Subjects -> ENERGY (Total: 414 journals)
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY (12 journals)

Showing 1 - 12 of 12 Journals sorted by number of followers
IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics     Open Access   (Followers: 13)
Journal of Power Electronics     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
Electrochemical Energy Reviews     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 5)
CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications     Open Access   (Followers: 5)
IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal     Open Access   (Followers: 4)
IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Journal of Power Sources Advances     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
KnE Energy     Open Access  
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IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification
Number of Followers: 3  
 
  Hybrid Journal Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Online) 2332-7782
Published by IEEE Homepage  [228 journals]
  • IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification

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      Pages: C2 - C2
      Abstract: null
      PubDate: TUE, 19 SEP 2023 10:03:05 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Electromagnetic Shielding Technique for No-Insulation Superconducting
           Rotor Windings in Electrical Aircraft Propulsion

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      Authors: Yutong Fu;Yawei Wang;Wenbo Xue;Qingqing Yang;Longhao Yang;Yue Zhao;Zhijian Jin;
      Pages: 3620 - 3635
      Abstract: No-insulation (NI) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) machine is a kind of synchronous semisuperconducting machine with the high power density and enhanced thermal stability, which has great potential for electric aircraft propulsion systems. However, NI HTS rotor windings in this machine always suffer the problem of eddy currents and losses induced by ripple magnetic fields in the synchronous machine environment, which can significantly reduce the efficiency and safety of the HTS machine. In this article, an electromagnetic (EM) shielding technique is developed to minimize this induced eddy current and loss in NI HTS rotor windings. A numerical model is developed to analyze the effectiveness of this shielding technique, and experiments are performed to validate the model. Then, the effect of this EM shielding on the induced eddy current and loss of NI coil is studied using this model. Results show that EM shielding technique based on copper discs can effectively reduce the eddy current and loss on NI HTS coil at the operating temperature range of HTS machines, 20 K–30 K; thus, it is promising to solve the problem of eddy current and loss of NI HTS machine design in electric aircraft propulsion.
      PubDate: MON, 23 JAN 2023 10:08:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Cold-Spray Additive Manufacturing of a Petal-Shaped Surface Permanent
           Magnet Traction Motor

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      Authors: Sumeet Singh;Tamanwè Payarou;Mathews Boby;Jean-Michel Lamarre;Fabrice Bernier;Maged Ibrahim;Pragasen Pillay;
      Pages: 3636 - 3648
      Abstract: Several applications require low torque pulsations as they can lead to mechanical vibrations and acoustic noise in the electric motor. Optimization of the rotor permanent magnet (PM) shape is one of the effective methods for reducing torque pulsations. Unfortunately, the low versatility of magnet fabrication technologies limits the development of new motor geometries. Cold-spray additive manufacturing can be used for shaping PMs for the direct fabrication of motor parts without the need for additional assembly steps. This fabrication technique allows an increase in the design flexibility of electric machine geometries targeting improved performance. This article investigates the performance of PM rotors fabricated using a cold-spray additive manufacturing technique for radial flux surface PM synchronous machines (SPMSMs). The PM rotors considered are conventional rectangular-shaped with unskewed magnets (Model A), skewed magnets (Model B), and sinusoidal-petal-shaped magnets (Model C) along the axial direction. The magnitude of magnetization current pulse required to magnetize these rotors is calculated and an impulse magnetizer setup is designed for in situ magnetization. The performance of the shaped cold-sprayed PM rotors and their effects on back EMF, electromagnetic torque, and cogging torque are analyzed experimentally and comparisons are made between the different rotor designs.
      PubDate: TUE, 03 JAN 2023 10:03:11 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Design and Analysis of Axial-Modular Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet
           Machine

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      Authors: Peng Su;Yiwei Wang;Yongjian Li;Wei Hua;Yi Shen;
      Pages: 3649 - 3661
      Abstract: This article proposes a novel axial-modular flux-switching permanent magnet (AM-FSPM) machine, which contains two modular parts and integrated toroidal windings. After investigating the operation principle of the AM-FSPM machine, the modular PM field complementarity and integrated armature reaction field complementarity principles of two AM parts are revealed based on the field modulation theory. Then, a comprehensive comparison of the modulation principle between the AM-FSPM and conventional FSPM machines is conducted from perspectives of the PM field, armature reaction field, cogging torque, and electromagnetic torque production mechanism. It can be found that the modulation principle reveals the difference between the operation principles of two flux-switching machines. In addition, the cogging torque reduction capability of the AM-FSPM machine is investigated, which provides guidance on stator-slot and rotor-pole combinations in the design stage of industrial applications. Moreover, compared with conventional FSPM machines, the AM-FSPM machine exhibits high torque capability and flux weakening capability and, meanwhile, maintains high efficiency at high speed. Furthermore, its characteristics are verified by the experiments.
      PubDate: THU, 26 JAN 2023 10:02:43 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Numerical Energy Analysis of In-Wheel Motor Driven Autonomous Electric
           Vehicles

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      Authors: Kang Shen;Xinyou Ke;Fan Yang;Weibo Wang;Cheng Zhang;Chris Yuan;
      Pages: 3662 - 3676
      Abstract: Autonomous electric vehicles (EVs) are being widely studied nowadays as the future technology of ground transportation, while their conventional powertrain systems limit their energy efficiencies and may hinder their broad applications in the future. Here, we report a study on the energy consumption, efficiency improvement, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a mid-size autonomous EV (AEV) driven by in-wheel motors (IWMs), through the development of a numerical energy model, validated and implemented in a case study. The energy analysis was conducted under three driving conditions: flat road, upslope, and downslope driving, considering autonomous driving patterns, motor efficiency optimization, and regenerative braking. The case study based on the baseline EV driving data in West Los Angeles showed that an IWM-driven AEV can save up to 17.5% of energy during slope driving. In addition, it can reduce around 5.5% of GHG emissions annually in each state in the United States. Using the efficiency maps of a commercial IWM, the energy model and validated results in this study are in line with actual situations and can be used to support the future development of energy-efficient AEVs and sustainable energy transitions in ground transportation.
      PubDate: FRI, 13 JAN 2023 10:02:43 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Improved Square Wave Injection Strategy for the Voltage Balance Control of
           Cascaded H-Bridge Rectifier

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      Authors: Jinyu Li;Jie Chen;Chunying Gong;Qing He;
      Pages: 3711 - 3722
      Abstract: The modular cascaded H-bridge (CHB) adopted as the active front-end rectifier in the power electronic traction transformer (PETT) tends to suffer from dc voltage imbalance issues when the load powers of each module are severely unbalanced. The existing square wave injection strategy (SWIS) can improve the capacitor voltage balancing performance, but the maximum amount of the injected square wave in the high-power modules is only $1- M$ ( $M$ is the average modulation index). In order to extend the load imbalance operation range of the CHB, the improved SWIS (ISWIS) proposed in this article not only increases the square wave content in the high-power module to 1 (the modulation index is increased to 1.27) but also reduces the phase between the ac voltage and ac current of the high-power module to 0 when the load imbalance becomes severer. These two important changes allow the high-power H-bridge (HB) modules to transmit the maximum active power. Moreover, the overmodulation problem caused by the superposition of the opposite compensation signal in the low-power modules is analyzed, and an effective solution is then proposed to avoid the current distortion issue. Both simulation and experimental results prove the correctness and validity of the proposed strategy.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Grid Connected PV Array and Battery Energy Storage Interfaced EV
           Charging Station

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      Authors: Vandana Jain;Bhim Singh;Seema;
      Pages: 3723 - 3730
      Abstract: In this work, a charging station for electrical vehicle (EV) integrated with a battery energy storage (BES) is presented with enhanced grid power quality. The positive sequence components (PSCs) of the three phase grid voltages are evaluated for the estimation of the unit templates (UTs) and the reference grid currents. The EV and BES are connected at dc link using a bidirectional buck-boost converter. During the daytime, EV takes power from the solar array, while in its absence, it consumes the power from the grid. Additionally, when the system is connected to the grid, the point of common coupling voltages synchronizes with the voltages of the grid. Tests are conducted on a hardware prototype developed in the laboratory for the validation of the satisfactory response under different dynamics conditions.
      PubDate: MON, 09 JAN 2023 10:04:05 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Deep-Learning-Based Approach to Eco-Driving-Based Energy Management of
           Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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      Authors: Seyedeh Mahsa Sotoudeh;Baisravan HomChaudhuri;
      Pages: 3742 - 3752
      Abstract: This article proposes a deep-learning-based hierarchical control framework for eco-driving-based energy management of connected and automated hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The article focuses on a computationally efficient solution for jointly optimizing the HEV’s driving cycle (velocity profile) and its powertrain’s power split (powertrain energy management). The proposed framework harnesses the benefits of long- and short-term decision-making and is highly computationally efficient because it learns the control law directly with a deep neural network (DNN). At the high level, pseudospectral optimal controller (PSOC) solves the powertrain’s energy management problem over driving cycle previews of the entire trip, approximated via data from vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. At the low level, a DNN-based model predictive controller uses the high-level’s solution and jointly optimizes the driving cycle and powertrain’s energy management over short horizons. To satisfy the constraints, a quadratic programming (QP)-based control law modification algorithm has been developed in this article. Eco-driving-based energy management results of our framework, evaluated over standard, urban, and highway driving cycles, indicate its efficacy in generating real-time applicable energy-efficient solutions for unseen driving cycles of the same traffic pattern as the DNN’s training data.
      PubDate: MON, 02 JAN 2023 10:03:36 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Route Optimization of Electric Vehicles Based on Reinsertion Genetic
           Algorithm

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      Authors: Chunhui Li;Yanfei Zhu;Kwang Y. Lee;
      Pages: 3753 - 3768
      Abstract: The “mileage anxiety” of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to do the study on the EV routing problem (EVRP). In this article, the remove–reinsert genetic algorithm (RI-GA) is applied to the EVRP with a time window (EVRPTW) for saving energy and reducing transportation costs. The initialization and the variation of the genetic algorithm are improved to obtain a routing schedule with less energy consumption. The neighborhood search method improves the population initialization to obtain high-quality initialized populations. Removal and reinsertion methods are proposed to destruct and repair the routing. During the removal process of RI-GA, the relevance removal strategy is designed. By comparing the correlation between nodes, the nodes with high correlation are removed simultaneously, providing directionality for the removal of the customer stops. The relationship between individual fitness and population average fitness is compared and the number of nodes removed is automatically adjusted. The minimum energy consumption incremental reinsertion method is employed in the reinsertion process of RI-GA to obtain the routing schedule with less energy consumption. Compared to the least-cost convergence of the original GA and RI-GA, the convergence speed of RI-GA is faster by five times, and the routing cost is reduced by 6%. The comparison with Solomons data demonstrates the advantages of the RI-GA, with a reduction of about 10% in route distance. The superiority of this improved algorithm becomes more apparent as the number of customer stops increases and the transportation routes become more complex, and the reduction in energy consumption increases from 7.95% to 12.33%. Finally, the performance of the RI-GA is verified in the apple transportation problem in Hudson Valley, New York, which proves the practicality of this algorithm.
      PubDate: WED, 25 JAN 2023 10:01:25 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Torque Ripple Reduction of Nonsinusoidal Brushless DC Motor Based on
           Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Direct Power Control

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      Authors: Hasan Masoudi;Arash Kiyoumarsi;Seyed M. Madani;Mohammad Ataei;
      Pages: 3769 - 3779
      Abstract: In this article, a second-order sliding mode control (SMC), based on super-twisting algorithm, is proposed for direct power control (DPC) of the brushless dc (BLDC) motor. The proposed controller uses a super-twisting scheme that requires only sliding surface information and can handle system uncertainties and external disturbances, well. This scheme can improve the BLDC motor torque ripple by solving the disadvantages of the conventional SMC method, such as the chattering effect and high-frequency switching control. This method is simple and robust for the BLDC motor’s biggest challenge, torque ripple, which does not require any voltage and current control loops or complex reference frame transformations. The simulation results of the proposed method are compared with the DPC and model predictive control (MPC) methods, which indicate the superiority of the proposed method in both the steady and transient states. Moreover, the motor parameters variation in the tracking of active and reactive power are discussed. In addition, the practical results of the proposed method in both cases of speed and load variation show the effectiveness of this method in reducing power (torque) ripple and current total harmonic distortion (THD) and increasing the system’s efficiency compared to other methods.
      PubDate: WED, 01 MAR 2023 10:03:14 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Fast DC Charging Infrastructures for Electric Vehicles: Overview of
           Technologies, Standards, and Challenges

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      Authors: Pasquale Franzese;Dhruvi Dhairya Patel;Ahmed A. S. Mohamed;Diego Iannuzzi;Babak Fahimi;Massimo Risso;John M. Miller;
      Pages: 3780 - 3800
      Abstract: This article is an overview of fast charging for electrical vehicles. Specifically, it analyzes the impact of ultrafast charging stations (UFCSs) on the distribution grid and their role in the smart grids. Moreover, this article defines the framework of UFC, its diffusion, and the associated new trends. The most frequently used converters in the conversion stages of dc charging stations with integrated generation are analyzed. To achieve this goal four active front-end ac–dc converters (unidirectional and bidirectional), three isolated dc–dc converters and two control architectures are explored. In comparing the targeted configurations, the main target is set on categorizing them based on supply voltage level, type of smart grid, and power flow of the converters. Furthermore, this article outlines a broad overview of the main standards for UFCSs and the evaluation of the reliability, data collection, and operation of UFCSs. This article aims to link the needs of the designers of charging stations to the preferences of the commercial market.
      PubDate: MON, 23 JAN 2023 10:08:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Low-Cost Battery-Balancing Auxiliary Power Module With Dual-Active Half
           Bridge Links and Coreless Transformers

