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Comparative Cytogenetics
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.431  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 1  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 1993-0771 - ISSN (Online) 1993-078X Published by Pensoft  [58 journals]
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- Cell culture and karyotypic description of Pseudophryne coriacea
(Keferstein, 1868) (Amphibia, Anura) from the New South Wales Central
Coast
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 263-272
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.113526
Authors : Richard Mollard, Michael Mahony : The karyotype of the IUCN least concern red-backed toadlet Pseudophryne (P.) coriacea (Keferstein, 1868) from the New South Wales Central Coast is described following tissue culture of toe clipping macerates and conventional DAPI staining. The diploid number is 2n = 24. The karyotype is represented by six large and five small chromosomal pairs and one very small chromosomal pair. The very small chromosome 12 is 12% the size of chromosome 1. One of the large chromosomes is subtelocentric, two of the large chromosomes are submetacentric and the remaining chromosomes are metacentric. The putative nucleolus organiser region (NOR) is observed on chromosome 4. The diploid number and location of the putative NOR correlates to that of the previously published IUCN critically endangered P. corroboree (Moore 1953) and unpublished descriptions of the P. coriacea karyotype. This is the first described cell culture of a species from the genus Pseudophryne Fitzinger, 1843, first published analysis of the P. coriacea karyotype and the first published analysis of centromeric allocation of this genus. Globally there exists a large inventory of tissue samples in cryobanks that are not associated with known recovery mechanisms such as basic cell culture techniques. Detailed cytogenetic analyses of these cryobanked samples are therefore not possible. This work therefore enables: (i) a comparison of the P. coriacea karyotype with that of the critically endangered P. corroboree and (ii) a benchmark for repeat and future cytogenetic and genomic analyses of cryostored samples of this genus. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 10:41:07 +020
- Divergent karyotypes in five genera of the African endemic fish family
Distichodontidae (Cithariniformes, Osteichthyes)
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 251-262
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.107744
Authors : Sergey A. Simanovsky, Dmitry A. Medvedev, Fekadu Tefera, Alexander S. Golubtsov : The African family Distichodontidae comprises 109 species in 16 genera. Up-to-date cytogenetic information was available for the only distichodontid species Distichodus affinis Günther, 1873. Here we report chromosome number and morphology in: Distichodus engycephalus Günther, 1864 (2n = 52, FN = 104), Ichthyborus besse (Joannis, 1835) (2n = 46, FN = 92), Nannocharax niloticus (Joannis, 1835) (2n = 54, FN = 106) and three taxa, Nannaethiops bleheri Géry et Zarske, 2003, Nannaethiops sp., and Neolebias unifasciatus Steindachner, 1894, that exhibit the same karyotypes (2n = 50, FN = 98). To confirm the Nannaethiops Günther, 1872 and Neolebias Steindachner, 1894 species identification, mt-DNA sequences of the two markers (COI and 16S rRNA) were obtained from karyotyped specimens and compared with the relevant sequences accessible from GenBank. The great prevalence of biarmed chromosomes (the karyotypes of most species contain exclusively biarmed chromosomes) is a distinctive characteristic of Distichodontidae and Cithariniformes as a whole. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 14:06:58 +0200
- Chromosome study of the Hymenoptera (Insecta): from cytogenetics
to cytogenomics
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 239-250
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.112332
Authors : Vladimir E. Gokhman : A brief overview of the current stage of the chromosome study of the insect order Hymenoptera is given. It is demonstrated that, in addition to routine staining and other traditional techniques of chromosome research, karyotypes of an increasing number of hymenopterans are being studied using molecular methods, e.g., staining with base-specific fluorochromes and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), including microdissection and chromosome painting. Due to the advent of whole genome sequencing and other molecular techniques, together with the “big data” approach to the chromosomal data, the current stage of the chromosome research on Hymenoptera represents a transition from Hymenoptera cytogenetics to cytogenomics. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 13:49:41 +0200
- Ancient reproductive modes and criteria of multicellularity
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 195-238
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.109671
