies, we developed a measure—the Progressive Values Scale (PVS)—that characterizes distinctly progressive values within the left-wing. In Study 1, left-wing participants evaluated divisive issues, with four scale factors emerging. In Study 2, we confirmed this factor structure and included a battery of personality and values measures to explore individual differences among those who maintain a progressive worldview. In Study 3, we achieved final confirmation of the factor structure and validated the ability of the PVS to assess a distinctly progressive perspective, insofar as progressives generated prototypical faces for Liberals and Conservatives that were markedly distinct from those generated by traditional liberals. In Study 4, we distinguished the PVS from measures of left-wing authoritarianism and demonstrated that it is a better predictor of progressive political preferences and social judgments. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-09T06:38:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221097529
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Authors:Miranda L. Beltzer, Robert G. Moulder, Casey Baker, Kara Comer, Bethany A. Teachman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although the vast majority of people with mental illness (PWMI) are not violent, Americans tend to think they are more dangerous than the general population. Because negative media portrayals may contribute to stigma, we used time-series analyses to examine changes in the public’s perceived dangerousness of PWMI around six mass shootings whose perpetrators were reported to have a mental illness. From 2011 to 2019, 38,094 U.S. participants completed an online study assessing implicit and explicit perceived dangerousness of PWMI. There were large, upward spikes in perceived dangerousness the week of the Sandy Hook mass shooting that were relatively short-lived. However, there was not a consistent pattern of effects for other events analyzed, and any other spikes observed were smaller. Effects tended to be larger for explicit versus implicit perceived dangerousness. Sandy Hook seemed to temporarily worsen perceived dangerousness of PWMI, but this pattern was not observed for other mass shootings. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-06T07:36:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221097180
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Authors:Keely A. Dugan, Faaiza Khan, R. Chris Fraley Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The present research examined whether a dismissing attachment style (i.e., being high in attachment avoidance and low in attachment anxiety) is a risk factor for low subjective well-being (SWB). Specifically, we examined the associations between dismissing attachment and two indicators of SWB: global life satisfaction and daily affect. Self-reports of attachment and overall life satisfaction were collected from 257 adults at an initial lab session. Afterward, experience sampling methodology was used to gather repeated measures of positive and negative affect, as well as social context, from the sample for 8 days. Our findings indicate that, on average, dismissing people reported fairly modest levels of overall life satisfaction. Moreover, they experienced relatively low levels of both negative affect and positive affect across the 8-day study period. Overall, our results suggest that dismissing people have a “muted” or dull emotional life. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-02T12:10:10Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221089781
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Authors:Jeong Ha (Steph) Choi, Yuri Miyamoto Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Cross-cultural research suggests that rumination may have weaker maladaptive effects in Eastern than in Western cultural contexts. This study examines a mechanism underlying cultural differences in mental health correlates of rumination from sociocultural cognitive perspective. We propose that cultures differ in how people attribute rumination, which can lead to cultural differences in the link between rumination and mental health correlates. We developed the Attribution of Rumination scale, tested cultural differences (Study 1), and examined its relationship with theoretically related constructs (Study 2). In Study 3, self-doubt attribution moderated the association between rumination and mental health, partly explaining cultural differences in the rumination–mental health link. Study 4 replicated self-doubt attribution moderating the link between rumination and mental health among Asians. Furthermore, greater exposure to American culture was associated with self-doubt attribution. This work provides a novel approach to understanding cultural differences in the association between rumination and negative psychological correlates. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-06-02T12:06:41Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221089061
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Authors:Maykel Verkuyten, Levi Adelman, Kumar Yogeeswaran Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The current research examines intolerance of protest actions by focusing on two major questions: (a) How intolerant are people of transgressive protest actions of their least-liked versus most-liked groups' and (b) how do individual differences in deontological and utilitarian moral predisposition relate to intolerance of transgressive protest actions by these two groups' In two survey-embedded experiments using nationally representative samples from two West European countries (Germany, Netherlands), we found that people were overwhelmingly intolerant of morally transgressive protest actions by both their most-liked and least-liked groups, although slightly less so for the former. In addition, deontological moral predisposition was related to increased intolerance of protest actions regardless of whether it was committed by a most-liked or least-liked group. Individual difference in utilitarian moral predisposition was related to increased acceptance of protest actions regardless of group, but especially when the actions were perceived as serving the greater good. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-31T11:53:05Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099709