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      Authors: Weizhong Wang;Youssef A. Fahmy;Matthias Preindl;
      Pages: 3801 - 3809
      Abstract: Redistributive balancing brings many benefits to electric vehicles, such as increased range and more uniform cell degradation. Despite previous analyses suggesting a 17%–36% extension of battery lifetime, the cost of such systems has prevented the technology from being adopted in practice. This study proposes a simplified topology for battery-balancing auxiliary power modules (BB-APMs) with reduced magnetic material to achieve cost-friendly solutions without sacrificing functionality or balancing modes. The proposed system consists of a dual-active half bridge, halving the number of switches needed compared with the conventional dual-active bridge (DAB). In addition, the transformer core material is removed and a coreless transformer is used to provide isolation and energy transfer. Both the changes reduce the cost of redistributive balancing. The topological modeling differs from cored transformer circuits as the coupling of the coreless transformer is weaker. The coupling coefficient is now used in an updated model that includes transformer currents and output powers. These, along with the balancing modes, are analyzed and then experimentally verified. The proposed models can guide the selection of MOSFETs and the design of the coreless transformer. An analytic projection shows up to a 22% cost reduction compared with similar topologies.
      PubDate: THU, 12 JAN 2023 10:02:03 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Three-Level Isolated Direct AC–AC Converter and its Closed-Loop
           Control Strategy

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      Authors: Fengjiang Wu;Yuchen Wei;Jianyong Su;
      Pages: 3810 - 3820
      Abstract: The isolated direct ac–ac converter has the advantages of high power density and long life time, however, suffering from the high cost and relatively low efficiency. In this article, a three-level isolated direct resonant ac–ac converter is proposed; thus, the voltage stress of power switches reduces to half of the input voltage amplitude, and as a result, the voltage rating of the power switches is reduced. A hybrid modulation strategy for the proposed converter is proposed to realize the ac–ac conversion and reduce the switching power loss. Furthermore, in order to obtain a good control of the output voltage based on the proposed converter, the closed-loop control strategy of the output voltage combining a linear controller with the repetitive controller (RC) is proposed and the detailed parameters design rule is discussed. The proposed control strategy not only realizes the sinusoidal output voltage waveforms and good dynamic performance but also effectively eliminates the effect of input voltage harmonics. The corresponding proposed topology, modulation, and closed-loop control strategy are all verified by the detailed experimental results.
      PubDate: FRI, 20 JAN 2023 10:01:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • High-Performance Wireless Charging System Using Interleaved Buck Converter
           and Integrated Solenoid Magnetic Coupler

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      Authors: Yuhong Tian;Zhenjie Li;Hao Liu;Yiqi Liu;Mingfei Ban;
      Pages: 3821 - 3835
      Abstract: This article proposes a wireless charging system (WCS) with the secondary-side interleaved buck converter (SIBC) and multicoil integrated solenoid magnetic coupler (ISMC). Then, the constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) charging based on SIBC duty cycle regulation is realized with high misalignment tolerance. First, the working principle and parameter design of the WCS are analyzed. Second, the ISMC structure is optimized; then, the coupling condition comparison proves the high anti-misalignment capability. Besides, both the LCC inductor and SIBC filter inductors are integrated into the ISMC without affecting the power transfer. Third, the small-signal model of SIBC is set up, combined with the simulation results, and the closed-loop control scheme for CC/CV charging is confirmed. Finally, the experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed WCS with high performance.
      PubDate: TUE, 14 FEB 2023 10:02:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Detuned S-S Compensated IPT System With Two Discrete Frequencies for
           Maintaining Stable Power Transfer Versus Wide Coupling Variation

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      Authors: Bin Yang;Yiyang Li;Zeheng Zhang;Shuangjiang He;Yuner Peng;Yang Chen;Zhengyou He;Ruikun Mai;
      Pages: 3836 - 3848
      Abstract: Stable power transmission is one of the key factors in the inductive power transfer (IPT) system. However, misalignment between the primary and secondary sides is almost inevitable in practice, affecting the system performance due to the coupling variation. With the widespread use of IPT technology, it is desired to transfer power from the primary side to the secondary side with a wide misalignment range as large as possible. To address this issue, the design method of the detuned circuit is widely applied in the IPT system. This article analyzes the characteristics of the transfer power of the detuned series–series (S-S) topology with frequency variations and proposes a maintaining stable power transfer method versus wide coupling variation by adopting two discrete frequencies. Further, a design step is given to obtain the system parameters. Theoretical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the misalignment performance of the proposed method. The results show that the coupling range is extended from (0.115–0.2) to (0.115–0.27) with a 5.6% fluctuation of the output power, and the corresponding efficiency varies from 91.46% to 95.52%.
      PubDate: WED, 11 JAN 2023 10:03:01 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Linesearch-Based Algorithm for Topology and Generative Optimization of
           Switched Reluctance Machines

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      Authors: Mohamed Abdalmagid;Mohamed H. Bakr;Ali Emadi;
      Pages: 3849 - 3866
      Abstract: The switched reluctance machine (SRM) is considered the simplest machine in terms of the machine structure. The lack of permanent magnets on the rotating part enables the machine to operate at high speeds and reduces the thermal requirements of the machine. However, the double-salient structure of the SRMs creates challenges such as high acoustic noise, vibrations, and high machine torque ripples. Topology optimization (TO) is used in the literature to enhance the dynamic performance of the SRMs. This article introduces a new ON/OFF optimization method based on the linesearch method to overcome the limitations of the conventional annealing-based ON/OFF optimization. The proposed method shows a faster convergence to optimal solutions than the conventional annealing-based ON/OFF method. This article also compares the performance of the generative optimization (GO) and the TO of a 6/14 SRM with the proposed method and the conventional method. The two methods are applied to two different design domains of the machine for topology and GO, and the results are compared to the results of the annealing-based ON/OFF method. The results show the effectiveness of the newly proposed method.
      PubDate: WED, 15 FEB 2023 10:03:19 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Multilayer Software-Defined System for High-Performance Electric Vehicle
           Energy Conversion

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      Authors: Liwei Zhou;Matthias Preindl;
      Pages: 3867 - 3879
      Abstract: A multilayer software-defined architecture is developed based on a type of elementary power module to improve the energy conversion performance of electric vehicle (EV) system. The proposed structure is composed of three layers: 1) application function layer for the interfaces with various types of electrified loads/sources and the corresponding control functions, such as single-/three-phase grid, battery, motor, and resistor; 2) elementary module layer for providing a desired number of basic power module with local functions of variable-frequency soft switching (VFSS) and model predictive control (MPC) to increase the efficiency with better transient performance; and 3) interconnection management layer for the coordination and interconnection between the application function layer and elementary module layer to construct the complete power converter topology with a desired number of elementary power module for the satisfaction of the interfaced load/source. The merits of the designed architecture include the reconfigurability to be suitable for different types of EV applications, all nonisolated topologies with common-mode noise attenuation capability, improved efficiency and dynamic performance by VFSS and MPC of the elementary power module, and high accuracy and robustness of the multilayer control without being influenced by the parametric modeling error from various applications. The proposed multilayer architecture is validated with experimental tests.
      PubDate: WED, 08 FEB 2023 10:02:49 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Equivalent Magnetic Network Modeling of Variable-Reluctance
           Fractional-Slot V-Shaped Vernier Permanent Magnet Machine Based on
           Numerical Conformal Mapping

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      Authors: Mehrage Ghods;Jawad Faiz;Hamed Gorginpour;Mohammad Amin Bazrafshan;Jonas Kristiansen Nøland;
      Pages: 3880 - 3893
      Abstract: The V-shaped permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) has been successfully commercialized in hybrid- and all-electric vehicles fabricated by several famous companies. The advantages of PMSMs are a wide constant torque–speed range, high torque development capability and high power factor, and low torque ripple. In addition, the Vernier-PM (VPM) machines supercede conventional PMSM’s torque density and cogging torque. This article presents a variable-reluctance fractional-slot V-shaped VPM (VR-FS-VVPM) machine with special rotor core surface. Hence, varying the air-gap length over the direct and quadrature axes decreases the torque ripple considerably. Moreover, the design of the PM housing differs from previously introduced V-shaped VPM structures. As a result, the leakage flux in the yoke-side end portion of the PM pieces reduces, enhancing the flux linkage and power factor. To facilitate the design process further, an innovative equivalent magnetic network (EMN) model is established to improve performance prediction analytically. Moreover, conformal mapping is applied to create the permeance network for complex geometry air-gap regions. Here, a pentagonal-shaped mesh cell is used in the air-gap region for capturing flux behavior more accurately. The introduced method predicts the performance of the proposed VR-FS-VVPM machine. Finally, a typical 500-W, 12-slot/16-pole motor is designed and prototyped to validate the EMN modeling against finite-element analysis and experimental results.
      PubDate: MON, 09 JAN 2023 10:04:05 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Comprehensive Investigation and Evaluation of Cogging Torque Suppression
           Techniques of Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines

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      Authors: Zhiheng Zhang;Peixin Wang;Wei Hua;Tianxiang Zhang;Guangchen Wang;Mingjin Hu;
      Pages: 3894 - 3907
      Abstract: To obtain the best comprehensive performance of the flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines, six cogging torque suppression techniques based on rotor-side including skewing, step-skewing, notching, pairing, right-angle chamfering, and cos-chamfering rotors are investigated in this article. First, suppression mechanisms of the rotor techniques are classified into two categories and analyzed through general air-gap field modulation theory (AFMT). Then, based on finite element analysis (FEA), cogging torque waveforms of the FSPM machine by each technique are predicted to evaluate cogging torque suppression effectiveness, and the reasons and differences of cogging torque reduction are explained from the perspective of air gap magnetic field harmonics. Next, electromagnetic performances are calculated and compared, including saliency ratio ( $R_{\mathrm{ sa}}$ ), back electromotive force (EMF), torque, and rotor robustness. Furthermore, a system-level theoretical analysis for cogging torque suppression of FSPM machines is conducted to disclose the common nature of different techniques. According to six key factors, namely, cogging torque suppression rate ( $R_{\mathrm {ct}}$ ), per unit saliency ratio [ $R_{\mathrm {sa}}$ (p.u.)], fundamental proportion ( $P_{f}$ ) of back EMF, torque retention rate ( $R_{\mathrm {tr}}$ ), torque ripple suppression rate ( $R_{\mathrm {trs}}$ ), and torque ripple robustness [ $R_{\text {ob}}(T_{\mathrm {rip}})$ ], a more comprehensive rotor design idea (or general design guideline) is provided for machine researchers and designers. Finally, prototype experiments concerning a 12s/10p FSPM machine with four rotor techniques are conducted. The results can provide a significant reference for cogging torque suppression techniques of FSPM machines.
      PubDate: THU, 23 FEB 2023 10:03:45 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Decoupling Control of Outer Rotor Coreless Bearingless Permanent Magnet
           Synchronous Generator Based on Fuzzy Neural Network Inverse System

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      Authors: Changjian Jiang;Huangqiu Zhu;Xin Wang;
      Pages: 3908 - 3917
      Abstract: The outer rotor coreless bearingless permanent magnet synchronous generator (ORC-BPMSG) is a complex system with multivariable, nonlinear, and strong coupling. So, the dynamic decoupling of generation voltage and suspension force is the key to realize stable power generation and reliable operation. In this article, a decoupling control method based on fuzzy neural network (FNN) inverse system is proposed. First, the basic structure and working principle of the ORC-BPMSG are introduced in this article, and the mathematical model of the generating voltage and suspension force is established. Then, based on the reversibility analysis of the mathematical model, the inverse system is constructed by using FNN. By connecting the inverse system in series with the original system, the original nonlinear system is decoupled into three single-input and single-output linear subsystems. Finally, the designed control system is simulated and experimentally studied. The simulation and experimental results show that this control method can realize decoupling among generation voltage and suspension forces, and the ORC-BPMSG has good dynamic performance and stability.
      PubDate: WED, 08 MAR 2023 10:02:06 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • AC-Heating and Fast-Charging Power Requirements of EV Battery Packs in
           Subzero Temperature

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      Authors: Luis E. Guillén Montenegro;Hugo N. Villegas Pico;
      Pages: 3936 - 3946
      Abstract: An emerging problem in power engineering pertains to ascertaining the impacts of fast-charging processes of all-electric vehicles (EVs) on electric grids. This problem exacerbates in subzero climates because it is necessary to preheat battery cells within EVs before fast charging to mitigate lithium plating. To study such processes, we set forth detailed and reduced-order simulation models as to determine grid power requirements for ac heating and fast-charging of EVs. The detailed representation considers ac and dc control loops, a four-quadrant power converter, and an estimator of the state of charge (SoC) of the EV battery pack. The reduced-order model has close agreement with detailed real-time (RT) simulation and laboratory experimentation.
      PubDate: TUE, 03 JAN 2023 10:03:11 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Printed Circuit Board Coils of Multitrack Litz Structure for 3.3-kW
           Inductive Power Transfer System