Authors : Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin : It is demonstrated that the initial method of fertilization in animals (Metazoa), embryophyte plants (Embryophyta), most groups of multicellular oogamous algae, oogamous and pseudoogamous multicellular fungi was internal fertilization (in the broad meaning) in/on the body of a maternal organism. Accordingly, during the bisexual process, the initial method of formation of a daughter multicellular organism in animals was viviparity, and in embryophyte plants and most groups of oogamous multicellular algae – the germination of a zygote in/on the body of maternal organism. The reproductive criteria of multicellularity are proposed and discussed. In this regard, the multicellularity is considered to subdivide terminologically into three variants: 1) protonemal, the most simple, characteristic of multicellular prokaryotes, most groups of multicellular algae and gametophytes of some higher plants; 2) siphonoseptal, found among multicellular fungi, some groups of green and yellow-green algae; 3) embryogenic, most complicated, known in all animals (Metazoa), all sporophytes and some gametophytes of higher plants (Embryophyta), charophyte green algae Charophyceae s.s., oogamous species of green and brown algae, some genera of red algae. In addition to the well-known division of reproduction methods into sexual and asexual, it is proposed to divide the reproduction of multicellular organisms into monocytic (the emergence of a new organism from one cell sexually or asexually) and polycytic (fragmentation, longitudinal / transverse division or budding based on many cells of the body of the mother organism), since these two ways have different evolutionary and ontogenetic origins. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 11:52:00 +030
- A comparative cytogenetic study of Hypsibarbus malcolmi and H. wetmorei
(Cyprinidae, Poropuntiini)
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 181-194
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.107703
Authors : Sudarat Khensuwan, Weerayuth Supiwong, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Phichaya Buasriyot, Sitthisak Jantarat, Weera Thongnetr, Nawarat Muanglen, Puntivar Kaewmad, Pasakorn Saenjundaeng, Kriengkrai Seetapan, Thomas Liehr, Alongklod Tanomtong : Cyprininae are a highly diversified but demonstrably monophyletic lineage of cypriniform fishes. Here, the karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of Hypsibarbus malcolmi (Smith, 1945) and H. wetmorei (Smith, 1931) were examined using conventional, nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) and molecular cytogenetic protocols. The diploid chromosome number (2n) of H. malcolmi was 50, the fundamental number (FN) was equal to 62, and the karyotype displayed 8m + 4sm + 38a with NORs located at the centromeric and telomeric positions of the short arms of chromosome pairs 1 and 2, respectively. 2n of H. wetmorei was 50, FN 78, karyotype 14m + 14sm + 22a with the NORs at the telomeric position of the short arm of chromosome pair 2. 2n and FN in males and females were identical. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using different microsatellite motifs as probes also showed substantial genomic divergence between both studied species. In H. wetmorei, (CAG)n and (CAC)n microsatellites accumulated in the telomeric regions of all chromosomes, while in H. malcolmi, they had scattered signals on all chromosomes. Besides, the (GAA)n microsatellites were distributed along all chromosomes of H. malcolmi, but there was a strong hybridization pattern in the centromeric region of a single pair in H. wetmorei. These cytogenomic difference across the genomes of these Hypsibarbus Rainboth, 1996 species are markers for specific evolutionary differentiation within these two species. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Fri, 15 Sep 2023 13:57:56 +030
- Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rhododendron mariesii and
comparative genomics of related species in the family Ericaeae
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 163-180
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.101427
Authors : Zhiliang Li, Zhiwei Huang, Xuchun Wan, Jiaojun Yu, Hongjin Dong, Jialiang Zhang, Chunyu Zhang, Shuzhen Wang : Rhododendron mariesii Hemsley et Wilson, 1907, a typical member of the family Ericaeae, possesses valuable medicinal and horticultural properties. In this research, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of R. mariesii was sequenced and assembled, which proved to be a typical quadripartite structure with the length of 203,480 bp. In particular, the lengths of the large single copy region (LSC), small single copy region (SSC), and inverted repeat regions (IR) were 113,715 bp, 7,953 bp, and 40,918 bp, respectively. Among the 151 unique genes, 98 were protein-coding genes, 8 were tRNA genes, and 45 were rRNA genes. The structural characteristics of the R. mariesii cp genome was similar to other angiosperms. Leucine was the most representative amino acid, while cysteine was the lowest representative. Totally, 30 codons showed obvious codon usage bias, and most were A/U-ending codons. Six highly variable regions were observed, such as trnK-pafI and atpE-rpoB, which could serve as potential markers for future barcoding and phylogenetic research of R. mariesii species. Coding regions were more conserved than non-coding regions. Expansion and contraction in the IR region might be the main length variation in R. mariesii and related Ericaeae species. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis revealed that R. mariesii was relatively closed to the R. simsii Planchon, 1853 and R. pulchrum Sweet,1831. This research will supply rich genetic resource for R. mariesii and related species of the Ericaeae. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Fri, 18 Aug 2023 18:16:41 +030
