Authors:Pamuda Pudjisuryadi, F. Wijaya, R. Tanuwijaya, B.C. Prasetyo, Benjamin Lumantarna Pages: 131 - 137 Abstract: One design alternative of earthquake resistant building is Partial Capacity Design (PCD) method. Unlike the commonly used capacity design method, PCD allows a safe failure mechanism which is called partial sidesway mechanism. In this mechanism, all beams and some columns are allowed to experience plastic damages while some selected columns are designed to remain elastic (called elastic columns). A new approach to predict the required strengths needed to design each structural member, called modified-PCD (M-PCD) is proposed. In this research six- and ten-story reinforced concrete buildings were designed using M-PCD, and their seismic performances are investigated. The base shear force resisted by the elastic columns was set to approximately 70% of the total base shear. Both nonlinear static procedure (NSP) and nonlinear dynamic procedure (NDP) are used to analyze the structures. The results show that the expected partial side sway mechanism is observed, and the drifts of the buildings are acceptable. PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.131-137 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Han Ay Lie, Junaedi Utomo, Hsuan-Teh Hu, Lena Tri Lestari Pages: 9 - 19 Abstract: A resilience and seismic safety evaluation method of under-qualified concrete structures designed based on codes prior to the introduction of earthquake provisions is presented. A numerical method for evaluating and improving a structure’s performance and resilience through jacketing and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) retrofitting was developed. The model analyzed the structure’s existing condition, inadequate elements were identified, and segments that required strengthening were determined. Retrofitting and external reinforcing techniques were applied, and their effectiveness evaluated. Elements identified as insufficient were subjected to a strengthening iteration process to ensure that all qualifications were fulfilled. It was proven that the numerical simulation was accurate, cost-effective and time-saving in evaluating deficient structures and the effectiveness of their strengthening methods. The numerical model and analysis in conjunction with the technology of jacketing and CFRP retrofitting provide a fast and straightforward solution for older structures in ameliorating their resilience and overall performance PubDate: 2021-04-20 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.1.9-19 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Cilcia Kusumastuti, Dicky Gode, Yobella Febe Kurnianto, Frederik Jones Syaranamual Pages: 20 - 27 Abstract: Climate change impacts have gained great attention to be studied in various fields. In this paper, an investigation of rainfall pattern change is performed using three statistical methods, i.e., simple linear regression, t-test, and Mann-Kendall’s test. The analysis is performed at 10- and 20-year time scales of daily, monthly, and annual rainfall in Flores Island, a dry region in Indonesia. In general, an increasing monthly rainfall trend is detected in the rainy season (October – April) at a 20-year period, using all three methods. Specifically, a significant increasing trend in March 1989 – 2008 is observed, and it contributes to the significant increasing trend of annual rainfall. The findings presented in this paper should be an alert for potential climate change impacts in the region. The positive consideration of having more rainfall in a dry region might turn into a negative reality when adaptation measures are not well-prepared. PubDate: 2021-04-20 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.1.20-27 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Dyah I. Kusumastuti, D. Jokowinarno, C.H. Van Rafii, F. Yuniarti Pages: 31 - 37 Abstract: This study investigates rainfall intensity distribution in Way Awi watershed located in Bandar Lampung, and how their impacts on flood peak and flood hydrographs. Hourly rainfall data is examined to obtain design rainfall intensity and rainfall intensity distribution at rainfall duration from three to eight hours. Rainfall-runoff model, i.e. Rational method is used to calculate flood peak while unit hydrograph method is used to develop flood hydrograph. This study shows that in Way Awi watershed 88.3% to 96.4% of 24-hour rain occurs in three to eight hour durations. In addition, rainfall with three hour duration generates the highest flood peak, followed by four hour duration rainfall. When rainfall duration and design rainfall intensity are the same but rainfall intensity distribution is different, generated flood hydrograph may have different flood peak magnitude and timing. Result of this study is useful for flood analysis and mitigation in Way Awi watershed. PubDate: 2021-04-20 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Teddy S. Theryo Pages: 62 - 66 Abstract: The development of Extradosed bridge from a vision to a real project is presented in this paper. Mathivat of France who is recognized as the inventor of this bridge type, envisioned a new