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Electrochemical Energy Reviews
Number of Followers: 5  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 2520-8489 - ISSN (Online) 2520-8136 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- On Energy Storage Chemistry of Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries: From Cathode to
Anode-
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Abstract: Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have resurged in large-scale energy storage applications due to their intrinsic safety, affordability, competitive electrochemical performance, and environmental friendliness. Extensive efforts have been devoted to exploring high-performance cathodes and stable anodes. However, many fundamental issues still hinder the development of aqueous ZIBs. Here, we critically review and assess the energy storage chemistries of aqueous ZIBs for both cathodes and anodes. First, this review presents a comprehensive understanding of the cathode charge storage chemistry, probes the existing deficiencies in mechanism verification, and analyzes contradictions between the experimental results and proposed mechanisms. Then, a detailed summary of the representative cathode materials and corresponding comparative discussion is provided with typical cases encompassing structural features, electrochemical properties, existing drawbacks, and feasible remedies. Subsequently, the fundamental chemical properties, remaining challenges, and improvement strategies of both Zn metal and non-Zn anodes are presented to thoroughly explore the energy storage chemistry of ZIBs and pursue the development of high-performance ZIBs. Furthermore, the progress of mechanistic characterization techniques and theoretical simulation methods used for ZIBs is timely reviewed. Finally, we provide our perspectives, critical analysis, and insights on the remaining challenges and future directions for development of aqueous ZIBs. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-09-16
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- Application of Solid Catalysts with an Ionic Liquid Layer (SCILL) in
PEMFCs: From Half-Cell to Full-Cell-
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Abstract: The advantages of zero emission and high energy efficiency make proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) promising options for future energy conversion devices. To address the cost issue associated with Pt-based electrocatalysts, considerable effort over the past several years has been devoted to catalyst surface modification by means of novel electrocatalysts, such as solid catalysts with an ionic liquid layer (SCILL), which improves both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability. However, despite numerous reports of dramatically enhanced ORR activity, as determined via the rotating disk electrode (RDE) method, few studies on the application of SCILLs in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) have been reported. The underlying reason lies in the well-acknowledged technological gap between half-cells and full-cells, which originates from the disparate microenvironments for three phase boundaries. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compare the detailed information about improvements in fuel cell performance in both half- and full-cells, thus increasing the fundamental understanding of the mechanism of SCILL. In this review, the concept of SCILL and its origin are introduced, the outstanding electrochemical performance of SCILL catalysts in both RDE and MEA measurements is summarized, and the durability of SCILL catalysts is analysed. Subsequently, proposed mechanisms for the enhanced ORR activity in half-cells, the improved oxygen transport in full-cells and the boosted stability of SCILL catalysts are discussed, while the effects of the IL chemical structure, IL loading as well as the operating conditions on the performance and lifetime of SCILL catalysts are assessed. Finally, comprehensive conclusions are presented, and perspectives are proposed in the last section. It is believed that the new insight presented in this review could provide guidance for the further development of SCILLs in low-Pt PEMFCs. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-09-05
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- Ion Migration Mechanism Study of Hydroborate/Carborate Electrolytes for
All-Solid-State Batteries-
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Abstract: Hydroborate/carborate electrolytes represent an emerging and newly rediscovered solid electrolyte used in various all-solid-state batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries). High ionic conductivity, wide chemical/electrochemical stability, low density, and favorable mechanical properties make hydroborate/carborate electrolytes a promising candidate for solving the difficult challenges faced by the device integration and processing of all-solid-state batteries. It is remarkable that the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes can be simply adjusted up to 10−3 S cm−1, and the optimized ionic conductivity can even reach 10−2 S cm−1. Furthermore, hydroborate/carborate electrolytes have been successfully formed and applied to ~ 5 V high-voltage solid-state batteries. However, due to certain characteristics of hydroborate/carborate electrolytes, such as anion rotation and phase transition, it is challenging to understand the mechanism of their high ionic conductivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the latest research progress on hydroborate/carborate electrolytes, highlighted various mechanisms underlying the conductivity, described emerging characterization techniques and theoretical calculations, and listed general guidelines to unravel the high conductivity of hydroborate/carborate compounds. Novel strategies and suggestions on hydroborate/carborate work are also proposed. Following emerging research trends, we project promising future development toward the realization of hydroborate/carborate electrolytes in practical applications. Graphic
PubDate: 2023-08-29
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- Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: A Comparative Review of Acidic and Alkaline
Systems-