- Karyotype of Sabanejewia bulgarica (Drensky, 1928) (Teleostei,
Cobitidae) from the Danube Delta, Romania
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 157-162
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.103152
Authors : Eva Hnátková, Zuzana Majtánová, Vendula Bohlen Šlechtová, Joerg Bohlen, Petr Ráb : The karyotype of the freshwater fish Sabanejewia bulgarica (Drensky, 1928), from the Danube Delta, was studied by conventional Giemsa staining and the C-banding technique. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 50. The karyotype contained 2 pairs of metacentric (the first one was much larger than the second one), 6 pairs of submetacentric and 17 pairs of subtelocentric to acrocentric chromosomes. Pericentromeric blocks of heterochromatin were revealed in most of the chromosome pairs. The karyotype phenotype of S. bulgarica was the same as found for S. balcanica from Northern Carpathian Mountains. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 10:41:04 +0300
- Allium cytogenetics: a critical review on the Indian taxa
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 129-156
DOI : 10.3897/CompCytogen.17.98903
Authors : Biplab Kumar Bhowmick, Sayantika Sarkar, Dipasree Roychowdhury, Sayali D. Patil, Manoj M. Lekhak, Deepak Ohri, Satyawada Rama Rao, S. R. Yadav, R. C. Verma, Manoj K. Dhar, S. N. Raina, Sumita Jha : The genus Allium Linnaeus, 1753 (tribe Allieae) contains about 800 species worldwide of which almost 38 species are reported in India, including the globally important crops (onion, garlic, leek, shallot) and many wild species. A satisfactory chromosomal catalogue of Allium species is missing which has been considered in the review for the species occurring in India. The most prominent base number is x=8, with few records of x=7, 10, 11. The genome size has sufficient clues for divergence, ranging from 7.8 pg/1C to 30.0 pg/1C in diploid and 15.16 pg/1C to 41.78 pg/1C in polyploid species. Although the karyotypes are seemingly dominated by metacentrics, substantial variation in nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) is noteworthy. The chromosomal rearrangement between A. cepa Linnaeus, 1753 and its allied species has paved way to appreciate genomic evolution within Allium. The presence of a unique telomere sequence and its conservation in Allium sets this genus apart from all other Amaryllids and supports monophyletic origin. Any cytogenetic investigation regarding NOR variability, telomere sequence and genome size in the Indian species becomes the most promising field to decipher chromosome evolution against the background of species diversity and evolution, especially in the Indian subcontinent. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Mon, 29 May 2023 15:42:26 +030
- More hidden diversity in a cryptic species complex: a new subspecies of
Leptidea sinapis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) from Northern Iran
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 113-128
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.102830
Authors : Vazrick Nazari, Vladimir A. Lukhtanov, Alireza Naderi, Zdenek Faltýnek Fric, Vlad Dincă, Roger Vila : A new subspecies of Leptidea sinapis from Northern Iran, discovered by means of DNA barcoding, is described as Leptidea sinapis tabarestana ssp. nov. The new subspecies is allopatric with respect to other populations of L. sinapis and is genetically distinct, appearing as a well-supported sister clade to all other populations in COI-based phylogenetic reconstructions. Details on karyotype, genitalia, ecology and behaviour for the new subspecies are given and a biogeographical speciation scenario is proposed. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Thu, 4 May 2023 17:34:42 +0300
- Intraspecific divergence of diploid grass Aegilops comosa is associated
with structural chromosome changes
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 75-112
DOI : 10.3897/CompCytogen.17.101008