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      Authors: Alexis Narvaez;Claudio Carretero;Ignacio Lope;Jesus Acero;
      Pages: 3947 - 3957
      Abstract: This article presents the optimization procedure of an inductive power transmission (IPT) system, which utilizes large size spiral printed circuit board (PCB) coils for high-power transfer. PCBs for coil assembly provide advantages in the manufacturing process through the use of cost-effective flexible fabrication techniques. Furthermore, this kind of construction offers a low-profile device, which is of great interest for applications with space constraints. PCB-based IPT system coils can achieve high energy efficiency by applying Litz-structure braiding techniques, as investigated in this work, where the objective was to obtain an optimized balance between the conduction losses and the proximity losses associated with the number and dimensions of the traces. Considering the geometrical dimensions and manufacturing constraints, we will proceed to obtain the characteristics of the coil to achieve optimal performance. The estimation of coil losses was in part based on finite-element simulations, and the results were conveniently processed with the appropriate mathematical methods. Numerical simulation and experimental results were conducted for validation on a prototype suitable to transfer up to 3.3 kW for a transmitter (TX)–receiver (RX) distance of 10 cm. In the experimental arrangement, a maximum efficiency in the coils of 93% has been measured, and the overall efficiency of 88% has been reached for the entire IPT system.
      PubDate: MON, 23 JAN 2023 10:08:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Personalized Velocity and Energy Prediction for Electric Vehicles With
           Road Features in Consideration

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      Authors: Heran Shen;Xingyu Zhou;Hyunjin Ahn;Maxavier Lamantia;Pingen Chen;Junmin Wang;
      Pages: 3958 - 3969
      Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) seem to be an eminent alternative for ground transportation. Yet, human drivers may suffer from EV’s range anxiety, which is engendered by EV’s limited battery capacity and sparse charging stations, particularly in rural areas. A reliable prediction of EV battery energy consumption for the intended route before traveling can alleviate this feeling of unease. Fundamentally, an accurate speed trajectory forecast lays the foundation for a dependable energy consumption prediction. This article originates a data-driven paradigm to predict an EV’s speed considering various road features and individuals’ driving characteristics. Two modified transformer neural networks, which outperform the traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are exploited to extract information from input features and predict vehicular acceleration or velocity profile. Additionally, a novel energy consumption model is suggested to pioneeringly take the tire slip ratio into account and utilize a neural-network-predicted powertrain efficiency map. By design, the proposed algorithm can offer EV speed and energy consumption estimations prior to the start of a trip. Experimental data collected in real-world EV test drives on four different routes are employed to validate the method. Compared to a baseline approach, the proposed scheme yields a superior accuracy on both velocity and energy consumption predictions for EVs.
      PubDate: TUE, 31 JAN 2023 10:05:41 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Analysis and Compensation of the Longitudinal End Effect in Variable
           Reluctance Linear Resolvers Using Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Model

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      Authors: S. A. Seyed-Bouzari;H. Saneie;Z. Nasiri-Gheidari;
      Pages: 3970 - 3977
      Abstract: This article focused on the longitudinal end effect (LEE) in linear variable reluctance (VR) resolvers. The LEE can significantly decrease the accuracy of the linear sensor. Therefore, a novel method based on a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model is proposed for accurate modeling of this phenomenon and used in an optimization routine to suppress that. The LEE is modeled by adding three extra permeances into the conventional MEC model without increasing the complexity and simulation time. Besides, the method of calculating these permeances is described. After that, some techniques are presented to decrease the computational burden of the MEC model. Then, the model is used to compensate the LEE by optimizing the turn number of coils. Comparing the results of the proposed model and the finite-element method (FEM) shows that the deviation of the model in the prediction of different inductances is less than 5%, while the simulation time is about 31 times less than that of FEM. Besides, the comparison between the initial design and the optimal design shows the usefulness of the model in the optimization process, in which the accuracy of the sensor improved by 74.1%. Finally, experimental tests on the prototype sensor verify the success of the analysis.
      PubDate: FRI, 27 JAN 2023 10:03:27 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Simple 24-Pulse Star Rectifier Combining Two Different Tap Converters

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      Authors: Jingfang Wang;Tianlong Yu;Chen Zhao;Teng Liu;Xuliang Yao;Qiming Chen;
      Pages: 3978 - 3993
      Abstract: To further improve the harmonic mitigation capability of the double-star rectifier, a simple 24-pulse star rectifier using a conventional tap converter (CTC) and an improved tap converter (ITC) is proposed. The proposed rectifier comprises two double-star rectification units, a CTC, an ITC, and an interphase reactor (IPR). The CTC and ITC first expand the double-star rectifiers into 12-pulse rectifiers, provide a phase shift of 15°, and then connect through an IPR to achieve the effect of quadrupling the number of pulses. This configuration solves the problem of limited pulse multiplication capability (pulse multiplication number $\le3$ ) of the existing passive tap converter and upgrades the double-star rectifier to a novel 24-pulse star rectifier. The resulting rectifier shows an approximately sinusoidal input current with the absence of the fifth, seventh, 17th, and 19th harmonics. The proposed scheme has the advantages of simple structure, small size, and being economically justified because the proposed scheme does not change the structure of the double-star transformer, and the capacity of CTC and ITC is only 3.49% and 6.29% of the output power, respectively. An experimental prototype with an output power of 1 kW is built to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
      PubDate: TUE, 14 FEB 2023 10:02:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Bidirectional Charger for Low-Voltage-Powered Battery Vehicles

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      Authors: Utsav Sharma;Bhim Singh;
      Pages: 3994 - 4003
      Abstract: A battery charger with bidirectional operability for a low-voltage battery-powered vehicle is discussed in this work. A notable advantage of the presented charger is the effective performance with a wide output voltage range. Hence, this charger facilitates the user to charge a 48-V battery-powered vehicle as well as a 120-V battery-powered vehicle from a single-phase ac supply. Keeping this in view, the presented battery charger utilizes a modified single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) as the back-end dc/dc converter. The modified-SEPIC has significantly improved bidirectional operation with a wide voltage ratio of the output voltage and the input voltage. Hence, it effectively regulates the battery current of both a 48-V battery-powered vehicle and a 120-V battery-powered vehicle. Unlike the conventional SEPIC, the modified-SEPIC utilizes switches with identical ratings. Thus, the manufacturing complexity reduces. Performance verification is carried out through the experimental analysis of the designed battery charger on a 1.1-kW hardware setup in the laboratory environment. The effectiveness of the battery charger is tested amid diverse operating conditions. Moreover, the conduct of the battery charger during the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation is discussed. Finally, a comparison of the modified-SEPIC with its counterparts, based on operational features, is made.
      PubDate: MON, 16 JAN 2023 10:05:07 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Piecewise Affine Maximum Torque per Ampere for the Wound Rotor Synchronous
           Machine

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      Authors: Bernard Steyaert;Ethan Swint;W. Wesley Pennington;Matthias Preindl;
      Pages: 4004 - 4013
      Abstract: Power-efficient torque control of the wound rotor synchronous machine (WRSM) below base speed requires a minimization of electrical losses, namely, copper losses. In this article, the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) optimization problem is presented and solved using a convex Pareto frontier of the simulated or measured data points. Three filtered solution sets are mapped to current space using piecewise affine (PWA) functions, which approximate the current using a piecewise linear function for a given torque. This set of piecewise linear functions enables a machine controller to implement MTPA online or as an offline lookup table. Simulated and experimental results are presented for a 65-kW, finite element analysis (FEA)-sampled WRSM. Compared with linear MTPA, the PWA MTPA functions are shown to reduce the torque error by>25% and reduce the average copper loss by>20%.
      PubDate: THU, 12 JAN 2023 10:02:03 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • An Energy-Oriented Torque-Vector Control Framework for Distributed Drive
           Electric Vehicles

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      Authors: Jinhao Liang;Jiwei Feng;Zhenwu Fang;Yanbo Lu;Guodong Yin;Xiang Mao;Jian Wu;Fanxun Wang;
      Pages: 4014 - 4031
      Abstract: The over-actuated characteristics of distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) provide a flexible platform to pursue higher holistic performance. This article proposes a dual-model predictive control (MPC)-based hierarchical framework to realize the energy saving while improving the handling stability for DDEVs. The upper layer allocates the torque vector through the front/rear axles, which can provide a high-efficiency zone for the in-wheel motors and reduce the energy consumption. The lower layer generates a direct-yaw-moment (DYC) control input by differential longitudinal forces of the left/right wheels to ensure the vehicle handling stability. Considering the time-varying state variables, a linear-time-varying MPC (LTV-MPC) method is adopted to guarantee the accuracy of the model. The combined magic formula tire model is used to modify the tire parameters, including tire longitudinal stiffness and cornering stiffness. The soft constraint constructed by $\beta $ – $\gamma $ phase plane is introduced in the LTV-MPC to ensure the vehicle stability, based on which, a relaxation factor is designed to reduce the energy consumption due to the excessive DYC inputs. The simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test results show that the proposed control framework can effectively reduce the energy consumption for DDEVs while ensuring the vehicle handling stability.
      PubDate: MON, 09 JAN 2023 10:04:05 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Simplified Multivector-Based Model Predictive Current Control for PMSM
           With Enhanced Performance

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      Authors: Zhiwei Xue;Shuangxia Niu;Xianglin Li;
      Pages: 4032 - 4044
      Abstract: To address the challenges of poor steady-state performance and large amount calculation of conventional model predictive current control (MPCC), a simplified multivector-based MPCC with enhanced performance is proposed in this article. First, an effective voltage vectors (VVs) selection method based on current error is proposed, which can directly determine the optimal VVs without cost function enumeration. Compared with the standard method, the number of vectors that need to be evaluated is reduced from 7 to 1. Meanwhile, the duty cycle of each VV is calculated based on the current error to realize error-free control. In addition, to alleviate the deleterious effect of dead time on the control performance, an improved MPCC scheme with optimal utilization of dead time is proposed. The key is that the dead time existing in MPCC is regarded as a dead-time VV (DVV), which can be rationally utilized to improve the control performance. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed MPCC schemes.
      PubDate: MON, 06 FEB 2023 10:04:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Analysis of Inter-Turn Short Circuit Faults in Dual Three-Phase PMSM for
           Electromechanical Actuator

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      Authors: L. Liu;K. Wang;L. L. Guo;J. Li;
      Pages: 4059 - 4070
      Abstract: Dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (DTPM) is an attractive choice for an electromechanical actuator (EMA) owing to its advantages of double redundancy, high power density, and high reliability. However, the winding insulation is susceptible to high thermal and mechanical stress, which will lead to inter-turn short circuit faults (ITSCFs) and poses threat to the safety of the machine system. Moreover, the ITSCF of DTPM is not only limited to single-phase, but also occurs between adjacent phases. Therefore, in this article, the characteristics of single-phase and phase-to-phase ITSCFs are investigated and compared while the short-circuit contact resistance is considered. First, a general mathematical model for single-phase and phase-to-phase ITSCFs are established, and the expressions of short circuit current (SCC) and output torque are derived. Then, the characteristics of flux density, back EMF, SCC, fault phase current, and output torque of the different fault models are compared by finite element analysis (FEA). It is demonstrated that when the contact resistance is not zero ( $R_{f}~\ne ~0$ ), the amplitude of SCC and the third harmonic content of fault phase current are inversely proportional to the contact resistance and proportional to the number of short-circuit turns. In addition, the amplitude of SCC, torque ripple, and braking torque caused by a phase-to-phase ITSCF will be larger than those of the single-phase ITSCF under the same fault conditions, especially when the contact resistance is small. Finally, an experimental prototype is made and tested to validate these analyses.
      PubDate: WED, 25 JAN 2023 10:01:25 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Impacts of Dynamic Frequency Feedback Loop in SOGI-PLL on Low-Frequency
           Oscillation in an Electric Railway System

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      Authors: Yi Zhou;Tianlei Zang;Buxiang Zhou;Haitao Hu;Shi Chen;Huan Luo;
      Pages: 4080 - 4093
      Abstract: The low-frequency oscillation (LFO) issue has occurred frequently in single-phase electric train and traction network interactive systems (hereinafter train-network systems). On a single-phase electric train, the second-order generalized integrator (SOGI)-based phase-locked loops (PLLs) have been widely used and also have significant impacts on the LFO. In the SOGI-PLL, the frequency signal is dynamically feedback from PLL to SOGI for adapting frequency variety, which causes complex nonlinearity and may deteriorate the small-signal stability of train-network systems. In previous works, the small-signal impedance model of train supposes that the feedback frequency is quasi-steady-state, which ignores impacts of dynamic frequency feedback loop (DFFL) on system-level stability and causes inaccurate analysis results. Therefore, this article builds an improved impedance model of train in $dq$ frame with considering the DFFL. Compared with fixed frequency feedback loop (FFFL) based SOGI-PLL, the DFFL-based SOGI-PLL results in an additional negative resistance behavior, which is more likely to induce the LFO. Moreover, based on proposed impedance model of train, three FFFL-based SOGI-PLLs are compared among the filtering capability, phase-locked error and negative resistance range. Finally, experiment results by hardware in the loop (HIL) platform and real low-power experimental platform are employed to verity the correctness of theoretical analysis results.
      PubDate: THU, 05 JAN 2023 10:02:33 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Concept and Demonstration of a Coaxial Magnetic Coupling With
           Electromagnetic Disconnection for Aircraft Permanent Magnet Generators