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Abstract: In the last 20 years, direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have been the subject of tremendous research efforts for the potential application as on-demand power sources. Two leading technologies respectively based on proton exchange membranes (PEMs) and anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have emerged: the first one operating in an acidic environment and conducting protons; the second one operating in alkaline electrolytes and conducting hydroxyl ions. In this review, we present an analysis of the state-of-the-art acidic and alkaline DAFCs fed with methanol and ethanol with the purpose to support a comparative analysis of acidic and alkaline systems, which is missing in the current literature. A special focus is placed on the effect of the reaction stoichiometry in acidic and alkaline systems. Particularly, we point out that, in alkaline systems, OH− participates stoichiometrically to reactions, and that alcohol oxidation products are anions. This aspect must be considered when designing the fuel and when making an energy evaluation from a whole system perspective. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-08-24
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- Li-S Batteries: Challenges, Achievements and Opportunities
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Abstract: To realize a low-carbon economy and sustainable energy supply, the development of energy storage devices has aroused intensive attention. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as one of the most promising next-generation battery devices because of their remarkable theoretical energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benignity. However, the practical application of Li-S batteries is hindered by such challenges as low sulfur utilization (< 80%), fast capacity fade, short service life (< 200 redox cycles), and severe self-discharge. The reasons behind the challenges are: (1) low conductivity of the active materials, (2) large volume changes during redox cycling, (3) serious polysulfide shuttling and, (4) lithium-metal anode contamination/corrosion and dendrite formation. Significant achievements have been made to address these problems in the past decade. In this review, the recent advances in material synthesis and technology development are analysed in terms of the electrochemical performance of different Li-S battery components. The critical analysis was conducted based on the merits and shortcomings of the reported work on the issues facing the individual component. A versatile 3D-printing technique is also examined on its practicability for Li-S battery production. The insights on the rational structural design and reasonable parameters for Li-S batteries are highlighted along with the “five 5s” concept from a practical point of view. The remaining challenges are outlined for researchers to devote more efforts on the understanding and commercialization of the devices in terms of the material preparation, cell manufacturing, and characterization. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-08-21
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- Recent Advances on PEM Fuel Cells: From Key Materials to Membrane
Electrode Assembly-
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Abstract: In recent years, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells have regained worldwide attention from academia, industries, investors, and governments. The prospect of PEM fuel cells has turned into reality, with fuel cell vehicles successfully launched in the market. However, today’s fuel cells remain less competitive than combustion engines and batteries, primarily due to their high cost and short lifetime, which are significantly affected by the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), or the “chips” of PEM fuel cells. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to developing advanced materials and manufacturing processes for MEAs. In this paper, we critically review the recent progress of key materials for MEAs, focusing on how to integrate materials into electrodes and MEAs. We also present the most advanced designs and manufacturing techniques of MEAs and discuss their possible constraints. Finally, perspectives on future R&D directions of materials and MEAs are provided. This review aims to bridge the gaps between academic material research and industrial manufacturing process development. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-08-17
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- Pathways of the Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: From Ammonia
Synthesis to Metal-N2 Batteries-
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Abstract: Ammonia is considered as an alternative fuel resource for a sustainable green future. The production of ammonia involves the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), which has gained considerable attention due to its eco-friendly resources and nonharmful byproducts. Even with the manifold works on NRR, the technique has not reached the industrial scale because of the impediments of NRR electrocatalysts, and in addition, state-of-the-art electrocatalysts have not yet been discovered. In this review, first, the mechanism of the NRR, key metrics, and operational procedures for NRR electrochemistry are presented. Then, the electrocatalyst designs for efficient NRR are briefly introduced, followed by a discussion on the influence of the electrolytes that enhance NRR performance. The counterion effects of electrolytes on NRR performance and strategies for suppressing the HER by electrolyte additives are also discussed. Later, the NRR mechanisms are upgraded, and a comprehensive review of metal-N2 batteries is provided. This review summarizes the effective methods for performing the NRR and strategies to suppress the HER on various electrocatalysts by tuning electrolytes and their additives. The review concludes by discussing the prospects of metal-N2 batteries. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-08-03
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- Ion Exchange Membranes in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Processes
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Abstract: The low-temperature electrolysis of CO2 in membrane-based flow reactors is a promising technology for converting captured CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels. In recent years, substantial improvements in reactor design have significantly improved the economic viability of this technology; thus, the field has experienced a rapid increase in research interest. Among the factors related to reactor design, the ion exchange membrane (IEM) plays a prominent role in the energetic efficiency of CO2 conversion into useful products. Reactors utilizing cation exchange, anion exchange and bipolar membranes have all been developed, each providing unique benefits and challenges that must be overcome before large-scale commercialization is feasible. Therefore, to direct advances in IEM technology specific to electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RRs), this review serves to first provide polymer scientists with a general understanding of membrane-based CO2RR reactors and membrane-related shortcomings and to encourage systematic synthetic approaches to develop membranes that meet the specific requirements of CO2RRs. Second, this review provides researchers in the fields of electrocatalysis and CO2RRs with more detailed insight into the often-overlooked membrane roles and requirements; thus, new methodologies for membrane evaluation during CO2RR may be developed. By using CO2-to-CO/HCOO− methodologies as practical baseline systems, a clear conceptualization of the merits and challenges of different systems and reasonable objectives for future research and development are presented. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-07-27