Authors : Ekaterina D. Badaeva, Violetta V. Kotseruba, Andnrey V. Fisenko, Nadezhda N. Chikida, Maria Kh. Belousova, Peter M. Zhurbenko, Sergei A. Surzhikov, Alexandra Yu. Dragovich : Aegilops comosa Smith in Sibthorp et Smith, 1806 is diploid grass with MM genome constitution occurring mainly in Greece. Two morphologically distinct subspecies – Ae. c. comosa Chennaveeraiah, 1960 and Ae. c. heldreichii (Holzmann ex Boissier) Eig, 1929 are discriminated within Ae. comosa, however, genetic and karyotypic bases of their divergence are not fully understood. We used Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA probes and electrophoretic analysis of gliadins to characterize the genome and karyotype of Ae. comosa to assess the level of their genetic diversity and uncover mechanisms leading to radiation of subspecies. We show that two subspecies differ in size and morphology of chromosomes 3M and 6M, which can be due to reciprocal translocation. Subspecies also differ in the amount and distribution of microsatellite and satellite DNA sequences, the number and position of minor NORs, especially on 3M and 6M, and gliadin spectra mainly in the a-zone. Frequent occurrence of hybrids can be caused by open pollination, which, along with genetic heterogeneity of accessions and, probably, the lack of geographic or genetic barrier between the subspecies, may contribute to extremely broad intraspecific variation of GAAn and gliadin patterns in Ae. comosa, which are usually not observed in endemic plant species. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Wed, 12 Apr 2023 14:49:22 +030
- Assessing ploidy levels and karyotype structure of the fire ant
Solenopsis saevissima Smith, 1855 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae)
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 59-73
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.17.100945
Authors : Ananda Ribeiro Macedo de Andrade, Danon Clemes Cardoso, Maykon Passos Cristiano : The family Formicidae is composed of ants that organize themselves into castes in which every individual has a joint organizational function. Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 is an ant genus with opportunistic and aggressive characteristics, known for being invasive species and stings that cause burning in humans. This genus is particularly difficult to classify and identify since its morphology provides few indications for species differentiation. For this, a tool that has been useful for evolutionary and taxonomic studies is cytogenetics. Here, we cytogenetically studied Solenopsis saevissima Smith, 1855 from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We evaluated the occurrence of polyploid cells in individuals and colonies by conventional cytogenetics. A total of 450 metaphases were analyzed and counted. Chromosome counts of individuals and colonies showed varied numbers of ploidies, from n = 16 to 8n = 128. The karyomorphometrical approach allowed determination of the following karyotypes: n = 10 m + 4 sm + 2 st, 2n = 20 m + 8 sm + 4 st, and 4n = 40 m + 16 sm + 8 st. Polyploidy can be found naturally in individuals and colonies and may represent an adaptative trait related to widespread distribution and invasion ability of new habitats. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Tue, 11 Apr 2023 14:16:34 +030
- Comparative karyotype analysis of eight Cucurbitaceae crops using
fluorochrome banding and 45S rDNA-FISH
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17(1): 31-58
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.v17.i1.99236
Authors : Chao-Wen She, Xiang-Hui Jiang, Chun-Ping He : To have an insight into the karyotype variation of eight Cucurbitaceae crops including Cucumis sativus Linnaeus, 1753, Cucumis melo Linnaeus, 1753, Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg, 1794) Matsumura et Nakai, 1916, Benincasa hispida (Thunberg, 1784) Cogniaux, 1881, Momordica charantia Linnaeus, 1753, Luffa cylindrica (Linnaeus, 1753) Roemer, 1846, Lagenaria siceraria var. hispida (Thunberg, 1783) Hara, 1948 and Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poiret, 1819, well morphologically differentiated mitotic metaphase chromosomes were prepared using the enzymatic maceration and flame-drying method, and the chromosomal distribution of heterochromatin and 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA genes (45S rDNA) was investigated using sequential combined PI and DAPI (CPD) staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45S rDNA probe. Detailed karyotypes were established using the dataset of chromosome measurements, fluorochrome bands and rDNA FISH signals. Four karyotype asymmetry indices, CVCI, CVCL, MCA and Stebbins’ category, were measured to elucidate the karyological relationships among species. All the species studied had symmetrical karyotypes composed of metacentric and submetacentric or only metacentric chromosomes, but their karyotype structure can be discriminated by the scatter plot of MCA vs. CVCL. The karyological relationships among these species revealed by PCoA based on x, 2n, TCL, MCA, CVCL and CVCI was basically in agreement with the phylogenetic relationships revealed by DNA sequences. CPD staining revealed all 45S rDNA sites in all species, (peri)centromeric GC-rich heterochromatin in C. sativus, C. melo, C. lanatus, M. charantia and L. cylindrica, terminal GC-rich heterochromatin in C. sativus. DAPI counterstaining after FISH revealed pericentromeric DAPI+ heterochromatin in C. moschata. rDNA FISH detected two 45S loci in five species and five 45S loci in three species. Among these 45S loci, most were located at the terminals of chromosome arms, and a few in the proximal regions. In C. sativus, individual chromosomes can be precisely distinguished by the CPD band and 45S rDNA signal patterns, providing an easy method for chromosome identification of cucumber. The genome differentiation among these species was discussed in terms of genome size, heterochromatin, 45S rDNA site, and karyotype asymmetry based on the data of this study and previous reports. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Thu, 9 Feb 2023 17:40:12 +0200