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      Authors: Oliver Tweedy;Yusuf Akcay;Paolo Giangrande;Michael Galea;
      Pages: 4094 - 4103
      Abstract: The application of more electrified systems in aircraft is required to achieve the target of a more sustainable aviation industry. This in turn relies on the development of new electromechanical devices to ensure the reliability of critical aircraft functions during flight. The aim of this work is to develop and test a device capable of protecting permanent magnet (PM) generators from damage, thus enabling the practical use of such high power density generators in aircraft while eliminating their inherent vulnerability to sustained electrical faults. A novel electromechanical actuator concept for decoupling a PM generator from an aircraft gas turbine engine is introduced and experimentally validated. The proposed concept combines a coaxial magnetic coupling with an electromagnetic actuator (EA), allowing for rapid disconnection in the case of electrical fault detection. The 2-D finite-element magnetic analysis methodology employed in the design of the magnetic coupling and EA is validated with experiments which reveal that the peak torque results of the magnetic coupling are accurate to within a 2.5% error and the actuator can produce the 450-N pull force required for disconnection. The device is capable of operating at a maximum speed of 12 000 r/min and transmitting a load of 32 $\text{N}\cdot \text{m}$ .
      PubDate: MON, 02 JAN 2023 10:03:36 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Characteristics Analysis of Novel Transverse Flux Linear Synchronous Motor
           for Maglev Transportation

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      Authors: Ruodong Zhi;Biao Liu;Gang Lv;Leilei Cui;Tong Zhou;
      Pages: 4104 - 4112
      Abstract: The magnetic levitation (Maglev) transportation mainly completes the propulsion, levitation, and guidance (PLG) functions, which generally require the application of linear motor. Based on this, a novel transverse flux linear synchronous motor (TFLSM) is proposed in this article, which is integrated with PLG. The whole structure and principle of the novel TFLSM are discussed. Then, the air-gap magnetic flux density is calculated based on the equivalent current layer analysis method, and the propulsion and levitation are calculated with different operating times. Besides, the guidance force is calculated with different transverse displacements by using the Schwarz–Christoffel (SC) conformal mapping method. After the simulated of the finite element model, the analytical results of the forces are compared with the finite element method (FEM). Finally, all the calculated results of the PLG are validated by an experimental prototype, which provide an electromagnetic theory analysis for electromagnetic suspension (EMS) transportation that integrated with PLG.
      PubDate: TUE, 24 JAN 2023 10:03:10 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Investigation of the Transverse Flux Linear Synchronous Motor Integrated
           With Propulsion, Levitation and Guidance for the Maglev Train

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      Authors: Gang Lv;Leilei Cui;Ruodong Zhi;Tong Zhou;Yaqing Liu;
      Pages: 4113 - 4120
      Abstract: Conventional electromagnetic suspension (EMS) high-speed trains adopt linear synchronous motors (LSMs) and electromagnets together to provide propulsion, levitation, and guidance (PLG) forces. In this article, a new transverse flux linear synchronous motor (TFLSM) is presented for high-speed maglev trains, which can concurrently provide PLG forces. First, the topology and operating principle of TFLSMs are introduced. Second, the electromagnetic characteristics in the TFLSMs and conventional LSMs applied in high-speed maglev trains under the same dimensional conditions are compared and analyzed using the 3-D finite-element method (FEM). A quantitative comparison of the two motors is carried out to show the feasibility of TFLSMs in maglev transportation system applications. Third, the variations of electromagnetic forces in TFLSM with different mechanical parameters and input currents are calculated and analyzed. Finally, the test platform of the prototype TFLSM is built and experiments are conducted to validate the simulation results. Compared with the conventional LSMs, the levitation force generated by TFLSM is increased by 55% and the propulsion force is increased by 21%.
      PubDate: THU, 16 FEB 2023 10:02:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Automatic Containment of Field Exposure for Roadway Wireless Electric
           Vehicle Charger

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      Authors: Yang Yang;Jingyu Wang;Zhicong Huang;Io-Wa Iam;Chi-Seng Lam;
      Pages: 4121 - 4131
      Abstract: Inductive power transfer (IPT) has found application prospect in dynamic wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging as it can avoid the constraints of physical connection. With the commonly used LCC compensation, the ground-assembled transmitter coil is always excited by a fixed standby current even if there is no receiver coil coverage. As for dynamic wireless PT (DWPT) systems, even without EV charging, the underground transmitter coils typically remain activated at full power output to wait for the receivers in most cases, resulting in huge standby current and magnetic exposure safety concerns. In this article, we proposed a method for automatic containment of field exposure caused by standby current in the transmitter coil of wireless chargers, which applies LCC compensation networks requiring only primary-side control with the elimination of wireless feedback communication and extra detection. The wireless chargers can be automatically deactivated once EVs depart, as well as automatically activated once detecting the presence of EVs. Also, its excellent interoperability for different loads and types of compensation topology has been well analyzed and then verified. Moreover, experiments demonstrate that the magnetic field exposure is merely 11.66% of the ICNIRP 2010 standard exposure limit with the proposed modulation, which is suppressed by 94.64% than before.
      PubDate: FRI, 13 JAN 2023 10:02:43 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Fast Harmonic Rejecting Control Design to Enable Active Support of
           Charging Stations to Micro-Grids Under Distortion

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      Authors: Hoach The Nguyen;Khalifa Al Hosani;Ameena Saad Al-Sumaiti;Thanh Hai Nguyen;Khaled Ali Al Jaafari;Jamal Yousuf Alsawalhi;Mohamed Shawky El Moursi;
      Pages: 4132 - 4146
      Abstract: This article proposes a fast harmonic rejecting control design to enable active support of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to micro-grids under distortion. The proposed harmonic rejecting strategy is applied to control bidirectional converters and storage elements in charging stations to improve the performance of charging stations under various distorted conditions. In this approach, the power quality of both ac- and dc-grids is improved by actively rejecting unwanted harmonic components in voltages, currents, and powers. A fast dynamic control design can actively reject harmonic components where harmonic filters are used to eliminate unwanted components in signals. This article shows that the proposed harmonic rejecting method can result in a simple control design in stationary frames without any phase-locked-loop (PLL) blocks. A two-stage optimization method is introduced under the predictive control fashion, i.e., optimizing vector angle for control performance and then modulating vector magnitude by coordinating one active- and one zero-switching state. The comparative results prove that not only control performance is resilient under distorted conditions but also the power quality on both ac- and dc-grids is actively improved. Both MATLAB/Simulink and real-time experimental platforms are used to verify the efficacy of the proposed approach in terms of compensating the reactive power, rejecting the imbalance harmonic distortions, and smoothing the dc-voltage.
      PubDate: WED, 01 FEB 2023 10:04:38 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Current-Constrained Adaptive Robust Control for Uncertain PMSM Drive
           Systems: Theory and Experimentation

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      Authors: Jianyi Zhang;Wei Ren;Xi-Ming Sun;
      Pages: 4158 - 4169
      Abstract: In this article, we investigate the speed tracking control problem for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems. In particular, the current constraint, parametric uncertainties, and the external load disturbance are addressed simultaneously. To deal with these issues, we first propose a system transformation scheme, which equivalently transforms a PMSM system with the current constraint into the one without any constraints, thereby reducing the difficulties in the controller design caused by the current constraint. Based on the transformed system, the adaptive parameter estimation and robust control are integrated to derive a current-constrained adaptive robust controller (CCARC), which guarantees robust tracking performance under the current constraint, parametric uncertainties and external load disturbance. For the closed-loop system, the Lyapunov-based analysis is provided to show convergence and stability. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally validated using a 5.5 kW PMSM.
      PubDate: THU, 12 JAN 2023 10:02:03 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A General Method for Estimating Coupling Coefficients in Multicoil
           Wireless Power Transfer Based on Harmonic Informatization

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      Authors: Jianghao Hu;Jiankang Zhao;Haihui Long;Fei Gao;
      Pages: 4170 - 4182
      Abstract: As the core parameter of wireless power transfer (WPT), coupling coefficient ( $k$ ) estimation can significantly improve the system characteristics. However, the relationship between $k$ and electrical signals is different under different WPT topologies, so a traditional method can only be applied to one type of topology, especially due to the large number of $k$ in multicoil WPT, the traditional fundamental signal is not sufficient to solve all multicoil $k$ . To solve the shortcomings of traditional methods in generality, a general method of estimating $k$ based on harmonic informatization is proposed in this article. This method uses high-frequency harmonics and bandpass/stop filters to simplify the circuit, so that $k$ can be simply estimated only by harmonic signal. Compared with traditional methods, this method can be applied to all the topologies (including multicoils). Also, as the circuit is simplified under high-frequency harmonics, estimating $k$ requires only a few parameters for simple operations. Thus, harmonic estimation $k$ offers better accuracy, speed, and cost than traditional complex methods under fundamental. This article also experimented with $k$ estimation to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the method.
      PubDate: MON, 23 JAN 2023 10:08:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Power Management of Renewable-Grid Integrated Smart e-Mobility System for
           Light Electric Vehicles

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      Authors: Sachin Chauhan;Ande Bala Naga Lingaiah;Narsa Reddy Tummuru;
      Pages: 4183 - 4195
      Abstract: This work proposes an architecture that integrates renewable energy sources or photovoltaic (PV) systems with the dc link of utility and acts as primary and secondary energy sources to the electric vehicle (EV) load. The proposed architecture contains the dc link cascaded single-stage conventional H-bridge, which superimposes a dual boost interleaved (DBI) topology with a series–series resonant (SSR) converter system. Furthermore, the SSR side contains a wireless charging system followed by the diode bridge rectifier and a Li-ion battery as an EV load. It is challenging to integrate the above system with reduced power stages. Moreover, achieving power control in an integrated single-stage system makes it more complex. Therefore, this work includes a fundamental operation and analysis of the proposed architecture. A system-level power management scheme is also provided to control the proposed system. This power management scheme includes four basic power modes that comply with different system conditions during its operation. Furthermore, the essential of the power management scheme is to ensure that the utility should support the charging structure during excess or shortage of power flow between PV and EV load. Finally, the proposed architecture has been validated using MATLAB simulation and a 1.2-kW hardware prototype.
      PubDate: MON, 23 JAN 2023 10:08:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Asymmetric Half-Frequency Modulation in DAB to Optimize the Conduction and
           Switching Losses in EV Charging Applications

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      Authors: Abed Kazemtarghi;Saikat Dey;Ayan Mallik;Nathan G. Johnson;
      Pages: 4196 - 4210
      Abstract: Dual active bridge (DAB) dc–dc converters are used widely in electric vehicle (EV) charging systems with the advantage of high-power density, bidirectional power flow, and possibility of soft switching. The maximum converter efficiency of DAB-based EV chargers happens at unity voltage gain, while it degrades at the start of the charging cycle where the gain is lower. This article presents a novel gate signal modulation method called asymmetric half-frequency modulation (AHFM) that modifies the duty ratio and switching frequency of the source bridge switches to achieve the higher converter efficiency at low-gain operation. Generalized harmonic approximation (GHA) method is utilized to analyze the circuit operation with applied AHFM, and evaluation of zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) requirements is explained. Then, a loss optimization problem is developed with an objective to select the optimal set of phase shift control variables depending on the modulation method to minimize the sum of conduction and switching losses. Five modulation methods based on conventional modulation and proposed AHFM are compared in terms of resultant switching network efficiency at a wide gain/power range that gives an understanding of optimal method at a specific operating point. The proposed AHFM and loss optimization are applied to the EV battery charging profile to improve the converter efficiency during the whole charging cycle. A 1.1-kW-rated proof-of-concept DAB dc–dc converter has been developed to validate the performance of the proposed method.
      PubDate: THU, 05 JAN 2023 10:02:33 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A General Purpose Transformerless Charging System Based on Fully
           Bridgeless Canonical Switching Cell High-Quality Rectifier for LVEVs

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      Authors: Jitendra Gupta;Bhim Singh;
      Pages: 4211 - 4222
      Abstract: A general purpose transformerless charging system (CS) targeted for various classes of low voltage electric vehicles (LVEVs) (24–72 V), is designed, analyzed, and implemented in this work. The presented CS employs a fully bridgeless canonical switching cell (FBLCSC) improved power quality rectifier (IPQR) at its front end stage and a high gain buck (HGB) dc–dc converter at its back end stage. At the front end, the presented FBLCSC IPQR does not employ diode bridge rectifier (DBR) circuit, and therefore, ensures better conversion efficiency while operating over a wide range of ac mains conditions (110–265 V). Furthermore, compared to conventional buck-boost derived IPQRs, the presented IPQR employs minimum component count and maintains low current ripples at its ac and dc ends. On one side, the minimum component count shrinks down the cost, size, and losses of the complete CS; low current ripples characteristic on the other side lowers the size of ac and dc end filtering elements. Notably, the FBLCSC IPQR exhibits auto unity power factor (PF) operation during discontinuous current mode (DCM) design, and thus, facilitates simple and low-cost control architecture. Apart from control simplicity, the DCM operation of FBLCSC IPQR leads to negligible switch turn-on and diode reverse recovery losses. Likewise, at the back end stage, the HGB converter realizes a transformerless dc–dc stage to ensure ripple-free charging of different classes of LVEVs. Even if, the HGB dc–dc stage accomplishes transformerless steeper step-down gain, its simple design and effective operation over wide battery voltages (24–72 V), are further ensured through flexible dc link voltage (150–350 V) control of front end FBLCSC IPQR. At last, the design, operation, and performance of the presented CS are validated experimentally, and relevant results are discussed comprehensively in support of the performance validation of the presented CS.
      PubDate: FRI, 27 JAN 2023 10:03:27 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Performance of Recursive Least Squares Algorithm Configurations for Online
           Parameter Identification of Induction Machines in an Automotive
           Environment