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- Correction to: Semiconductor Electrochemistry for Clean Energy Conversion
and Storage-
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PubDate: 2023-07-13
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00130-0
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- Emerging Atomic Layer Deposition for the Development of High-Performance
Lithium-Ion Batteries-
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Abstract: With the increasing demand for low-cost and environmentally friendly energy, the application of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as reliable energy storage devices in electric cars, portable electronic devices and space satellites is on the rise. Therefore, extensive and continuous research on new materials and fabrication methods is required to achieve the desired enhancement in their electrochemical performance. Battery active components, including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator, play an important role in LIB functionality. The major problem of LIBs is the degradation of the electrolyte and electrode materials and their components during the charge‒discharge process. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is considered a promising coating technology to deposit uniform, ultrathin films at the atomic level with controllable thickness and composition. Various metal films can be deposited on the surface of active electrodes and solid electrolyte materials to tailor and generate a protective layer at the electrode interface. In addition, synthesis of microbatteries and novel nanocomplexes of the cathode, anode, and solid-state electrolyte to enhance the battery performance can all be attained by ALD. Therefore, the ALD technique has great potential to revolutionize the future of the battery industry. This review article provides a comprehensive foundation of the current state of ALD in synthesizing and developing LIB active components. Additionally, new trends and future expectations for the further development of next-generation LIBs via ALD are reported. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-07-12
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00192-8
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- Recent Advances in High-Efficiency Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Systems-
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Abstract: Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by renewable energy input to produce clean hydrogen (H2) has been widely considered a prospective approach for a future hydrogen-based society. However, the development of industrial alkaline water electrolyzers is hindered due to their unfavorable thermodynamics with high overpotential for delivering the whole process, caused by sluggish kinetics involving four-electron transfer. Further exploration of water electrolysis with low energy consumption and high efficiency is urgently required to meet the ever-growing energy storage and portfolio demands. This review emphasizes the strategies proposed thus far to pursue high-efficiency water electrolysis systems, including from the aspects of electrocatalysts (from monofunctional to bifunctional), electrode engineering (from powdery to self-supported), energy sources (from nonrenewable to renewable), electrolytes (from pure to hybrid), and cell configurations (from integrated to decoupled). Critical appraisals of the pivotal electrochemistry are highlighted to address the challenges in elevating the overall efficiency of water splitting. Finally, valuable insights for the future development directions and bottlenecks of advanced, sustainable, and high-efficiency water splitting systems are outlined. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-06-20
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00159-1
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- Leap of Li Metal Anodes from Coin Cells to Pouch Cells: Challenges and
Progress-
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Abstract: Li metal anodes have attracted tremendous attention in the last decade because of their high theoretical capacities and low electrochemical potentials. However, until now, there has only been limited success in improving the interfacial and structural stabilities and in realizing the highly controllable and large-scale fabrication of this emerging material; these limitations have posed great obstacles to further performing fundamental and applied studies in Li metal anodes. In this review, we focus on summarizing the existing challenges of Li metal anodes based on the leap from coin cells to pouch cells and on outlining typical methods for designing Li metal anodes on demand; we controllably engineer their surface protection layers and structure sizes by encapsulating structured Li metal inside a variety of synthetic protection layers. We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding and serve as a strategic guide for designing and fabricating practicable Li metal anodes for use in pouch batteries. Challenges and opportunities regarding this burgeoning field are critically evaluated at the end of this review. Graphical Li metal anode has attracted tremendous attention in the last decade because of its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, till now, there is only limited success in improving its interface stability and structure stability, as well as realizing the highly controllable and large-scaled fabrication of this emerging material, posing great obstacles to further promoting its fundamental and applied studies. In this review, we focus on summarizing the existing challenges of Li metal anode based on the leap from coin cells to pouch cells and outlining the typical solutions for designing Li metal anode on-demand through controllably engineering its surface protection layer and structure size, which trend is encapsulating structured Li metal inside a variety of synthetic protection layer. We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding and serve as a strategic guidance for designing and fabricating practicable Li metal anode using in pouch batteries. Challenges and opportunities regarding this burgeoning field are also critically evaluated at the end of this review.