- Karyotype differentiation in the Nothobranchius ugandensis species
group (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes), seasonal fishes from the east
African inland plateau, in the context of phylogeny and biogeography
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17(1): 13-29
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.v7.i1.97165
Authors : Eugene Yu. Krysanov, Béla Nagy, Brian R. Watters, Alexandr Sember, Sergey A. Simanovsky : The karyotype differentiation of the twelve known members of the Nothobranchius ugandensis Wildekamp, 1994 species group is reviewed and the karyotype composition of seven of its species is described herein for the first time using a conventional cytogenetic protocol. Changes in the architecture of eukaryotic genomes often have a major impact on processes underlying reproductive isolation, adaptation and diversification. African annual killifishes of the genus Nothobranchius Peters, 1868 (Teleostei: Nothobranchiidae), which are adapted to an extreme environment of ephemeral wetland pools in African savannahs, feature extensive karyotype evolution in small, isolated populations and thus are suitable models for studying the interplay between karyotype change and species evolution. The present investigation reveals a highly conserved diploid chromosome number (2n = 36) but a variable number of chromosomal arms (46–64) among members of the N. ugandensis species group, implying a significant role of pericentric inversions and/or other types of centromeric shift in the karyotype evolution of the group. When superimposed onto a phylogenetic tree based on molecular analyses of two mitochondrial genes the cytogenetic characteristics did not show any correlation with the phylogenetic relationships within the lineage. While karyotypes of many other Nothobranchius spp. studied to date diversified mainly via chromosome fusions and fissions, the N. ugandensis species group maintains stable 2n and the karyotype differentiation seems to be constrained to intrachromosomal rearrangements. Possible reasons for this difference in the trajectory of karyotype differentiation are discussed. While genetic drift seems to be a major factor in the fixation of chromosome rearrangements in Nothobranchius, future studies are needed to assess the impact of predicted multiple inversions on the genome evolution and species diversification within the N. ugandensis species group. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Tue, 31 Jan 2023 18:54:24 +020
- Chromosome complements of Channa lucius and C. striata from Phu Quoc
Island and karyotypic evolution in snakehead fishes (Actinopterygii,
Channidae)
Abstract: Comparative Cytogenetics 17(1): 1-12
DOI : 10.3897/compcytogen.v17.i1.94943
Authors : Denis V. Prazdnikov : Snakehead fishes of the family Channidae are obligatory air-breathers freshwater predators, the vast majority of which belong to the genus Channa Scopoli, 1777. Channa species are characterized by high karyotypic diversity due to various types of chromosomal rearrangements. It is assumed that, in addition to the lifestyle, fragmentation and isolation of snakehead populations contribute to an increase in karyotypic diversity. However, the chromosome complements of many isolated populations of widespread Channa species remain unknown, and the direction of karyotype transformations is poorly understood. This paper describes the previously unstudied karyotypes of Channa lucius (Cuvier, 1831) and C. striata (Bloch, 1793) from Phu Quoc Island and analyzes the trends of karyotypic evolution in the genus Channa. In C. lucius, the karyotypes are differed in the number of chromosome arms (2n = 48, NF = 50 and 51), while in C. striata, the karyotypes are differed in the diploid chromosome number (2n = 44 and 43, NF = 48). A comparative cytogenetic analysis showed that the main trend of karyotypic evolution of Channa species is associated with a decrease in the number of chromosomes and an increase in the number of chromosome arms, mainly due to fusions and pericentric inversions. The data obtained support the assumption that fragmentation and isolation of populations, especially of continental islands, contribute to the karyotypic diversification of snakeheads and are of interest for further cytogenetic studies of Channidae. HTML XML PDF
PubDate: Tue, 3 Jan 2023 10:07:04 +0200