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      Authors: Martin Nachtsheim;Johannes Ernst;Christian Endisch;Ralph Kennel;
      Pages: 4236 - 4254
      Abstract: The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm for online parameter identification (OPI) of induction machines (IMs) has a high potential to serve as a basis for an innovative electric vehicle diagnosis concept. Commonly used for control parameter tuning, this approach is established in numerous industrial applications. However, in the automotive environment, special machine designs are used, and the highly dynamic operation takes place in a wide speed and load range. This results in fast transient parameter behavior, which is challenging in terms of OPI. Therefore, the algorithm performance must be rated in our field of application with suitable dynamic test profiles. In this work, we compare several algorithm extensions to a novel RLS algorithm with multiple variable forgetting factors for IMs. The algorithms are analyzed regarding their handling of the associated transient parameter behavior. In addition, different identification model structures are considered to deal with the dynamic speed operation and the associated transient iron losses. Special attention is given to the real-time performance of the overall identification algorithms as this is a major requirement for implementation in automotive embedded systems. For validation, both simulation and experimental results are presented, and associated configuration recommendations are provided.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Research on Five-Phase Flux-Intensifying Permanent Magnet Motor Drive
           System Based on New Active Sensorless Strategy

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      Authors: Li Zhang;Sai Han;Xiaoyong Zhu;Li Quan;Wen-Hua Chen;
      Pages: 4266 - 4277
      Abstract: For the sensorless control system of the five-phase interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors, its saturation effect greatly affects the estimated accuracy of rotor position, which will not meet the requirement of multi-operating conditions for electric vehicles (EVs). To solve the saturation effect problem, a new active sensorless control strategy is proposed from the perspective of the motor drive system. Based on the analysis of the influence of the saturation effect on the rotor position observation, a five-phase flux-intensifying fault-tolerant IPM (FIFT-IPM) motor is proposed with the enhanced reverse saliency effect. Thus, the cross-coupling and parameter variation caused by the saturation effect can be suppressed. Furthermore, from the perspective of the control algorithm, a secondary harmonic suppression method based on adaptive-band filtering (ABF) is proposed to further improve the dynamic and steady-state performance of the five-phase FIFT-IPM motor drive system without position sensor control. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are verified by experimental results.
      PubDate: TUE, 31 JAN 2023 10:05:41 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Safe Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Constrained Optimal Control Scheme
           for HEV Energy Management

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      Authors: Zemin Eitan Liu;Quan Zhou;Yanfei Li;Shijin Shuai;Hongming Xu;
      Pages: 4278 - 4293
      Abstract: Considering physical constraints in online optimization and training safety is a challenge for the implementation of the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm. Especially for the nonlinear system, the mapping relationship between the output action of the agent and the control signals is difficult to obtain. This article proposes a novel DRL framework for online optimization in energy management of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), which combines a neural network (NN)-based multiconstraints optimal strategy and a rule-based-restraints system (RBRS). The proposed method named reward-directed policy optimization (RDPO) adopts the exterior point method (EPM) and curriculum learning (CL) to direct the agent to recognize and avoid irrational control signals and optimize the fuel economy. The energy management strategy (EMS) considering fuel consumption minimization and irrational control signals’ avoidance is optimized by training the agent through the world light vehicle test cycle (WLTC). A competitive fuel economy, 4.495 L/100 km, is achieved with no irrational control signals. Based on the online adaptability evaluation conducted, the fuel consumption of the vehicle under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the China Typical Urban Driving Cycle (CTUDC) has been reduced to 4.113 L/100 km and 3.221 L/100 km, respectively, with no irrational control signals. The superiority in optimization, calculation efficiency, and safety is verified through comparisons with various DRL agents.
      PubDate: MON, 30 JAN 2023 10:11:53 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Multiobjective Intelligent Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
           Based on Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

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      Authors: Ningkang Yang;Lijin Han;Rui Liu;Zhengchao Wei;Hui Liu;Changle Xiang;
      Pages: 4294 - 4305
      Abstract: This article proposes a multiobjective energy management strategy (EMS) based on multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with an engine–generator set (EGS) and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS, consisting of a battery and ultracapacitor). First, besides improving fuel economy, maintaining battery state of charge (SOC), reducing battery degradation, and constraint on ultracapacitor SOC are also taken into consideration, formulating multiobjective energy management. Then, the problem is solved using MARL which combines game theory and reinforcement learning (RL). In this framework, EGS and HESS are viewed as two intelligent agents respectively, and their interactions are described as a general-sum stochastic game. Following the principle of MARL, the two agents can learn the optimal control policy which guarantees the Nash equilibrium of multiple objectives, thus achieving a satisfactory balance among them. In the simulation, the MARL-based EMS is compared with single-agent RL (SARL) which ignores the relations of different agents, and dynamic programming (DP) which integrates various targets into a single cost function with weight coefficients. The simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed EMS in optimizing multiple objectives.
      PubDate: THU, 12 JAN 2023 10:02:03 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Feasibility Study for Electric Vehicle Usage in a Microgrid Integrated
           With Renewable Energy

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      Authors: Ahmad Abuelrub;Fadi Hamed;Jehad Hedel;Hussein M. K. Al-Masri;
      Pages: 4306 - 4315
      Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) are getting increased attention due to their potential as reliable sources of transportation. In addition, EVs can be employed as a temporary energy storage system (ESS) in electrical power systems using the grid-to-vehicle (G2V), charging phase, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), discharging phase, technologies. Renewable energy resources (RERs) are a clean and sustainable form of energy but are often intermittent in nature. Integrating ESS with RERs can mitigate the unpredictable fluctuations of the electrical power generated from RERs, but the investment cost of installing ESS is often high. In this article, we investigate the financial benefit obtained from using EVs as a temporary ESS in a microgrid (MG) integrated with a Photovoltaic (PV) plant. The problem formulation considers the capital cost of the EV charging stations (EVCSs), feed-in tariff (FIT), and incentives given to the EVs’ owners. A planning algorithm is developed to find the required number of EVCSs needed to maximize the profit of the suggested system. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated using the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) MG. Four different final state of charge (SC) of EV scenarios are considered. Results show that the suggested system can be economically and technically feasible. Employing EVs, in G2V and V2G schemes, decreases the MG dependency on the grid and yields annual profit as well.
      PubDate: WED, 08 FEB 2023 10:02:49 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Stability Analysis for Hybrid Conduction Mode Single-Inductor Dual-Output
           DC–DC Converter With Dynamic-Freewheeling Control and Dynamic
           Ramp-Compensation

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      Authors: Shuhan Zhou;Runze Lin;Gao Liu;Mingzhi He;Hongbo Zhao;
      Pages: 4316 - 4327
      Abstract: Hybrid conduction mode (HCM) is gradually applied in single-inductor dual-output (SIDO) dc–dc converter as its advantages of reducing switching loss and minimizing cross-regulation. However, it shows that the circuit parameters will affect the stability and restrict its operation range, which causes the converter to operate in non-HCM and these advantages are lost. In this article, to figure out this phenomenon, eight different operation modes of the HCM SIDO buck converter are analyzed. On this basis, a 3-D discrete-time model, which is suitable for variable-frequency control, is established. And then, the effect of output capacitors and its equivalent series resistances (ESRs), load resistors, input voltage and output voltages, constant turn-off time on the stability is discussed. The study results show that the stability and operation mode is sensitive to the difference circuit parameters and control parameters. In addition, the dynamic ramp-compensation based on inductor current is proposed and analyzed for stabilization control, which can broaden the stable operation range of this converter. Finally, experimental results validate the accuracy of proposed theoretical analysis.
      PubDate: MON, 16 JAN 2023 10:05:07 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • An Improved 2-D Subdomain Method Toward Electromagnetic-Performance
           Analysis of Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

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      Authors: Bo Yan;Xianglin Li;Xiuhe Wang;Yubo Yang;Daolian Chen;
      Pages: 4339 - 4351
      Abstract: The 2-D subdomain method (SDM) has proven to be a time-efficient approach suited for determining the magnetic field of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM); however, further application of this method into the field analysis for the line-start PMSM (LSPMSM) is limited by its natural defects, including 1) inability to consider the saturation effect of iron material and 2) failure to deal with the rotor eddy currents allowing self-start. In this work, the step-by-step or iterative numerical calculation using the finite difference method (FDM) is embedded into the execution of conventional 2-D SDM, through which an enhanced version addressing all issues as stated above is obtained. The improved SDM avoids the limitations of the pure analytical method and possesses higher calculation efficiency than that of the pure numerical method. The reliability of the presented method is validated by the finite element analysis (FEA) and tests.
      PubDate: WED, 22 FEB 2023 07:51:31 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A High-Accuracy-Light-AI Data-Driven Diagnosis Method for Open-Circuit
           Faults in Single-Phase PWM Rectifiers

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      Authors: Qingli Deng;Bin Gou;Xinglai Ge;Chunxu Lin;Dong Xie;Xiaoyun Feng;
      Pages: 4352 - 4365
      Abstract: Data-driven solutions, such as artificial intelligence (AI), are more upright and effectual for fault diagnosis in the power converter system. To decrease computing load and improve the diagnosis speed of the intelligent algorithm, a high-accuracy-light-AI data-driven open-circuit diagnosis method is proposed to diagnose single or multiple insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) open-circuit faults in the single-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifiers. First, the fault characteristics of three fault scenarios are analyzed to seek the most critical features and provide prior knowledge for developing the intelligent diagnostic algorithm. Then, a fast-learning algorithm named random vector function link (RVFL) network is utilized to extract the mapping knowledge between the well-selected features and fault modes. To balance the testing accuracy and calculation time of the diagnostic algorithm, the RVFL parameters are tuned to decrease the computing burden. After that, a decision-making framework is designed for identifying the faults in real time. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method is thoroughly verified by extensive experimental tests. A substantial comparison to state-of-the-art techniques shows the proposed scheme’s superiority in diagnostic accuracy, computing time, and diagnosis time.
      PubDate: THU, 19 JAN 2023 10:01:49 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Efficient Mode Transition Control for DM-PHEV With Mechanical Hysteresis
           Based on Piecewise Affine H∞ Strategy

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      Authors: Cong Liang;Xing Xu;Daniel J. Auger;Feng Wang;Shaohua Wang;
      Pages: 4366 - 4379
      Abstract: A dual motor plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (DM-PHEV) can achieve higher power and better fuel economy through the mode transition process (MTP) from pure electric to hybrid driving modes. In a DM-PHEV, the MTP is more complex, with more components to be managed. As well as being a combination of a discrete stage transition and a system with continuous state evolution, the several actuators exhibit significant discontinuous dynamics and different characteristics from each other, particularly mechanical hysteresis. This makes the design of a coordinated controller challenging. In this article, a two-layer coordinated control strategy is proposed. The upper layer is based on a stage-dependent piecewise affine (PWA) model, which is used to develop a PWA-static output feedback (PWA-SOF) ${H_{\infty} }$ strategy. The lower layer is based on a simplified actuator lag model, and an ${H_{\infty} }$ design technique is used to develop a robust torque controller that reduces the effect of mechanical hysteresis. The resulting strategy is described as a PWA-modified static output feedback (PW-MSOF) algorithm. (While the individual elements are not novel contributions to control theory, the combination and application to this problem are novel contributions.) Performance indices are defined, and the hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test shows that the new controller can effectively suppress the vehicle jerk without adversely affecting other aspects of system behavior.
      PubDate: MON, 09 JAN 2023 10:04:05 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Innovations in Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor Thermal Management for
           High Power Density Applications

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      Authors: Colleen Jenkins;Samantha Jones-Jackson;Islam Zaher;Giorgio Pietrini;Romina Rodriguez;James Cotton;Ali Emadi;
      Pages: 4380 - 4405
      Abstract: For aerospace applications, power density is a major driving force in the design of electrified powertrains. At the forefront is the challenging design of electric motors with high efficiencies, torque, and power capabilities. Due to its high performance, the axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motor is expected to be one of the leading technologies to meet the demands of these industries. Finding the balance between the cooling system’s effectiveness and subsequent parasitic losses is key to utilizing these performance benefits. Single-stator double-rotor topologies achieve the best torque density and lower stator losses and, however, are more challenging to cool as the stator is in the center of the motor. Single-stator single-rotor and double-stator machines are less challenging to cool but typically have lower power density. Rotor air cooling is discussed, including the effectiveness of blades, meshes, and vents, which can be optimized to prevent demagnetization. Stator cooling is critical as many machines maximize current density, producing a large amount of heat. The chosen strategy depends on the machine topology and can be accomplished by several strategies, including jackets, fins, channels, immersion cooling, hollow coils, and heat pipes.
      PubDate: WED, 08 FEB 2023 10:02:49 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Hybrid Health Prognostics Method for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
           With Internal Health Recovery

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      Authors: Weiwen Peng;Zongyi Wei;Cheng-Geng Huang;Guodong Feng;Jun Li;
      Pages: 4406 - 4417
      Abstract: Existing health prognostics methods often omit the internal health recovery of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), although this phenomenon commonly exists, especially in the long-term usage of PEMFCs for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. To this end, a novel hybrid method for PEMFCs is proposed, and internal recovery effects and external health data are collaboratively leveraged to achieve high-accuracy health prognostics. Aiming at characterizing health degradation in detail, the health prognostics of PEMFCs is addressed as voltage prediction with recovery identification, trend prediction, and fluctuation prediction. Notably, the internal impedance extracted from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to identify the internal recovery effects. This model-based recovery identification is further incorporated with particle filter for the trend prediction and with random forest regression for the fluctuation prediction by using external health data. Equipped with this hybrid method, simultaneous long- and short-term health assessment and prognostics are realized. Durability test data of two PEMFCs are used to demonstrate the proposed method. The RMSE of the proposed method can reach 0.0090, 0.0088, and 0.0094 for the long-term predictions at 550, 600, and 650 h, respectively, which are smaller than conventional model-based, data-driven, and extended Kalman filter (EKF)-long short-term memory (LSTM) hybrid methods.
      PubDate: THU, 09 FEB 2023 10:01:54 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Servo-Level Human–Machine Shared Control Flexible Strategy Based on
           Driving Ability, Status and Regionalized Environmental Risk