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Authors:Dritjon Gruda, Dimitra Karanatsiou, Paul Hanges, Jennifer Golbeck, Athena Vakali Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although research interest in leader narcissism has been on the rise over the past few years, prior literature has predominantly discussed leader narcissism from a leader-centric perspective. In this article, we provide a relational-based perspective of leader narcissism by examining the interaction between follower personality traits and leader narcissism on follower engagement in an online context. We combine a machine learning (ML) approach and multiverse analysis to predict the personality traits of a large sample of leaders and engaged followers across 18 created multiverses and analyze hypothesized interactions using multilevel regressions, also accounting for leader gender moderation effects. We find that the interaction between leader narcissism and follower agreeableness and follower neuroticism positively predicts follower engagement, whereas the interaction between leader narcissism and follower openness negatively predicts follower engagement. In addition, we find that leader gender plays an important moderating role. Limitations and implications are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-27T01:59:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221094976
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Authors:Simon Tobias Karg, Minjae Kim, Panagiotis Mitkidis, Liane Young Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. What facilitates collaborative cheating in hierarchical teams, and what are its outcomes for those engaged' In two preregistered studies (N = 724), we investigated how subordinates are influenced by leaders signaling a willingness to engage in collaborative cheating, and how subordinates perceive such leaders. Participants performed a task in which they could either report their performance honestly, or cheat for financial gain. Each participant was assigned a leader who could choose to check the report’s veracity. In Study 1, leaders who checked less often were perceived as more moral, trustworthy, competent, and psychologically closer than leaders who checked more often. This trustworthiness bonus translated to investments in a subsequent trust game. Study 2 revealed that these relationship benefits specifically arise for collaborative cheating, compared to competitive cheating (at the leader’s expense). We conclude that collaborative cheating in subordinate–leader dyads strengthens in-group bonds, bringing people closer together and cultivating trust. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-27T01:56:08Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221090859
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Authors:Xiaoyue Fan, Tianyu Gao, Siyang Luo, Michele J. Gelfand, Shihui Han Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. An astonishing cultural phenomenon is where, far away from or close to a city center, people in different societies localize cemeteries that function as both sites of memory of lost ones and symbols of mortality. Yet a psychological account of such differences in behavioral responses to symbols of mortality is lacking. Across five studies (N = 1,590), we tested a psychological model that religious afterlife beliefs decrease behavioral avoidance of symbols of mortality (BASM) by developing and validating a word-position task for quantifying BASM. We showed evidence that religious believers, including Christians, Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists, exhibited decreased BASM relative to nonbelievers. We also provide evidence for a causal relationship between religious afterlife beliefs and reduced BASM. Our findings provide new insight into the functional role of religious afterlife beliefs in modulating human avoidance behavior in response to symbols of mortality. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-25T05:51:59Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221096281
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Authors:Lusine Grigoryan, Bethan H. Jones, J. Christopher Cohrs, Klaus Boehnke, Matthew J. Easterbrook Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Ingroup bias is often treated as the default outcome of intergroup comparisons. We argue that the mechanisms of impression formation depend on what information people infer from groups. We differentiate between belief-indicative groups that are more informative of beliefs and affect attitudes through ingroup bias and status-indicative groups that are more informative of status and affect attitudes through a preference for higher status. In a cross-cultural factorial experiment (Ntotal = 1,281), we demonstrate that when information about targets’ multiple group memberships is available, belief-indicative groups affect attitudes via ingroup bias, whereas status-indicative groups—via preference for higher status. These effects were moderated by social-structural context. In two follow-up studies (Ntotal = 451), we develop and validate a measure of belief- and status-indicativeness (BISI) of groups. BISI showed expected correlations with related constructs of entitativity and essentialism. Belief-indicativeness of groups was a better predictor of ingroup bias than entitativity and essentialism. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-21T06:14:00Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221092852