PubDate: 2023-06-19
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00185-7
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- Building Better Full Manganese-Based Cathode Materials for Next-Generation
Lithium-Ion Batteries-
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Abstract: Lithium-manganese-oxides have been exploited as promising cathode materials for many years due to their environmental friendliness, resource abundance and low biotoxicity. Nevertheless, inevitable problems, such as Jahn-Teller distortion, manganese dissolution and phase transition, still frustrate researchers; thus, progress in full manganese-based cathode materials (FMCMs) has been relatively slow and limited in recent decades. Recently, with the fast growth of vehicle electrification and large-scale energy-storage grids, there has been an urgent demand to develop novel FMCMs again; actually, new waves of research based on FMCMs are being created. Herein, we systematically review the history of FMCMs, correctly describe their structures, evaluate the advantages and challenges, and discuss the resolution strategies and latest developments. Additionally, beyond FMCMs, a profound discussion of current controversial issues, such as oxygen redox reaction, voltage decay and voltage hysteresis in Li2MnO3-based cathode materials, is also presented. This review summarizes the effectively optimized approaches and offers a few new possible enhancement methods from the perspective of the electronic-coordination-crystal structure for building better FMCMs for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-06-09
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00184-8
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- High-Energy Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur and Sodium–Selenium
Batteries for Sustainable Energy Storage-
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Abstract: Rechargeable room-temperature sodium–sulfur (Na–S) and sodium–selenium (Na–Se) batteries are gaining extensive attention for potential large-scale energy storage applications owing to their low cost and high theoretical energy density. Optimization of electrode materials and investigation of mechanisms are essential to achieve high energy density and long-term cycling stability of Na–S(Se) batteries. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress in Na–S(Se) batteries. We elucidate the Na storage mechanisms and improvement strategies for battery performance. In particular, we discuss the advances in the development of battery components, including high-performance sulfur cathodes, optimized electrolytes, advanced Na metal anodes and modified separators. Combined with current research achievements, this review outlines remaining challenges and clear research directions for the future development of practical high-performance Na–S(Se) batteries. Graphic
PubDate: 2023-06-09
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00182-w
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- Correction: Interfaces in Sulfide Solid Electrolyte-Based All-Solid-State
Lithium Batteries: Characterization, Mechanism and Strategy-
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PubDate: 2023-05-27
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00187-5
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- Addressing Transport Issues in Non-Aqueous Li–air Batteries to Achieving
High Electrochemical Performance-
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Abstract: Li–air batteries are a promising type of energy storage technology because of the ultra-high theoretical specific energy. Great advances are made in recent years, including the illustration of reaction mechanisms, development of effective catalyst materials, and design of battery structures accelerating species transport. However, the application still suffers from low rate capability, poor round-trip efficiency, and unsatisfactory cycling life. Herein, we mainly focus on the species transport issues of non-aqueous Li–air batteries, including Li+ across the solid surfaces and the electrolyte, O2 solubility and diffusivity, distribution of intermediates and products, and side reactions by other components from the air. Besides, considerable emphasis is paid to expound the approaches for enhancing species transport and accelerating reactions, among which the realization of well-designed electrode structures and flowing electrolytes is of great significance for the rapid migration of O2 and Li+ and mitigating the negative effects by solid insoluble Li2O2. Moreover, optimizing reaction interfaces and operating conditions is an attractive alternative to promote reaction rates. This work aims to identify the mechanism of transport issues and corresponding challenges and perspectives, guiding the structure design and material selection to achieve high-performance Li–air batteries. Graphic
PubDate: 2023-04-17
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00157-3
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- Recent Progress in and Perspectives on Emerging Halide Superionic
Conductors for All-Solid-State Batteries-
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Abstract: Rechargeable all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered to be the next generation of devices for electrochemical energy storage. The development of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) is one of the most crucial subjects in the field of energy storage chemistry. The newly emerging halide SSEs have recently been intensively studied for application in ASSBs due to their favorable combination of high ionic conductivity, exceptional chemical and electrochemical stability, and superior mechanical deformability. In this review, a critical overview of the development, synthesis, chemical stability and remaining challenges of halide SSEs is given. The design strategies for optimizing the ionic conductivity of halide SSEs, such as element substitution and crystal structure design, are summarized in detail. Moreover, the associated chemical stability issues in terms of solvent compatibility, humid air stability and corresponding degradation mechanisms are discussed. In particular, advanced in situ/operando characterization techniques applied to halide-based ASSBs are highlighted. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of the interface issues, cost issues, and scalable processing challenges faced by halide-based ASSBs for practical application is provided. Finally, future perspectives on how to design high-performance electrode/electrolyte materials are given, which are instructive for guiding the development of halide-based ASSBs for energy conversion and storage. Graphical In this review, a critical overview is given on the development, synthesis, chemical stability and remaining challenges facing for halide SSEs. The design strategies for optimizing ionic conductivity of halide SSEs like elements substitution, crystal structures design are summarized in detail. Future perspectives are given on how to design high-performance electrode/electrolyte materials.