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      Authors: Liu Fang;Zhu Tianhe;Su Weixing;
      Pages: 4418 - 4436
      Abstract: The design of interaction strategy between the human driver and automated driving system (ADS) brings great challenges to driving automation. A servo-level human–machine shared control flexible strategy (SHSC-FS) is proposed to solve the problem of how to reasonably allocate driving control authority (DCA—the proportional distribution of outputs from the driver and ADS when they complete the same dynamic driving task at the same time together). The strategy can realize DCA allocation by evaluating whether the driver’s long-term ability and status can cope with the real-time environmental risk from different directions around. Through the verification test and the analysis of the natural vehicle trajectory dataset, it is found that the regionalized environmental risk faced by human drivers during driving obeys normal distribution. The real-time driving abilities (which is defined as driving status here) of human drivers also obey normal distribution. In addition, the verification tests show that SHSC-FS proposed tends to give higher DCA to the drivers with strong driving ability when they are facing low environmental risk from regions where they are sensitive and good at coping; when dealing with the high environmental risk from regions where drivers are insensitive and not good at dealing with, DCA given to the drivers with weak driving ability is lower.
      PubDate: THU, 09 FEB 2023 10:01:54 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Enhanced Linear ADRC Strategy for Sensorless Control of IPMSM Considering
           Cross-Coupling Factors

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      Authors: Zebin Yang;Can Qian;Xiaodong Sun;Kang Wang;
      Pages: 4437 - 4446
      Abstract: Estimation of rotor coordinate system by high-frequency (HF) signal injection is an effective sensorless control strategy, which can solve the decoupling problem of position information of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in the low-speed range. However, the inductance cross-coupling phenomenon caused by magnetic saturation will lead to a decline in the accuracy of rotor angle extraction, resulting in a serious deterioration of the sensorless control performance. To solve this problem, an HF signal injection method considering dq-axis coupling inductance is proposed to estimate the HF inductance and the rotor angle. The estimated HF inductor combined with the current loop enhanced linear active disturbance rejection control (ELADRC) is used in the current loop control to estimate the disturbance and improve the current regulation quality of the current control system. Furthermore, the stability and the tracking performance of the ELADRC are analyzed theoretically. Finally, the stability of a closed-loop IPMSM drives system based on ELADRC considering HF inductance is analyzed. The experimental results of a salient pole IPMSMs driver verify the effectiveness and practicability of the scheme.
      PubDate: FRI, 03 FEB 2023 10:02:54 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Novel-Driven Scheme Regarding to Current Dynamics Enhancement for
           Switched Reluctance Motor System

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      Authors: Shuai Xu;Luwei Tao;Guoqiang Han;Chen Liu;
      Pages: 4447 - 4457
      Abstract: Aiming at lowering the cost and enhancing the current dynamics for switched reluctance motor (SRM) system, a novel-driven scheme is proposed by combing the self-boost voltage converter (SBVC) and chopping limit active regulation (CLAR) current control strategy. First, the working modes of SBVC are analyzed during the one-phase and two-phase operation situations. And the dc-link voltage pump-up mechanism and capacitor parameters selection method are developed. Then, the CLAR current control strategy is performed to adjust the excitation voltage and demagnetization voltage and then shape the current waveform. Owing to the proposed current profile generation technique, the excitation time and demagnetization time can be actively adjusted to enhance the current dynamics under different mission profiles. Compared to the existing current dynamics enhancement strategy, the proposed operation strategy achieves the lower cost, better current tracking performance, lower torque ripple, and wider speed range. Simulations and experiments are performed on a four-phase 8/6 SRM to verify the validity of the proposed operation strategy in different mission profiles.
      PubDate: WED, 08 FEB 2023 10:02:49 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Techno-Economic Framework for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations

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      Authors: Muhammad Osama Tarar;Naveed Ul Hassan;Ijaz Haider Naqvi;Michael Pecht;
      Pages: 4458 - 4473
      Abstract: Electric vehicle (EV) battery swapping stations (BSWSs) are an important aid in rapid transport electrification, especially in developing countries where per capita income is low and expensive battery prices discourage EV penetration. Consequently, a BSWS model, where the BSWS owns the battery, can help in EV penetration and rapid transport electrification. This article presents a new EV BSWS model to obtain a suitable tradeoff between the swapping time and the quality of battery health indicators. The state of charge (SOC), battery abuse, and battery degradation are measured/estimated online, while the state of health (SOH) is determined offline. The cost of the swapping cycle is determined by considering multiple cost components and penalties. The modeling approach not only enables determining a fair and affordable price for each swapping cycle for EVs but also helps keep a check on the battery’s SOH and remaining useful life (RUL) during swapping without significantly increasing the battery swapping times compared with the average refueling time of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The swapping cost of the BSWS model is also compared with home and commercial charging station (HCS and CCS) models under different assumptions. The analysis suggests that the battery can be swapped in 6 min for light vehicles, comparable to the complete tank refueling of ICE vehicles. Moreover, with appropriate consideration of EV opportunity profit (EVOP), the BSWS remains feasible compared with HCS and CCS even at a high-profit margin of 750%. Also, battery degradation is considered using the economic model’s degradation cost component, and its link with different SOC strategies is explored. Again, the results suggest that SOC strategies can be a helpful way for BSWS to maximize battery life and increase its profits. Moreover, considering EVOP along with battery degradation and SOC strategies further highlights the feasibility of BSWS.
      PubDate: FRI, 03 MAR 2023 10:01:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Coordinated Battery Swapping Service Management Scheme Based on Battery
           Heterogeneity

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      Authors: Xinyu Li;Yue Cao;Shaohua Wan;Shuohan Liu;Hai Lin;Yongdong Zhu;
      Pages: 4474 - 4491
      Abstract: The service management based on battery heterogeneity has become an increasingly important research problem in battery swapping technology. In this article, with the method of bipartite matching, we first theoretically analyze the offline optimization problem of battery swapping service under battery heterogeneity. Nevertheless, the information of global view used in offline optimization solutions cannot be known in advance during real-time operation. To address the disadvantage, an online framework comprising several subprocedures is proposed for heterogeneous battery implementation. First, by incorporating battery swapping station (BSS) local status such as charging and waiting queue of heterogeneous batteries, a charging slot allocation mechanism is designed. Utilizing the proposed allocation method, the charging priority is determined by the proportion of heterogeneous batteries demand, so as to guarantee charging fairness. Second, with the help of reservation information, the proposed allocation method can further be improved by predicting the future arrival distribution of heterogeneous types of electric vehicles. Third, according to the service demand prediction based on long short-term memory neural network, joint optimization of BSS-selection and charging cost can be achieved by charging power adjustment. Simulation results indicate the desirable performance of the proposed scheme in balancing the demands of multiparty participators.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Lithium-Ion Battery State of Health Prediction With a Robust Collaborative
           Augmented Hidden Layer Feedforward Neural Network Approach

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      Authors: Tarek Berghout;Mohamed Benbouzid;Yassine Amirat;Gang Yao;
      Pages: 4492 - 4502
      Abstract: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries play an important role in providing necessary energy when acting as a main or backup source of electricity. Indeed, the unavailability of battery aging discharge data in most real-world applications makes the state of health (SoH) assessment very challenging. Alternatively, accelerated aging is therefore adopted to emulate the degradation process and to achieve an SoH estimate. However, accelerated aging generates limited deterioration patterns suffering from a higher level of complexity due to the nonlinearity and nonstationarity imposed by harsh conditions. In this context, this article aims to provide a predictive model capable of solving incomplete data problems by providing two main solutions for each of the problems of complexity and missing patterns. First, to overcome the problem of lack of patterns, a robust collaborative feature extractor (RCFE) is designed by collaborating between a set of improved restricted Boltzmann machines (I-RBMs) to be able to share learning knowledge among different locally trained I-RBMs to create a more generalized global extraction model. Second, a set of RCFEs is then evolved through a neural network with an augmented hidden layer (NAHL) to enhance the predictive ability by further exploring representation learning to overcome the pattern complexity issues. The designed RCFE-NAHL is trained to predict SoH using constant current (CC) discharge characteristics by implying multiple characteristics recorded through the constant voltage (CV) charging process as indicators of health. The proposed SoH prediction approach performances are evaluated on a set of battery life cycles from the well-known NASA database. In this context, the achieved results clearly highlight the higher accuracy and robustness of the proposed learning model.
      PubDate: MON, 16 JAN 2023 10:05:07 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • An Improved Integral Sliding Mode Control for PMSM Drives Based on New
           Variable Rate Reaching Law With Adaptive Reduced-Order PI Observer

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      Authors: Xin Guo;Shoudao Huang;Yu Peng;Kaiyuan Lu;Sheng Huang;Derong Luo;Xuan Wu;
      Pages: 4503 - 4516
      Abstract: This article focuses on speed control in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). To promote the speed tracking performance and anti-disturbance property of the PMSM speed regulation system against various unknown disturbances, such as parameter mismatch, load torque variation, friction force, and so on, an improved integral sliding mode control (IISMC) method based on a new variable rate reaching law (NVRRL) and an adaptive reduced-order proportional integral observer (AROPIO) is proposed. The NVRRL method can reduce the chattering, and convergence time of the system state at the same time compared to the existing sliding mode reaching law. An anti-windup sliding mode surface is proposed to overcome the overshoot problem of the integral sliding mode surface when the reference speed is large and rises in steps or large ramps. To further improve the system tracking accuracy and anti-disturbance ability, an AROPIO is used to estimate lumped disturbances and provides feedforward compensation for the IISMC. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed IISMC + AROPIO method not only achieves high speed tracking accuracy and fast convergence speed but also achieves strong anti-interference ability.
      PubDate: FRI, 03 FEB 2023 10:02:54 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • The Impact of Considering State-of-Charge- Dependent Maximum Charging
           Powers on the Optimal Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling

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      Authors: Kun Qian;Reza Fachrizal;Joakim Munkhammar;Thomas Ebel;Rebecca C. Adam;
      Pages: 4517 - 4530
      Abstract: Intelligent charging solutions facilitate mobility electrification. Mathematically, electric vehicle (EV) charging scheduling formulations are constrained optimization problems. Therefore, accurate constraint modeling is theoretically and practically relevant for scheduling. However, the current scheduling literature lacks an accurate problem formulation, including the joint modeling of the nonlinear battery charging profile and minimum charging power constraints. The minimum charging power constraint prevents allocating inexecutable charging profiles. Furthermore, if the problem formulation does not consider the battery charging profile, the scheduling execution may deviate from the allocated charging profile. An insignificant deviation indicates that simplified modeling is acceptable. After providing the problem formulation targeting the maximum possible vehicle battery state-of-charge (SoC) on departure, the numerical assessment shows how the constraint consideration impacts the scheduling performance in typical charging scenarios (weekday workplace and weekend public charging where the grid supplies up to 40 vehicles). The simulation results show that the nonlinear battery charging constraint is practically negligible: For many connected EVs, the grid limit frequently overrules that constraint. The resulting difference between the final mean SoCs using and not using accurate modeling does not exceed 0.2%. Consequently, the results justify simplified modeling (excluding the nonlinear charging profile) for similar scenarios in future contributions.
      PubDate: TUE, 14 FEB 2023 10:02:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • An Adaptive Battery Charging Method for the Electrification of Diesel or
           CNG Buses as In-Motion-Charging Trolleybuses

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      Authors: Ibrahim Diab;Rik Eggermont;Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli;Pavol Bauer;
      Pages: 4531 - 4540
      Abstract: The decarbonization of urban bus fleets can be made by their electrification as in-motion-charging (IMC) buses which can run as trolleybuses or in battery mode. The benefit is that IMC buses can use the existing trolleygrid infrastructure where their route overlaps with it to charge the battery and operate in battery mode outside of it. Presently, the IMC battery charging power is set conservatively to the minimum of all the spare capacities of the traction substations (SSs) found along the bus route. This can render most electrification projects techno/economically infeasible as not enough energy is picked up for the battery-mode operation and long charging times at bus terminals are required. This article proposes then an adaptive charging approach that uses the locally available spare capacity under any traction SS, taking into account the limitations of the maximum SS power and the minimum line voltage. The method is proven here both theoretically and in a case study over one full year of operation of four electrified diesel/compressed natural gas (CNG) bus lines in Arnhem, The Netherlands, using comprehensive and verified trolleybus and trolleygrid models. The proposed adaptive charging method, as opposed to the present conservative method (here, Regular Charging), is shown to make one bus electrification project completely feasible and reduce the extra terminal charging time for the other lines by up to 64%.
      PubDate: MON, 06 FEB 2023 10:04:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • High-Performance Megawatt-Scale MVDC Zonal Electrical Distribution System
           Based on Power Electronics Open System Interfaces