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Authors:Daan Vandermeulen, Siwar Hasan Aslih, Eric Shuman, Eran Halperin Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Psychological processes that hamper activism, such as activist burnout, threaten social change. We suggest that perceived emotional fit (i.e., perceiving to experience similar emotions as other disadvantaged group members) may buffer activist burnout by mitigating the deleterious effects of stressors that are associated with partaking in collective action. We investigated the relation between perceived emotional fit and activist burnout using three-wave longitudinal survey data of Palestinians in the context of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. We hypothesized that both higher general tendencies to fit emotionally with the ingroup (general perceived emotional fit) and increases over time in perceived emotional fit (change perceived emotional fit) would relate negatively to activist burnout. Supporting our hypotheses, both aspects of emotional fit were associated with lower activist burnout, even when controlling for classical predictors of collective action. This research highlights perceived emotional fit as an additional dimension to the role of emotions for sustainable collective action. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-13T08:55:13Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221092853
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Authors:Hongbo Yu, Yubo Zhou, Anne-Marie Nussberger Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Helping acts, however well intended and beneficial, sometimes involve immoral means or immoral helpers. Here, we explore whether help recipients consider moral evaluations in their appraisals of gratitude, a possibility that has been neglected by existing accounts of gratitude. Participants felt less grateful and more uneasy when offered immoral help (Study 1, N = 150), and when offered morally neutral help by an immoral helper (Study 2, N = 172). In response to immoral help or helpers, participants were less likely to accept the help and less willing to strengthen their relationship with the helper even when they accepted it. Study 3 (N = 276) showed that recipients who felt grateful when offered immoral help were perceived as less likable, less moral, and less suitable as close relationship partners than those who felt uneasy by observers. Our results demonstrate that gratitude is morally sensitive and suggest this might be socially adaptive. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-07T02:40:26Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221092273
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Authors:Hillary Anger Elfenbein, Jared R. Curhan, Noah Eisenkraft Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This research takes a new perspective on the long-standing mystery of personality in negotiation, which has seen decades of null and inconsistent findings. Grounded in interactionist theories defining personality as consistency in behaviors when placed multiple times in the same situation, the investigation examines consistency in individuals’ behavioral profiles across negotiation partners. Such consistency supports efforts to identify enduring dispositions that can predict objective and subjective outcomes. A comprehensive set of behaviors related to negotiation was coded in a round-robin study using groups of four negotiators who each took turns working with each other person. Analysis using Kenny’s Social Relations Model revealed evidence for extensive actor effects (indicating consistency in negotiators’ behavior), as well as moderate partner effects (indicating consistency in counterparts’ behavior) and dyadic reciprocity (indicating similarity in the behavior of negotiators and counterparts). We conclude with optimism for investigating the effects of personality in negotiation. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-05-02T04:36:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086197
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Authors:Asaf Mazar, Guy Itzchakov, Alicea Lieberman, Wendy Wood Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This research tests a novel source of resistance to social influence—the automatic repetition of habit. In three experiments, participants with strong habits failed to align their behavior with others. Specifically, participants with strong habits to drink water in a dining hall or snack while working did not mimic others’ drinking or eating, whereas those with weak habits conformed. Similarly, participants with strong habits did not shift expectations that they would act in line with descriptive norms, whereas those with weak habits reported more normative behavioral expectations. This habit resistance was not due to a failure to perceive influence: Both strong and weak habit participants’ recalled others’ behavior accurately, and it was readily accessible. Furthermore, strong habit participants shifted their normative beliefs but not behavior in line with descriptive norms. Thus, habits create behavioral resistance despite people’s recognition and acceptance of social influence. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-29T09:54:37Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086177