bridge type suitable for medium span ranges in 1979. He suggested that some of the cantilever tendons in balanced cantilever bridge can be deviated to the top deck supported by short tower resemble stay cables. The structural benefit of this idea is increasing positive moment capacity by increasing eccentricity over the pier and enhanced shear capacity. Therefore, with the same conditions, longer span can be designed. Due to small angle of stay cables, the cable allowable stress at serviceability is about the same level with balanced cantilever bridge and no significant penalty on fatigue resistance unlike stay cables for conventional cable stayed bridges. The Extradosed bridge offers economic benefit for medium span range and aesthetically pleasing. PubDate: 2021-04-20 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.1.62-66 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Sugeng Wijanto, Takim Andriono, Jovita Tanudjaja First page: 67 Abstract: Finite Element Method is widely used in civil engineering as a tool to analyse the behaviour of structures with high complexity. Unreinforced masonry walls (URM), found in most historical buildings in Indonesia, are relatively brittle with wide variety in their material properties. Therefore, the behaviours of URM walls are very complex, especially when subjected to seismic excitation. In this research, a finite element modelling was set up in order to analyse the seismic performance of two URM-Wall experimental test units. The analysis was conducted using SAP2000 computer program. Three dimensional solids and springs as link connectors were assigned to represent the masonry behaviour. The aim of this research is to compare results obtained from the computer analysis and the previously conducted laboratory experiments. The effectiveness of Kevlar fibre material installed in the diagonal directions of both wall surfaces was also investigated. It was found that the failure mechanisms shown by the SAP2000 model was similar to the laboratory test results. PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.67-77 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:A/Prof. Dr. Antoni, Florentcia Hartono, Steven Tanuwijaya, Kevin Wijaya, Agie Vianthi, Djwantoro Hardjito First page: 78 Abstract: Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that could be a potential pollutant for the environment, therefore its utilization in the construction is highly advocated. The benefits of adding fly ash into the concrete had been well known and extensively researched. Fly ash had been used as low volume cement replacement in the construction industry with good outcome. However, there is still several potentials for the use of fly ash as binder in the concrete that has not yet popular. Some of the method of utilizing fly ash in concrete with higher value are as follows; High volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete aims to replace more than 50% of the cement content with fly ash have a beneficial fresh and hardened properties, some of the fly ash with high calcium content could have self-cementing properties, that could hardened by its own or react with external calcium hydroxide compound and geopolymer concrete where the fly ash is reacted with alkaline liquid and producing a stable binder. This paper aims to demonstrate the methods to investigate the potential of fly ash in several binder systems mentioned. The properties of the fly ash were discussed and the model to conduct the experimental study is presented. The result showed that fly ash from a good source can be utilized as an alternative binder replacing ordinary Portland cement partially or entirely with satisfactory results. PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.78-90 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Ali Awaludin, Maria Yasinta Menge Making, muhammad Nur Ikhsan, Yohan Adiyuano First page: 108 Abstract: This paper summarizes new application of CFS in bridge constructions where a seven meters long pedestrian bridge was constructed. The bridge has 1.2m width, 0.8m depth, and is composed of CFS Warren truss and bondek floor systems. Natural frequency of the bridge considering only dead load application was found as 8.54 Hz and decreased to 7.08 Hz when the live load was included. Under static load test, the application of dead load only and both dead and live loads yielded a maximum deflection of 3.53 and 8.1 mm, respectively. Normal walking and running pedestrian loads were carried out created a maximum acceleration equaled to 0.11g. Lastly, sinusoidal waves application facilitated through a three-phase induction motor having self-weight of 24.86 kgf at frequency equal to 8.5 Hz was performed for one hour resulting no decrease of the natural frequency, thus the bridge can be assumed to experience no noticeable stiffness degradation. PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.108-114 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Junaedi Utomo, Muhammad Nur Khusyeni, Windu Partono, Ay Lie Han, Buntara S. Gan First page: 115 Abstract: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are widely used as external concrete