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      Authors: Daniele Bosich;Massimiliano Chiandone;Giorgio Sulligoi;Andrea Alessia Tavagnutti;Andrea Vicenzutti;
      Pages: 4541 - 4551
      Abstract: Integrated power and energy systems (IPESs) will play a critical role in supporting future complex electric ship operations. In particular, flexibility is required to exploit shipboard energy sources and storages for multiple ship functions, supporting a highly dynamic electrical power use. To this aim, the medium voltage dc (MVDC) electrical power distribution has been conceived to provide the requested power flexibility, along with other expected advantages in terms of functional integration and ship design. For complex and high-performance ship power systems, the zonal electrical distribution system (ZEDS) concept has been proposed to maximize MVDC capabilities even under extremely demanding operational conditions. This article presents a megawatt-scale test facility of an MVDC ZEDS developed and built in Trieste, Italy, based on power electronics open system interfaces. The demonstrator is described in its power and control design architectures and capabilities. In particular, a successful MW-scale test is presented, to show ZEDS capability in supporting large and fast load variations, while maintaining acceptable MVDC voltage tolerances.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Simultaneous Multispot Temperature Prediction of Traction Transformer in
           Urban Rail Transit Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks

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      Authors: Chao Li;Jie Chen;Chengjian Xue;Zhigang Liu;Pooya Davari;
      Pages: 4552 - 4561
      Abstract: Hot-spot temperature (HST) is a typical indicator of transformer’s health status, and accurate prediction of HST is critical for prognosis and health management (PHM) of traction transformer in urban rail transit (URT), where dramatically fluctuating loads and complex climates pose serious challenges. This article proposed a novel deep-learning-enabled method to predict multispot temperatures of transformer simultaneous using long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. Real-world operation data collected from Qingdao Metro over a year-long period were used to train the prediction model and verify its validity. The most appropriate transformer-related parameters were selected as the inputs of model by Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the model. Besides, the dropout and early stopping techniques are used to prevent model from overfitting. Furthermore, the robustness and versatility of proposed method were verified by testing the data on different seasons of multiple transformers, and the superiority of the method was also proved by comparing with other methods. The results show that the proposed model can achieve accurate on-line temperature prediction of transformer, and the mean relative error of 16-min-ahead HST prediction is less than 0.26%. The proposed method can provide a reference for PHM of transformers.
      PubDate: THU, 09 FEB 2023 10:01:54 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Performance Improvement in a Linear Primary Permanent Magnet Vernier
           Machine by Modular Unit Shift Effect

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      Authors: Zhijian Ling;Wenxiang Zhao;Jinghua Ji;Meimei Xu;Yuhua Sun;Qingze Hu;
      Pages: 4562 - 4570
      Abstract: This article investigates the effects of modular unit shift on the detent force and mutual-to-self-inductance ratio in the modular linear primary permanent magnet Vernier (MLPPMV) machine. First, the winding connection and slot/pole combinations for the modular design are discussed. Then, the relationship of the phase shift and modular unit spacing is given. The operation principle of the MLPPMV machine is analyzed from the perspective of the air-gap field modulation theory. Moreover, the analytical expressions of the modular unit shift and phase shift angle for the MLPPMV machine are derived. Afterward, the back EMFs, detent forces, and inductances are comparatively analyzed. The investigation reveals that the reasonable modular unit shift has significance to improve the electromagnetic performances. Furthermore, the finite-element method is adopted to evaluate. Finally, a prototype of MLPPMV machine is built. Experiments are carried out on a linear test bench, verifying the theoretical analysis.
      PubDate: MON, 06 FEB 2023 10:04:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Capacity Configuration Method of Flexible Smart Traction Power Supply
           System Based on Double-Layer Optimization

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      Authors: Yichen Ying;Zhongbei Tian;Mingli Wu;Qiujiang Liu;Pietro Tricoli;
      Pages: 4571 - 4582
      Abstract: The flexible smart traction power supply system (FSTPSS) is a new type of traction power supply system (TPSS) including converters, energy storage devices, and renewable energies. The capacities of the multiple components in FSTPSS have a significant impact on the economic operation and stable operation. And the capacity configuration optimization requires considering both the daily operating costs and long-term investment recycling, which has not been fully studied. Based on the characteristics of FSTPSS, this article proposes a double-layered capacity configuration optimization method by integrating the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) and CPLEX solver. The main goal of this method is to obtain the maximum economic benefits in the whole life cycle. Meanwhile, the operation time of FSTPSS when facing grid outage is also considered. The simulation results show that compared with the benchmark, the final converged maximum benefit value has increased by 43.6%, the grid power is averaged cut by 2.26%, and the sum of the daily cycle number of the energy storage devices increased by 27.3%. In addition, the proposed method can also improve the probability that the train can drive out of the current power supply interval in the event of a grid outage. By using the proposed method, this probability is increased by 9.27%.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • The Effect of Cross-Coupling on the Dynamic Performance of a Dual Phase
           Shift Controlled BiWPT System

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      Authors: Ravi Kumar Yakala;Debiprasad Nayak;Manish Kumar;Sumit Kumar Pramanick;
      Pages: 4583 - 4593
      Abstract: In a bidirectional wireless power transfer (BiWPT) system, dual phase shift (DPS) control is used to maintain the optimal efficiency at constant output power over varying misalignment. The presence of multiple control and output variables in DPS control creates cross-coupling between the transmitter and receiver sides, making BiWPT a multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) system. Due to cross coupling, any change in control variable in one side of the BiWPT system will affect the output of the same side as well as the output and control input in the other side. This results in an uncertain dynamic behavior of the output response. The cross-coupling effect has not been adequately researched in the literature. Hence, this article presents an accurate dynamic model using a generalized state-space averaging approach (GSSA) and an extended describing function (EDF) method for a multivariable control of the S-S compensated BiWPT system. This model is used to derive the system’s relative gain array (RGA), which is used to study the effect of cross-coupling terms on the output variables. A 1-kW S-S compensated BiWPT experimental setup is used to validate the effect of cross-coupling on the dynamic behavior of the system by comparing DPS and single phase shift (SPS) controlled experimental waveforms. The steady-state and transient behavior of the BiWPT system has also been investigated with the simulation and experimental results.
      PubDate: WED, 22 FEB 2023 07:51:31 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • A Novel Current Harmonic Suppression Method for HSPMSG Based on the Hybrid
           Rectifier

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      Authors: Shengjing Yin;Xiaolin Wang;
      Pages: 4594 - 4604
      Abstract: This article presents a novel current harmonic suppression scheme for the high-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (HSPMSG). Aiming to effectively reduce current harmonics for the HSPMSG, this article focuses on two areas: improving the rectifier power topology and developing a current loop controller. First, a hybrid rectifier based on silicon-carbide/silicon (SiC/Si) is designed to equivalently increase the switching frequency of the HSPMSG to address the problem of low carrier frequency ratio. In addition, an improved space-vector-modulation (ISVM) strategy based on the hybrid rectifier is proposed. However, the harmonic distortion caused by rectifier nonlinearity will deteriorate as the switching frequency increases. For further suppressing harmonic disturbances caused by rectifier nonlinearity, a resonant-super-twisting (R-STW) controller is designed by combining the resonant controller and the super-twisting (STW) controller in this article. The stability of the STW is demonstrated by Lyapunov stability theory and the resonant controller is discretized. Finally, a number of simulations and experiments based on a high-HSPMSG are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the control method proposed in this article.
      PubDate: MON, 06 FEB 2023 10:04:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Interpretable Real-Time Modeling of the Diffusion Overpotential in Lithium
           Batteries

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      Authors: Alan Gen Li;Matthias Preindl;
      Pages: 4605 - 4612
      Abstract: Fractional-order dynamics can form physically interpretable equivalent-circuit models (ECMs) of the diffusion overpotential in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) but have complex formulations in the time domain. Meanwhile, resistor–capacitor circuits have simple implementations but little physical meaning. Thus, we propose a discrete-time state-space diffusion model, named “receding-horizon diffusion” (RHD). It combines physical interpretability with computational simplicity. Analogous to the Warburg element in impedance spectroscopy, the RHD constant is explicitly linked with the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. Fivefold validation of the RHD model using simulated and experimental from lithium NiMnCo and NiCoAl cells up to 3 C-rate, temperatures from 0 °C to 25 °C, and wide ranges of states of health and charge. The model has less than 1% modeling error. Ohmic, charge-transfer, and diffusion overpotentials are tracked in real time. The RHD model could be integrated into battery management systems (BMSs) in electric vehicles (EVs) and used in standard state estimation techniques.
      PubDate: FRI, 20 JAN 2023 10:01:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Force Ripple Reduction of a Fractional Pole Pair Complementary Modularized
           Variable Reluctance Linear Machine for Long Stroke Application

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      Authors: Zhenghao Li;Shuangxia Niu;Xing Zhao;W. N. Fu;
      Pages: 4613 - 4625
      Abstract: Variable reluctance linear machine (VRLM), which takes advantage of magnet-free, simple structure, and low cost, is one of the emerging candidates for long stroke application. However, due to the abundant harmonics in the air gap, the conventional modular linear machine suffered from thrust ripple, which leads to vibration and acoustic noise problems. The thrust force ripple in VRLM is mainly caused by higher order harmonics in the induced voltage and detent force. To furtherly suppress the odd-order harmonics in the induced voltage and detent force, a fractional pole pair unequal module arrangement (FP-UMA) design, in which the distances of adjacent modularized mover segments are not equal, is proposed to VRLM and collaborated with complementary structure in this article. The key is that the modularized movers are artificially designed to be unequally distributed regarding spatial distribution to eliminate the odd-order harmonics in the induced voltage along with the thrust ripples that they caused based on the quantitative analysis of the thrust ripple components. It is revealed that, with the proposed FP-UMA design, the thrust ripple ratio of the machine has been effectively relieved from 4.6% to 2.2% under copper loss of 450 W. Furthermore, some design guidelines for the proposed machine, such as position offset of modularized mover $\Delta \lambda _{m2}$ , dc loss ratio $k_{\mathrm {dc}}$ , and slot pole combinations, are discussed. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed design method is evaluated by the finite element method and experiments.
      PubDate: FRI, 03 FEB 2023 10:02:54 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Behavioral Decision-Making Approach for Vehicle Platoon Control: Two
           Noncooperative Game Models

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      Authors: Yang Liu;Changfu Zong;Changhua Dai;Hongyu Zheng;Dong Zhang;
      Pages: 4626 - 4638
      Abstract: Game theory has been extensively studied in recent years for its potential benefits on solving interactions between autonomous vehicles in platoon control. In this article, we propose two behavioral decision-making approach based on non-cooperative game theory with both the complete information and incomplete information for cooperative vehicle platoon systems. The non-cooperative game payoff function takes the platooning performances of economy, comfort, safety, and further achieving self-driving functions into consideration. For the driving situations with incomplete information, a belief pool is constructed to represent the action probability for different behavioral types of vehicles, which will be updated by combining the driving intention identification with a Bayesian probability formula. With this, the stable strategies can be obtained for the two potentially conflicting parties, ensuring that neither of them has a motivation to change their driving behavior. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that with the proposed behavioral decision-making approaches with complete information, the cooperative platoon performance can be markedly improved; with incomplete information, the platoon can determine the behavioral types of conflicting vehicles and complete collaborative decision-making approaches for solving not only the simple road-rights conflicting problems, but also for the extended vehicle platoon driving scenarios in a more complex transportation system.
      PubDate: WED, 18 JAN 2023 10:56:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Dynamic Performance Improvement of Wound Rotor Synchronous
           Starter/Generator System Based on PWM Rectifier

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      Authors: Heng Shi;Zhuoran Zhang;Jianbin Han;Jincai Li;
      Pages: 4639 - 4649
      Abstract: This article proposes an active field current tracking (AFCT) control strategy for a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier, which can remarkably enhance the system’s dynamic performance of a wound rotor synchronous starter/generator (WRSSG) system when the load changes. The WRSSG system uses a PWM converter in the aero-engine starting process and can reuse the power circuit as a PWM rectifier for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power generation, thus simplifying the system structure, volume, and weight. The mathematical model of the WRSSG system with the PWM rectifier is introduced. Based on the system model, the proportional-integral (PI) controller of the armature current loop is designed. The nonlinear PI controller of the excitation voltage loop is also illustrated. A 15-kW WRSSG system based on the PWM rectifier is implemented. The AFCT control strategy and its high dynamic performance are verified by experiments. The simple system structure and distinguished dynamic performance of the PWM rectifier with AFCT control can make the WRSSG system more competitive in aircraft applications.
      PubDate: WED, 22 FEB 2023 07:51:31 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • General Online Current-Harmonic Generation for Increased Torque Capability
           With Minimum Stator Copper Loss in Fault-Tolerant Multiphase Induction
           Motor Drives

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      Authors: Alejandro G. Yepes;Abdullah Shawier;Wessam E. Abdel-Azim;Ayman Samy Abdel-Khalik;Shehab Ahmed;Jesús Doval-Gandoy;
      Pages: 4650 - 4667
      Abstract: This article proposes a current-reference generation method, including current harmonic injection (CHI) for enhancing the torque capability of multiphase induction machines (IMs) with negligible space-harmonic effects, which is useful, e.g., during transient overload in electric vehicles. The admissible torque is increased because the harmonics reduce the phase-current peaks so that the instantaneous peak-current constraint of the drive, usually associated with the converter ratings, is respected. The harmonics are injected in the so-called ${x} - {y}$ subspaces of the IM, which do not produce torque, so that no torque ripple is introduced. The optimum harmonics are found online for each load, making it possible to minimize the stator copper loss (SCL) per torque in the entire torque range, ensuring full-range minimum loss (FRML). The method is suitable for healthy operation or open-phase faults and for multiphase machines of any phase number and with either symmetrical or asymmetrical windings. Compared with FRML methods without CHI, higher torque is achieved. Although some techniques were available for increasing the torque capability by CHI, FRML was not attained, laborious off-line optimization was needed, or they were only suitable for specific drives or healthy conditions, unlike the proposal. Experimental results with a symmetrical six-phase IM are provided.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Moving Toward Partial Discharge-Free Design of Electrical Machines for
           More Electric Aircraft Applications