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Authors:Rachel Hartman, Neil Hester, Kurt Gray Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Affective polarization is a rising threat to political discourse and democracy. Public figures have expressed that “conservatives think liberals are stupid, and liberals think conservatives are evil.” However, four studies (N = 1,660)—including a representative sample—reveal evidence that both sides view political opponents as more unintelligent than immoral. Perceiving the other side as “more stupid than evil” occurs both in general judgments (Studies 1, 3, and 4) and regarding specific issues (Study 2). Study 4 also examines “meta-perceptions” of how Democrats and Republicans disparage one another, revealing that people correctly perceive that both Democrats and Republicans see each other as more unintelligent than immoral, although they exaggerate the extent of this negativity. These studies clarify the way everyday partisans view each other, an important step in designing effective interventions to reduce political animosity. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-28T11:41:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221089451
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Authors:Laura Guillén, Philippe Jacquart, Michael A. Hogg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Under uncertainty, leaders who possess dark triad personality traits seem able to attain leadership positions. We draw on uncertainty-identity theory and dark triad research to explore the effect of self-uncertainty on leadership motivation. Uncertainty-identity theory predicts that people can reduce self-uncertainty by identifying with groups and following their leaders, which suggests that self-uncertainty reduces people’s own leadership motivation. However, individuals high in dark triad traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) have such a powerful drive for dominance over others that their leadership motivation may be unaffected by self-uncertainty. To test these predictions, we conducted four studies (Ns = 2,641, 421, 513, and 400). We found that self-uncertainty reduced leadership motivation for individuals low in the dark triad. In contrast, those high in the dark triad had an elevated leadership motivation that remained unaltered when they were self-uncertain. These effects were mediated by participants’ negative affect. We discuss the implications of these findings. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-28T11:38:25Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086771
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Authors:Olga Stavrova, Anthony M. Evans, Ilja van Beest Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Existing research has documented the social benefits (i.e., higher popularity and liking) of extraversion and agreeableness. Do these positive reputational consequences extend to social dilemma situations that require trust' We found that people do not trust extraverts more than introverts. Instead, people’s trust decisions are guided by their partner’s level of agreeableness. In a trust game (Studies 1 and 2), individuals were more likely to trust a partner who was described as agreeable (vs. disagreeable); and, in a laboratory study of work groups, participants trusted more (vs. less) agreeable group members (Study 3). Individuals anticipated others’ preferences for agreeable partners and tried to come across as more agreeable, but not more extraverted, in social dilemmas (Study 4). These findings suggest that the social benefits of agreeableness (but not extraversion) extend to social interactions involving trust and highlight the importance of target personality traits in shaping trust decisions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-28T11:34:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086768
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Authors:Lisa Katharina Frisch, Simone Sebben, Luisa Liekefett, Nurit Shnabel, Emilio Paolo Visintin, Johannes Ullrich, Tabea Hässler Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This preregistered research analyzed survey data from ethnic and religious advantaged groups in 12 countries (N = 2,304) to examine the interplay between two determinants of support for social change toward intergroup equality. Drawing on the needs-based model and the common-ingroup identity model, we hypothesized that the experience of accepting intergroup contact and the endorsement of a dual identity representation of intergroup relations would be associated with greater support for equality. Furthermore, integrating the logic of both models, we tested the novel hypothesis that the positive effect of accepting contact on support for equality would be stronger under a high (vs. low) dual identity representation. While the predicted main effects received empirical support, we found no evidence for the expected interaction. These findings suggest that interventions to foster support for social change among advantaged group members can promote accepting contact and a dual identity representation independently of each other. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-28T11:31:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086380