PubDate: 2023-04-10
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00179-5
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- Overcoming the Electrode Challenges of High-Temperature Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells-
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Abstract: Abstract Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are becoming a major part of a greener and more sustainable future. However, the costs of high-purity hydrogen and noble metal catalysts alongside the complexity of the PEMFC system severely hamper their commercialization. Operating PEMFCs at high temperatures (HT-PEMFCs, above 120 °C) brings several advantages, such as increased tolerance to contaminants, more affordable catalysts, and operations without liquid water, hence considerably simplifying the system. While recent progresses in proton exchange membranes for HT-PEMFCs have made this technology more viable, the HT-PEMFC viscous acid electrolyte lowers the active site utilization by unevenly diffusing into the catalyst layer while it acutely poisons the catalytic sites. In recent years, the synthesis of platinum group metal (PGM) and PGM-free catalysts with higher acid tolerance and phosphate-promoted oxygen reduction reaction, in conjunction with the design of catalyst layers with improved acid distribution and more triple-phase boundaries, has provided great opportunities for more efficient HT-PEMFCs. The progress in these two interconnected fields is reviewed here, with recommendations for the most promising routes worthy of further investigation. Using these approaches, the performance and durability of HT-PEMFCs will be significantly improved.
PubDate: 2023-04-03
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-023-00180-y
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- Interfacial Modification, Electrode/Solid-Electrolyte Engineering, and
Monolithic Construction of Solid-State Batteries-
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Abstract: Solid-state lithium-metal batteries (SLMBs) have been regarded as one of the most promising next-generation devices because of their potential high safety, high energy density, and simple packing procedure. However, the practical applications of SLMBs are restricted by a series of static and dynamic interfacial issues, including poor interfacial contact, (electro-)chemical incompatibility, dynamic Li dendrite penetration, etc. In recent years, considerable attempts have been made to obtain mechanistic insight into interfacial failures and to develop possible strategies towards excellent interfacial properties for SLMBs. The static and dynamic failure mechanisms at interfaces between solid electrolytes (SEs) and electrodes are comprehensively summarized, and design strategies involving interfacial modification, electrode/SE engineering, and the monolithic construction of SLMBs are discussed in detail. Finally, possible research methodologies such as theoretical calculations, advanced characterization techniques, and versatile design strategies are provided to tackle these interfacial problems. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-03-30
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00167-1
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- Recent Advancements in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting for Hydrogen
Production-
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Abstract: Sunlight is the most abundant and inexhaustible energy source on earth. However, its low energy density, dispersibility and intermittent nature make its direct utilization with industrial relevance challenging, suggesting that converting sunlight into chemical energy and storing it is a valuable measure to achieve global sustainable development. Carbon–neutral, clean and secondary pollution-free solar-driven water splitting to produce hydrogen is one of the most attractive avenues among all the current options and is expected to realize the transformation from dependence on fossil fuels to zero-pollution hydrogen. Artificial photosynthetic systems (APSs) based on photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices appear to be an ideal avenue to efficiently achieve solar-to-hydrogen conversion. In this review, we comprehensively highlight the recent developments in photocathodes, including architectures, semiconductor photoabsorbers and performance optimization strategies. In particular, frontier research cases of organic semiconductors, dye sensitization and surface grafted molecular catalysts applied to APSs based on frontier (molecular) orbital theory and semiconductor energy band theory are discussed. Moreover, research advances in typical photoelectrodes with the metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) architecture based on quantum tunnelling are also introduced. Finally, we discuss the benchmarks and protocols for designing integrated tandem photoelectrodes and PEC systems that conform to the solar spectrum to achieve high-efficiency and cost-effective solar-to-hydrogen conversion at an industrial scale in the near future. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-03-30
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00153-7
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