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      Authors: Yatai Ji;Paolo Giangrande;Weiduo Zhao;Huanran Wang;Vincenzo Madonna;He Zhang;Michael Galea;
      Pages: 4668 - 4679
      Abstract: For aerospace electrical machines (EMs), the partial discharge (PD) risk is becoming much more severe due to higher dc link voltage levels and faster switching devices. Traditionally, EMs for safety-critical applications mainly rely on overengineering methods to guarantee reliability. However, a recent shift toward reliability-oriented design, which is based on understanding the physics of failure, allows for meeting the reliability requirements while ensuring performance. From the perspective of the reliability-oriented methodology, the PD-free design of a starter/generator (S/G) with a 540-V dc bus is presented and the main steps for a comprehensive PD risk evaluation are discussed. First, the PD inception mechanism is experimentally investigated under pulse voltage excitation for several rise times, temperatures, and pressure values. Then, the measured PD inception voltage (PDIV) values are used to perform an accurate PD risk assessment, which includes the winding hotspot temperature resulting from the S/G mission profile, the environment operating conditions, and the connection cable length. Finally, the PD risk of an S/G with a higher dc bus (i.e., 800 V) is examined to comply with the future aircraft voltage level.
      PubDate: THU, 23 FEB 2023 10:03:45 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Adaptive Position Control Strategy of SRM-Based EMA System for Precision
           Position Tracking

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      Authors: Yun Long;Jinhua Du;
      Pages: 4680 - 4691
      Abstract: The electromechanical actuator (EMA) driven by switched reluctance motor (SRM) is promising to be used in the steering vane control system on the landing craft air cushion (LCAC) hovercraft due to its reduced maintenance costs and increased control flexibility. The system parameter uncertainty, the unknown load disturbance, and the large torque ripple of SRM, however, make it challenging to achieve high position control precision. To improve the position control accuracy of the SRM-based EMA system, an adaptive position control strategy is proposed in this article. First, an adaptive fast terminal sliding mode controller (AFTSMC) is designed to address the issues of model parameter estimation and load disturbance rejection, which improves the dynamic response performance of the SRM-based EMA system. Second, a current-limited direct torque controller (CL-DTC) is proposed to track the reference torque calculated by AFTSMC with lower torque ripple and to limit the excessive currents of SRM at the same time, which helps further enhance the position control precision and prevent the SRM-based EMA from overheating. Finally, the proposed position control strategy is tested and compared with three other position controllers based on simulations and experiments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed position control strategy.
      PubDate: MON, 06 FEB 2023 10:04:28 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • State of Health Estimation of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Based on
           Degradation Knowledge Transfer Learning

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      Authors: Xin Lu;Jing Qiu;Gang Lei;Jianguo Zhu;
      Pages: 4692 - 4703
      Abstract: Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation constitutes a critical task for systems employing lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, many current studies that focus on data-driven SOH estimation methods ignore the battery degradation modes (DMs). This article proposes a two-stage framework to develop an SOH estimation model for Li-ion batteries considering the transferred DM knowledge. First, a battery DM regression model is designed to diagnose the contributions of three DMs by transferring the DM knowledge. Since the real and synthetic datasets are independent and identically distributed, a DM regression model trained with the synthetic dataset cannot be directly applied to the real dataset. To bridge the gap, this article proposes a deepCoral-based domain adaptation method to minimize the regression loss and domain adaptation loss between the source domain (synthetic) and the target domain (real) such that the degradation knowledge learned from the synthetic batteries can be transferred to the real batteries. The model’s structure and parameters are optimized through simulation tests to improve the diagnosis accuracy. Second, we propose a new deep learning model, conditional time series generative adversarial network (CTSGAN), which can effectively preserve temporal dynamics during battery degradation. With the DM and other related conditions, a CTSGAN-based SOH estimation model is constructed, which shows good estimation performance. Finally, case studies verify the effectiveness and superiority of degradation knowledge transfer learning and the SOH estimation for synthetic and real battery datasets.
      PubDate: MON, 30 JAN 2023 10:11:53 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Interaction-Aware Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicles

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      Authors: Yongli Chen;Shen Li;Xiaolin Tang;Kai Yang;Dongpu Cao;Xianke Lin;
      Pages: 4704 - 4715
      Abstract: Complex, dynamic, and interactive environment brings huge challenges to autonomous driving technologies. Because of the strong interactions between different traffic participants, autonomous vehicles (AVs) must learn how to interact with other road users. Failure to consider interaction when making decisions may result in safety issues. In this article, an interaction-aware decision-making approach is proposed for AVs. First, focusing on the interaction at uncontrolled midblock crosswalks, the game theory is used to model the vehicle–pedestrian interaction (VPI). Then, an interaction inference framework is developed using the interaction model to obtain interaction information with pedestrians. Besides, a collaborative action planning method is proposed to generate collaborative actions. More importantly, interactive decision-making is formulated as an optimization problem by considering the task item and action item. Furthermore, considering pedestrians’ different levels of cooperation, the social force pedestrian model is developed. Then, a highly interactive environment is constructed. Finally, qualitative and quantitative evaluations are carried out against three baseline methods. The result shows that our method can interact with different pedestrians and balance safety and efficiency compared to baseline methods.
      PubDate: MON, 30 JAN 2023 10:11:53 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Electrical Characterization and Modeling of High Frequency Arcs for Higher
           Voltage Aerospace Systems

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      Authors: Abir Alabani;Prem Ranjan;Jun Jiang;Lujia Chen;Ian Cotton;Vidyadhar Peesapati;
      Pages: 4716 - 4725
      Abstract: Arcing in future high-voltage aerospace systems could occur more frequently and cause irreversible damage to electrical components and system structure, and increase the risk of fire. While arcs seen in low-voltage aerospace systems tend to be long-duration and low-energy events, higher-power but short-duration arcs may occur in high-voltage aerospace systems if they are readily detectable by system protection. This article investigates the characteristics of high current arc faults generated at the ac frequencies expected in future rotating machines used for higher voltage aerospace systems. As such, arcs with a peak current up to 4.6 kA are generated at frequencies in the range of 0.5–2 kHz using an underdamped RLC circuit, under pressures of 0.2–1 bar absolute. High-frequency arcs exhibit a similar characteristic to lower-frequency arcs. A reduction in pressure results in lower arc voltage and arc power. Arcing tests at atmospheric pressure may therefore represent a worst-case scenario and the development of a low-pressure test environment may not be necessary. A black box model is developed to provide good agreement with experimental arc voltage waveforms for different parameters investigated in this study. This is a generalized modeling approach to estimate high-frequency high-voltage arcing characteristics without recourse to experiment.
      PubDate: TUE, 14 FEB 2023 10:02:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Remaining Useful Life Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries With a Hybrid
           Model Based on TCN-GRU-DNN and Dual Attention Mechanism

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      Authors: Lei Li;Yuanjiang Li;Runze Mao;Li Li;Wenbo Hua;Jinglin Zhang;
      Pages: 4726 - 4740
      Abstract: The instability of lithium-ion batteries may result in system operation failure and cause safety accidents, thus predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) accurately is helpful for reducing the risk of battery failure and extending its useful life. In this article, a hybrid model based on temporal convolutional network (TCN)-gated recurrent unit (GRU)-deep neural network (DNN) and dual attention mechanism is proposed for enhancing the RUL prediction accuracy of lithium-ion batteries. First, the TCN with a feature attention mechanism is applied to form an encoder module to capture the battery capacity regeneration phenomenon, and then, a GRU with a temporal attention mechanism is denoted as a decoder module for better characterizing the decay trend of the capacity series. Finally, the final prediction results are output through a DNN. We conducted experiments on two datasets NASA and CALCE. The prediction errors are presented in subsequent experiments under different evaluation standards such as absolute error (AE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and R-squared error ( $R^{2}$ ). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can achieve a more accurate prediction for RUL on lithium-ion batteries, in which RMSE does not exceed 2.407% in the NASA dataset and does not exceed 0.897% in the CALCE lithium-ion battery dataset.
      PubDate: WED, 22 FEB 2023 07:51:31 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Multiconductor Cell Analysis of AC High Speed Railway Lines

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      Authors: Roberto Benato;Giovanni Gardan;Luca Rusalen;
      Pages: 4741 - 4750
      Abstract: The aim of this article is the application of Multiconductor Cell Analysis (MCA) to a very special case of a multiconductor system, i.e., the AC high-speed railway system, with 14 parallel conductors. The present matrix approach allows representing both the single elements and the entire railway system also including the high-voltage (HV) three-phase supply network. The algorithm allows computing all the steady-state regime electrical quantities (voltages, currents, and power) of each section: in particular, the ground return current, responsible for electromagnetic interferences (EMIs), can be derived by the knowledge of all the circulating currents. It is also possible to evaluate the electric unbalance impact on the supply three-phase power system given by the railway system. Eventually, two different scenarios are presented, i.e., a maximum allowable high-speed line power request and a contact-wire-to-rail short circuit.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Thermal Management of Drive Motor for Transportation: Analysis Methods,
           Key Factors in Thermal Analysis, and Cooling Methods—A Review

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      Authors: Ziyi Xu;Yongming Xu;Yaohui Gai;Wenhui Liu;
      Pages: 4751 - 4774
      Abstract: In recent years, the rapid development of the transportation industry has led more and more scholars to devote themselves to the research of its drive motor. Among all relevant aspects of research, thermal management is absolutely the one that has been neglected in the past but is now getting more and more attention. This article presents a comprehensive and detailed summary of motor thermal management for transportation, including thermal analysis methods, key factors in thermal analysis, and various cooling methods. First, the three mainstream thermal analysis methods are introduced, and the improvement of each method in recent years is summarized. The feasibility and advantages of multimethod united simulation are discussed, and some novel thermal analysis methods are also listed. Then, key factors in the thermal analysis are analyzed in depth, and the determination methods are given. In the fourth section, the research related to motor cooling methods in recent years is reviewed, including the improvement of traditional methods and novel methods. Finally, suggestions for the future development of thermal management are given. The key is not only to reveal novel analysis methods, tools, methodologies, cooling structures, strategies, pros and cons, and foresight for the advanced drive motor but also to provide guidelines for predicting the temperature distribution and selecting the appropriate cooling methods in the motor design process.
      PubDate: TUE, 14 FEB 2023 10:02:37 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Characteristics of the Linear Motor for Electrified High-Speed Maglev
           Transportation in the Rotational Motions Caused by Asymmetry Transverse
           Air-Gaps

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      Authors: Gang Lv;Yaqing Liu;
      Pages: 4775 - 4782
      Abstract: The electromagnetic characteristics and running stability of the linear motor for electrified Maglev transportation under rotational motions caused by asymmetry transverse air-gaps are calculated and analyzed. First, considering the end effect and the shape of the vehicle coils, the formulas of levitation and guidance currents, levitation and guidance forces, rolling torque, yawing torque, coupling stiffness between lateral and rolling direction, coupling stiffness between lateral and yawing direction, and equivalent guidance stiffness are derived. Second, the variations of rolling torque, yawing torque, guidance force, and levitation force with different lateral displacement, rolling angle, and yawing angle are predicted. Then, the two coupling stiffnesses and the equivalent guidance stiffness at different operating speeds are investigated. Finally, in order to verify the analysis results, not only the three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element method (FEM) model is established but also the experiments are carried out. It shows that the combined levitation and guidance electrodynamic suspension (EDS) maglev train will roll and yaw, and its levitation height also changes after being disturbed laterally. In addition, the train will run more stably when being disturbed laterally as running speed increases.
      PubDate: MON, 27 FEB 2023 10:10:56 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Discrete-Time Active Disturbance Rejection Current Control of PM Motor at
           Low Speed Using Resonant Sliding Mode

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      Authors: Shuhua Fang;Jing Meng;Yao Meng;Yicheng Wang;Demin Huang;
      Pages: 4783 - 4794
      Abstract: A discrete-time active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method using resonant sliding mode is proposed to solve the disturbance characteristics of the current loop of permanent magnet (PM) motor at low speed. The extended state observer (ESO) is used to estimate the disturbance, but there is a contradiction between disturbance rejection and noise rejection in parameter design of ESO, which will affect the accuracy of the estimation, especially at low speed. In order to solve the problem, sliding mode control is combined with ADRC, while traditional integral sliding mode control still has poor rejection effect on the specific frequency harmonics. The resonant sliding mode is proposed to add resonance term to the integral sliding mode surface, which mitigates the impact of the disturbance that ESO fails to estimate on the tracking accuracy. Therefore, resonant sliding mode in the feedback control law of ADRC (RSM-ADRC) is employed to current loop to reduce the steady-state error. Meanwhile, the stability of the proposed algorithm is verified by discretization method. The steady and dynamic performances of the four control methods are compared through experiments to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. For example, when the reference current of $d$ - and $q$ -axes is 0 and 1 A, respectively, at 50 r/min, the total harmonic distortion of $q$ -axis current decreases from 1.68% to 0.64% and the sixth harmonic of current also drops to 0.135%. Despite the sudden change of inductance parameters, the steady-state current response is largely unaffected.
      PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
  • Information for Authors

    • Free pre-print version: Loading...

      Pages: 4795 - 4797
      Abstract: null
      PubDate: TUE, 19 SEP 2023 10:03:08 -04
      Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2023)
       
 
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