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Authors:Maria M. Garay, Jennifer M. Perry, Jessica D. Remedios Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Previous research has argued that a growing multiracial population will blur boundaries between racial groups, reducing racism and improving interracial relations. However, this is unlikely to happen if multiracial groups are judged according to their proximity to Whiteness. We examined how having White ancestry shapes status perceptions of multiracial groups. Studies 1 and 2 showed that multiracial groups with White ancestry (e.g., Black/White) are considered higher status than dual minority multiracial (e.g., Black/Latinx) and monoracial minority (e.g., Black) groups. Study 3 revealed that multiracial groups with White ancestry are perceived as more competent and warmer than monoracial minority and dual minority multiracial groups, leading to higher status perceptions for multiracial groups with White ancestry. Thus, multiracial people, like other racial minorities, may be judged according to White, Eurocentric standards. The results imply that, without anti-racist intervention, the treatment of multiracial people will reinforce, rather than challenge, the existing racial hierarchy. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-28T10:56:19Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221086175
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Authors:Martin V. Day, Michael I. Norton Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Whether and which university to attend are among the most financially consequential choices most people make. Universities with relatively larger endowments can offer better education experiences, which can drive inequality in students’ subsequent outcomes. We first explore three interrelated questions: the current educational inequality across U.S. universities, people’s perceptions of this inequality, and their desired inequality. Educational inequality is large: the top 20% of universities have 80% of the total university endowment wealth while the bottom 20% have around 1%. Studies 1 to 3 demonstrated that people underestimate university endowment inequality and desire more equality. These perceptions and ideals were mostly unaffected by contextual factors (e.g., salience of endowment consequences, distribution range) and were not well explained by participants’ demographics. Finally, Study 4 revealed that learning about current endowment inequality decreased tolerance of the distribution of university wealth. We discuss the implications of awareness of educational inequality for behaviors and educational policies. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-27T12:37:28Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221083766
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Authors:Fahima Mohideen, Samantha J. Heintzelman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People feel that their lives are more meaningful while engaging in behaviors more closely aligned with their routines. Does the behavioral content of these routines and the contextual factors surrounding their enactment matter for this relationship' In two experience sampling studies (N = 93, 1,512 episodes; N = 97, 1,629 episodes), we test whether the relationship between routines and meaning in life (MIL) depends on the content of the activities. We found that the degree to which one’s current activity is a routine positively related to momentary MIL beyond other meaningful features (e.g., relationships, goals, prosociality) of that activity. We conducted Study 2 in the context of mass routine disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found even stronger relationships between routine enactment and concurrent MIL in this context which held controlling for factors, including perceived chaos, mood, and anxiety. These findings suggest that routines uniquely relate to MIL, beyond the meaningfulness of their content and across contexts. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-27T04:09:18Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221085797
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Authors:Sally Y. Xie, Sabrina Thai, Eric Hehman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Facial impressions (e.g., trustworthy, intelligent) vary considerably across different perceivers and targets. However, nearly all existing research comes from participants evaluating faces on a computer screen in a lab or office environment. We explored whether social perceptions could additionally be influenced by perceivers’ experiential factors that vary in daily life: mood, environment, physiological state, and psychological situations. To that end, we tracked daily changes in participants’ experienced contexts during impression formation using experience sampling. We found limited evidence that perceivers’ contexts are an important factor in impressions. Perceiver context alone does not systematically influence trait impressions in a consistent manner—suggesting that perceiver and target idiosyncrasies are the most powerful drivers of social impressions. Overall, results suggest that perceivers’ experienced contexts may play only a small role in impressions formed from faces. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-26T01:02:43Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221085088
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Authors:Brett K. Jakubiak, Julian D. Fuentes, Brooke C. Feeney Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Shared positive activities, such as engaging conversations and interactive play, enhance relationships and buffer the consequences of negative interactions. The current research tested whether affectionate touch (a prime target for intervention) encourages people to prioritize other shared positive activities and to view shared activities more positively. In a pre-registered dyadic diary study of married couples (Study 1), greater affectionate touch on one day predicted increases in shared positive activities concurrently and prospectively. In a pre-registered dyadic experiment (Study 2), a brief affectionate touch intervention increased self-reported (but not observer-rated) shared positive activities immediately and increased shared positive activities over the following week for people who do not typically engage in such activities. Participants assigned to touch (particularly those low in attachment anxiety) also perceived their partners more positively during shared activities. These results suggest that touch may facilitate positive relationship experiences broadly and supports a theoretical model of affectionate touch. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-20T07:02:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221083764
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Authors:Jasmine Rollings, Jérôme Micheletta, Darren Van Laar, Bridget M. Waller Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Humans live in unusually large groups, where relationships are thought to be maintained through complex socio-communicative abilities. The size and quality of social networks are associated with health and well-being outcomes throughout life. However, how some individuals manage to form larger social networks is not well understood. If socio-communicative traits evolved to form and maintain relationships, personality traits should be associated with variation in network size. Here, using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), we investigate the impact of extraversion, agreeableness, and verbal communication on network size (N = 5,202) and network size change over time (N = 1,511) in later life for kin and friend networks. Higher levels of extraversion and agreeableness were associated with greater social network sizes but did not predict network size change over 14 years. The findings are discussed considering the evolutionary hypothesis that communicative and affiliative traits may have evolved to support the maintenance of social networks. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-08T09:05:43Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221078664
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Authors:Aharon Levy, Christine Nguyen, Michael L. Slepian, Sarah Gaither, Kristin Pauker, John F. Dovidio Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The past generation has seen a dramatic rise in multiracial populations and a consequent increase in exposure to individuals who challenge monolithic racial categories. We examine and compare two potential outcomes of the multiracial population growth that may impact people’s racial categorization experience: (a) exposure to racially ambiguous faces that visually challenge the existing categories, and (b) a category that conceptually challenges existing categories (including “biracial” as an option in addition to the monolithic “Black” and “White” categories). Across four studies (N = 1,810), we found that multiple exposures to faces that are racially ambiguous directly lower essentialist views of race. Moreover, we found that when people consider a category that blurs the line between racial categories (i.e., “biracial”), they become less certain in their racial categorization, which is associated with less race essentialism, as well. Importantly, we found that these two effects happen independently from one another and represent two distinct cognitive processes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-06T10:41:11Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221084537
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Authors:Jianning Dang, Li Liu Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People pursue social goals primarily to satisfy their innate need for affiliation; however, there is no consensus regarding how the successful fulfillment of affiliation need—social connectedness—influences striving for social goals. To address this issue, we proposed a dual-pathway model postulating both a negative effect of social connectedness on social goal striving via decreased emotional distress and a positive effect via increased social self-efficacy. Six studies (total N = 1,849), using cross-sectional, experimental, and daily diary methods, provided support for this model at both the between- and within-person levels. Furthermore, by distinguishing between approach and avoidance social goal strivings, and between deficit-reduction and growth connectedness need orientations, we found that the relative strength with which each path operates differed. The dual-pathway model generates theoretical and practical implications for need satisfaction and goal striving. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-04T07:28:40Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221084539
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Authors:Zhechen Wang, Jolanda Jetten, Niklas K. Steffens Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Building on theories explaining social outcomes of economic inequality, our research examined the psychological impact of inequality on the desire for wealth and status. Our studies provide both experimental (Studies 1 and 3, Ns = 321 and 596) and correlational (Study 2; N = 141,477 from 73 countries and regions) evidence that higher inequality heightens people’s desire for wealth and status. Notably, this effect of inequality on desire is independent of the influence of societal wealth. Moreover, our results reveal social class differences in why inequality fuels motivations: Lower-class individuals are more likely to respond to higher inequality with a heightened desire reflecting self-improvement concerns, whereas upper-class individuals are more likely to respond with a heightened desire reflecting social comparison concerns. These findings suggest that higher inequality creates an environment of restlessness in which both the poor and the rich feel obliged to seek wealth and status, albeit for different reasons. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-04-04T06:49:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221083747
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Authors:Tao Jiang, Amy Canevello, Jennifer Crocker Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Growth-seeking refers to a general tendency to pursue growth when facing challenges. The current studies examined whether and how benevolent intentions to support others and not harm them (i.e., compassionate goals in relationships) predict growth-seeking and whether this association is independent of relationship security, which may also predict growth-seeking. Two cross-sectional studies (Studies 1a and 1b, N = 1,032) and two longitudinal studies (Study 2: 3-wave weekly survey, N = 404; Study 3: 12-wave weekly survey, N = 230) showed that compassionate goals correlate with growth-seeking and predict increased growth-seeking over time through perceived available support. The results hold after controlling for participants’ (Studies 1–3) and their partners’ (Study 3) relationship security, which suggests that compassionate goals may foster growth-seeking through perceived available support independent of relationship security. In addition, Study 3 suggests an intrapersonal process (i.e., projected perceptions) underlying the link between compassionate goals and perceived available support. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-03-26T06:46:36Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221080949
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Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-03-22T03:57:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672211073161
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Authors:Francis J. Flynn, Hanne Collins, Julian Zlatev Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Extraverts are often characterized as highly social individuals who are highly invested in their interpersonal interactions. We propose that extraverts’ interaction partners hold a different view—that extraverts are highly social, but not highly invested. Across six studies (five preregistered; N = 2,456), we find that interaction partners consistently judge more extraverted individuals to be worse listeners than less extraverted individuals. Furthermore, interaction partners assume that extraversion is positively associated with a greater ability to modify one’s self-presentation. This behavioral malleability (i.e., the “acting” component of self-monitoring) may account for the unfavorable lay belief that extraverts are not listening. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-03-18T12:55:58Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672211072815
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Authors:Ashwini Ashokkumar, William B. Swann Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The psychological processes underlying honor violence against kin are poorly understood. We assumed that honor violence against daughters who violate a gendered norm is designed to uphold family honor and nurture positive links to the community. Four studies with Indian men supported this formulation. As expected, endorsement of honor violence (i.e., slapping or disowning the daughter) increased insofar as perceived community awareness of the violation increased. Moreover, endorsement of honor violence was especially common among those whose identities were closely aligned (“fused”) with their community. Finally, a desire to restore threatened family honor, rather than a motivation to prevent future dishonor, motivates honor violence against daughters; conversely, a desire to prevent future dishonor motivates constructive activities such as advising. Ironically, a benign, culturally universal desire to maintain positive ties to the community can encourage community members to endorse violence toward transgressive kin. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-03-15T09:55:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221079106
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Authors:Wijnand A. P. van Tilburg, Eric R. Igou, Mehr Panjwani Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Unfortunately, some people are perceived as boring. Despite the potential relevance that these perceptions might have in everyday life, the underlying psychological processes and consequences of perceiving a person as “boring” have been largely unexplored. We examined the stereotypical features of boring others by having people generate (Study 1) and then rate (Study 2) these. We focused on occupations (e.g., data analytics, taxation, and accounting), hobbies (e.g., sleeping, religion, and watching TV), and personal characteristics (e.g., lacking humor and opinions, being negative) that people ascribed to stereotypically boring others. Experiments then showed that those who were ascribed boring characteristics were seen as lacking interpersonal warmth and competence (Study 3), were socially avoided (Study 4), and enduring their company required compensation (Study 5). These results suggest that being stereotyped as a bore may come with substantially negative interpersonal consequences. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2022-03-08T10:02:38Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221079104
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