reinforcement. The behavior of T-beams strengthened in shear and flexure using CFRP sheets and plates was studied to analyze the load carrying capacity and failure mode as compared to conventional concrete members. The bonding response of the plate-to-concrete was investigated by comparing a specimen with a plate anchored at the far ends, one without anchoring. The sheets were in situ wet lay-up, the plate was pre-impregnated and pultruded during manufacturing. The test result suggested that this integrated strengthening method notably improved the load-carrying capacity, it was also demonstrated that anchoring had a positive but insignificant effect on the moment capacity and deformation. The influence of anchoring was noteworthy from the point of view that it shifted the failure mode from debonding to CFRP plate rupture. The most important factors influencing the behavior of CFRP strengthened beams are outlined. PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.115-122 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Yovita Fabriska Laras Anindityas First page: 123 Abstract: The substantial growth of motorcycle users in Indonesia is hypothesized to be influenced by a government policy on motorcycle purchase waivers and the massive growth of online motorcycle taxis. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the emergence of online motorcycle taxis and government policy changes towards the number of motorcycles and compare the estimation model seen from the consumer and sales side. The data were collected from Indonesian Bureau of Statistics, Motorcycle Industry Association, and the World Bank. Several estimation models were built using the interrupted time series method. The results showed that changes in government policy and income per capita significantly increased the number of motorcycles. However, the emergence of online motorcycle taxis negatively affects the increasing number of motorcycles. The results also showed that models with data representing motorcycle usage behavior show better results than the model of motorcycle sales. PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.123-130 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1 (2021)
Authors:Sugeng Wijanto, Takim Andriono, Jovita Augusta Tanudjaja First page: 44 Abstract: Unreinforced masonry walls (URM) in old buildings are vulnerable to collapse upon receiving high lateral inertia force due to earthquakes. However, a high strength fiber material such as Kevlar fiber has been identified as able to improve the URM-Wall performance, especially in shear strength enhancement. In this research, the seismic performance of an URM-Wall was analysed using SAP2000 by modeling the wall with three dimensional solid elements. Solids and springs as link connectors were assigned to represent the masonry behavior. The aim of this research is to compare between results obtained from the computer analyses and the previously conducted laboratory experiments. The effectiveness of Kevlar material installed in the diagonal directions of both wall surfaces was investigated. It was found that the failure mechanism shown by the SAP2000 model is similar to the laboratory test results. PubDate: 2021-04-20 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.1.44-53 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Muhammad Karami, Dwi Herianto, Siti Ofrial, Ning Yulianti First page: 100 Abstract: This research analyses the characteristics of travel time reliability for the road network in Kota Bandar Lampung. Therefore, travel time consists of access, wait and interchange time, while its reliability deals with variations of in-passenger/private cars time. Survey of travel time on each road was carried out for 12 hours (from 06.00 to 18.00) for five working days. Furthermore, the buffer time method was used to measure the characteristics of time travel reliability consisting of five measuring tools, namely planning time, planning time index, buffer time, buffer time index and travel time index. This research found that the temporal effects are the main factor that tends to affect travel time, whereas network effects are the second factor that tends to affect travel time. Furthermore, the regression equation was developed to express the effect of planning time (TPlan) and free-flow travel time on average travel time . PubDate: 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.9744/ced.23.2.100-107 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Entin Hidayah Abstract: Floods that often hit the Jompo River area cause damage to the irrigation network. There are nine irrigation areas (DI) on the Jompo river, namely DI. Polo, DI. Sekar, DI. Bedus, DI. Pengarengan, DI. Langon Patrang, DI. Directions 3 Patrang, DI. Worship, DI. Jaki, and DI. Sembah Kurung handled by UPT Pengairan Patrang, Jember Regency, East Java. The amount of damage certainly requires a lot of money, so it is important to determine the priority scale for proper handling. The study aimed to determine rehabilitation priorities in nine irrigated areas. The rehabilitation criteria assessed include infrastructure conditions, water availability, irrigation areas, and crop productivity. The analysis of this research uses a combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. The results of data analysis in this study resulted in the weight of the criteria calculated using the AHP method. Then, the value of the weight of the criteria that has been obtained from the AHP method is analyzed with the support of TOPSIS to get the priority value of rehabilitation. The results of the TOPSIS analysis stated that the irrigation area that became the priority for the rehabilitation of the irrigation network was in DI. Pengarengan with a value of 0.716. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Imed eddine Djessas, MOUSSA AMRANE, Salah Messast Abstract: Under cyclic loads, significant deformations appear in structures during the accumulation of irreversible deformations of the soil surrounding the foundation, for a high number of cycles, small deformations after accumulation, become significant and sometimes become detrimental. This paper presents an explicit formulation of the accumulated cyclic volumetric strain. This study is concerned with cyclic triaxial tests simulated by means of a calculation by the finite element method employed in the software Plaxis8.2. The parameters of identification of the first cycle (loading-unloading) are determined step by step, using, as a soil behavior model, the Soft Soil Hardening Model, then, the behavior of the soil after N cycles (N> 1000) is simulated by the formulation proposed as a pseudo-creep. The comparison of the proposed method with several cyclic triaxial tests and shallow foundation under cyclic loading approves the good compatibility of the proposed formula for this type of problems. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Vira Ansari, Eddy Prianto, Agung Dwiyanto Abstract: The processing of coal waste into building materials from FABA has been stipulated in Regulation no. 22 of 2021 as Non-B3 material, with a note that the management requirements must still meet the standards and technical requirements set out and listed in the environmental document approval. Another aspect states that the wise use of waste is a hallmark of Green Building. From several studies, it is stated that one of the physical characteristics of the use of this waste (FABA) can be in improving the quality of construction materials and environmental quality. And more specifically that the sun's heat exposure to this material is confirmed not to cause problems for the environment. There are 3 objectives in this study: First, is the orientation of the wall facing east, especially the FABA brick wall, which quantitatively gets hotter from the morning sun than the other orientations' Second, how is the surface temperature profile of the FABA brick wall with respect to the ambient air temperature and what factors affect the thermal of a material, especially for this brick' Building materials in the form of FABA bricks produced from PLTU Paiton with dimensions of 40cmx20cmx10cm, arranged into a wall measuring 1.00mx 1.00m which is positioned directly towards the sun/east in an open field. The wall surface temperature measurement is carried out directly in the field (in-situ) under two extreme climatic conditions, namely sunny weather and hot weather in 2021. There are 3 (three) results of this study, the first is the surface temperature profile of the brick wall which is oriented towards In the east, in sunny/cold weather, it is 2% cooler than the temperature in the west. Second. The wall surface temperature profile in the morning is 25% warmer than the ambient air temperature in sunny weather and 9% cooler in rainy weather. And third, the study of wall materials made of FABA proves that the orientation, location and character of the microclimate are significant to the magnitude of the thermal value. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:SeyedVahid RazaviTosee Abstract: Rising terrorist attacks over the years have destroyed various structures around the world. An example of such a structure is storage tanks used to store fluids. Damage caused by explosions on fluid storage structures can lead to significant and sometimes irreparable disasters. Therefore, understanding the dynamic responses of fluid storage structures under explosion loading is an important issue. One way to understand this response is to utilize numerical simulation methods. In this study, the explosion effect on von Mises stress and annular stresses of metal tanks on the ground has been investigated with four different fluid types using ABAQUS software. Considering the effect of the amount of strain on the stress created in the steel following the Johnson-Cook (J-C) model, as well as the Euler-Lagrange coupling in the software, it has been observed that the fluid is less compressible against explosion waves in the pressurized state, and in a tension state, acts as a solid mass and reduces the annular stresses on the tank wall. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Edwina Zainal Abstract: Batang Arau catchment area consists of several tributaries, with the main river being the Batang Arau River. The upstream of the Batang Arau catchment area is Lubuk Paraku sub-watershed which is in the northeast of Padang City, with a catchment area of 25.04 km2 approximately. In this study, the land-use change from 2007 to 2017 was identified by Arc-GIS software and examined the impact of land-use changes on runoff response and sediment load. The Rational Method was used to express a relationship between rainfall runoff in the catchment area to analyze the rainfall-runoff response concerning land-use change. The sediment capacity was estimated by the Yang, Ackers & White, and Engelund & Hansen method. The results showed the decreasing of dense forest and the increasing of the runoff and sediment capacity. The rate of runoff is 107.86 m3/s and 121.68 m3/s, in the years 2007 and 2017, respectively. The sediment capacity was 36266.33 t/y and 39730.19 t/y, in the years 2007 and 2017 that estimated by Engelund and Hansen method. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:AHMED MERAH Abstract: Destructive tests like (coring), compression crushing of cylindrical specimens in the laboratory, used to determine the compressive strength of in situ hardened concrete, weaken the concrete structure of buildings and generate waste harmful to the environment. Rebound hammering and ultrasonic non-destructive testing of hardened concrete is an alternative solution to avoid the problems caused by destructive concrete testing. The first aim of this work, is to find a relationship between compressive strength, rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, the second, is to explore the effect of cement type and the concrete age on the relationships between compressive strength and non-destructive testing. In this context, two concrete compositions based on local materials and two types of cements (CEM I 42.5 and CEM II 42.5) the most used in Algeria, were formulated and simultaneous tests on cubic samples (ultrasonic test, rebound hammer, compressive strength test) were carried out at the age of 7 and 28 days. The obtained results of these works show a good correlation between the compressive strength and the ultrasonic, rebound hammer tests. These relationships make it possible to predict the compressive strength of concrete without the need for destructive testing. Moreover, the results, show also, that these relationships are affected by the cement type and the concrete age, which confirms that these two parameters have an influence on the results and that it is necessary to establish relationships that take into account these two important parameters. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Eko Kusumo, Adityo Budi Utomo, Rosmariani Arifuddin, Rusdi Usman Latief Abstract: The new regulation regarding the implementation of the Construction Safety Management System which requires the inclusion of OHS cost in the bidding offer for construction projects raises new challenges for providers and users of construction services. Namely how to calculate construction OHS cost analysis in a simple way, easy to understand, and in accordance with existing rules. This study continues the previous research which makes OHS risk control based on work activities as an initial reference in calculating OHS costs analysis. The research methodology used is a simple simulation with the assumption from most populous working time in the project schedule to calculate the OHS risk control needs related to construction materials, equipment and workers. The use of this method is expected to provide an alternative to calculate OHS cost analysis on construction projects. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Fransisca Maria Farida, Harianto Hardjasaputra, Adang Surahman Abstract: This paper has influence on discovering the behavior of hybrid polypropylene fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete under constant and elevated temperature with the purpose to determine the mechanical properties of the material. While the expertise and acquaintance with concrete behavior under constant temperature are well known, the behaviour under elevated temperature has to be seriously explored. This study objectives is to match between the mechanical properties of unburnt and burnt fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. This study uses experimental investigation. Compression and splitting tensile tests were conducted on the 150 mm cilinder mold. Meanwhile, flexural tension test was conducted on 100 mm x 100 mm x 450 mm rectangular mold. The result of both materials, without set fire to and with set fire to, are analyzed. The gained findings for burnt material are the compression test value cut down, otherwise, the splitting tensile test and flexural tensile strength grade increase. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Wong Foek Tjong, S.T; M.T, Ph.D., Stevanus Santoso, Mellyssa Sutrisno Abstract: Kriging-based finite element method (K-FEM) is an enhancement of the conventional finite element method using a Kriging interpolation as the trial solution in place of a polynomial function. In the application of the K-FEM to the Timoshenko beam model, the discrete shear gap (DSG) technique has been employed to overcome the shear locking difficulty. However, the applied DSG was only effective for the Kriging-based beam element with a cubic basis and three element-layer domain of influencing nodes. Therefore, this research examines a modified implementation of the DSG by changing the substitute DSG field from the Kriging-based interpolation to linear interpolation of the shear gaps at the element nodes. The results showed that the improved elements of any polynomial degree are free from shear locking. Furthermore, the obtained beam deflection, cross-section rotation, and bending moment are very accurate, while the shear force field is piecewise constant. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:ADRIS ADE PUTRA ADRIS Abstract: The logistics transportation distribution in archipelago currently doesn’t have integrated that support the increase in competitiveness of business and the welfare of people. This study aims to determine the volume of loading and unloading and distribution pattern of logistics transportation in Southeast Sulawesi. This research is descriptive qualitative and quantitative, the type of case study with surveys and direct observations in the field. The results showed data on the loading and unloading flow of goods according to the type of packaging shows the dominance of packing for public & non-dock jetty, which reaches 61.90% of the total with a growth rate of 5.38%. Then the loading and unloading of containers equal 38.10% of the total with a growth rate of 4.36%. The number of ship visits increases every year because influenced by number of cargoes, so that later additional length of pier needs to be done in the medium term Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Mardi aman Abstract: Portland cement usage has increased, leading to substitute materials being sought. The composition of the concrete mix material affects its strength. Concrete compressive strength is usually determined in 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. This study determined the compressive strength of concrete at variations of 28, 35, 42 and 49 days. The attained compressive design strength was fc'35 MPa from the variation of the mixed materials. The compressive test results based on the variation were above fc'35 MPa. The two substitute materials meet the strength requirements. The addition of fly ash and rice husk ash decreased the compressive strength of concrete at 28 days. The compressive strength of regular concrete and with additional materials is more than 35 MPa. Adding fly ash and rice husk ash by 20% still resulted in the compressive strength of concrete above 35 MPa, namely 36.78 MPa and 35.04 MPa. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Ratih Indri Hapsari, Akhmad Suryadi, Affan Nurun Tajalla Abstract: This study attempts to determine the optimal clean water pipelines distribution system using linear programming. The decision variable is allocated clean water discharge. The investment cost of piping system including the operational and maintenance in present value using 4% interest are calculated to obtain water unit price. The allocated clean water discharge must be determined to minimize the total transportation cost subject to meet the water demand requirement within dependable discharge. The study is conducted in municipal water distribution case in Pagerowojo District, Tulungagung Regency, Indonesia that is grouped into three transmission line with total demand of 106 l/s. Three sources of fresh water namely Song River, Klantur River, and Gondang wellspring are allocated to these lines. The analysis reveals that the minimum cost of water transportation is Rp456,679,296/month. This model is useful to decide the best allocation of clean water in municipalities in the most cost-efficient manner. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:Linda Aouadj, Kadid Abdelkrim Abstract: تم إجراء تحقيق في تأثيرات التفاعل الهيدروديناميكي على الاستجابة الزلزالية للسد تحت تأثير الإثارات الديناميكية المختلفة. النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أدت إلى الاستنتاج التالي: - يوفر الإجراء القياسي المستند إلى مفهوم الكتلة المضافة لـ Westergaard قيمة فترة للوضع الأساسي قريبة جدًا من تلك الخاصة بالوضع باستخدام سائل مضغوط. - وجد أن وجود الماء يزيد بشكل كبير من الاستجابة الزلزالية لسد الجاذبية الخرسانية ، وانضغاطية الماء ، في حد ذاته ، لا تزيد من الاستجابة القصوى للسد. الفترة الشكلية للسد دالة على ارتفاعه الإجمالي. يزداد مع زيادة الارتفاع. - الخصائص الشكلية التي تحددها طريقة الكتلة المضافة والعنصر المحدد للسائل الصوتي قابلة للمقارنة إلى حد كبير. - لكتلة الخزان تأثير في إطالة الفترات. - تؤثر الخصائص الديناميكية للسدود ومحتويات ترددات التسارع بشكل كبير على الاستجابة الزلزالية للسدود. - الإجهادات التي تنبأ بها الكتلة المضافة ونماذج العناصر المحدودة للسائل الصوتي ذات القاع... Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Faqih Nadiya Umam Abstract: The high demand to produce quality and complex infrastructure requires practitioners in the construction world to handle projects effectively and efficiently. One technology that has emerged to answer these problems is Building Information Modeling (BIM). In this study, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method using the BIM 5D application is applied and compared conventional methods and. The work procedure starts from receiving the drawings until the results of the volume of work on the structural elements are obtained. The project simulation was carried out on a 16-floor apartment. The UG floor was chosen because a typical floor represents floors 1-12. This study indicates that the work procedure using the BIM 5D application has fewer stages of work than the conventional method. The result of this study proves that BIM can minimize work steps. Hence work can be completed more quickly. As a result, the time required is 53% faster. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Indah Handayasari Abstract: Porous asphalt is an asphalt mixture that is designed to have a high porosity compared to other pavements. Porous asphalt contains a larger air cavity so that it is able to drain water both horizontally and vertically. However, the porous asphalt pavement also needs to be designed to have resistance to weather and climate change. Based on the tests carried out with the use of polymers in the porous asphalt mixture, it gave a better stability value than without polymers and met the required specifications. It is hoped that the use of plastic bag waste in the porous asphalt mixture will increase the level of durability, stability and extend the serviceability of the road pavement. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Anis Rosyidah, Alyssa Melani Savira Abstract: In reinforced concrete construction, the lap-splice must bond between the concrete and the rebar to prevent slippage during external force transfer. The goal of this research is to get the best bond strength at the lap-splice. This research was carried out by adopting the finite element approach to represent pullout specimens. There were four specimens with different varieties of deformed rebar: bamboo, steep, diamond, and fishbone. The concrete dimension was 150 × 150 × 150 mm with a lap–splice rebar at the center of the concrete and a tensile force applied at the end of the rebar. The bonding strength of diamond rib was 26.52%, 28.43%, and 16.08% higher than bamboo, steep, and fishbone. It occurred because of the interlocking mechanism, which performed better on rebar surfaces with more significant rib areas and smaller transverse rib angles. The failure pattern that occurred in all specimens was splitting failure. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Alvin, Basyaruddin, Oryza Lhara Sari Abstract: Safety operational of berthing facilities can be achieved when risk factors can be controlled. During its service life, many risk factors for berthing facilities appear to develop and change. Breasting dolphin oil and gas shore base as a berthing facility has the potential danger of structural failure due to the berthing load. As the vessel's capacity needs increased and the water conditions were deep, it allowed the construction to receive a larger-than-planned berth. This condition causes construction to have a potential hazard of structural failure that can cause losses. Risk analysis becomes a necessity in supporting the achievement of safety through risk control. This paper presents a literature review in the study of structural failure risk analysis with problem approaches and methodologies. The probability-impact quantitative approach is widely used in risk analysis work. A method is prepared for use on the purposes of future research. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:yunita dian suwandari Abstract: The spread of the Coronavirus throughout the world, including Indonesia, has forced the Indonesian government to take control steps to protect its citizens, such as large-scale restrictions, restrictions on working hours, and workers' numbers. However, the Coronavirus's impact is very pronounced in the economic and business sectors, especially the construction sector. The study aims to analyze project construction performance in Indonesia during pandemic COVID- 19 based on risk. Toll Road Tebing Tinggi-Prapat, East Sumatera, is chosen for the object of the research. Literature review and questionnaire will use for gaining the data. The method for analyzing the risk is using probability and impact matrix. There are 23 respondent fills the questionnaire. The research results are eight high risks: Late payment from the owner; Critical activity delay; Financial impact; cost overrun; The employees being unable to work at any time; Interruption of Planning and scheduling; Supply shortage. This study is essential for construction industries for evaluating and mitigating the uncertainty condition during the COVID-19 outbreak needs for a vital project keep running. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Angga Setiawan Abstract: This paper discusses the structural design phase of a long-span coal shed structure in a 2x50 MW steam power plant. This study aims to share knowledge on how to design a long-span coal shed structure safely based on the applicable design standards. The main structural system of the coal shed roof is a steel arch space-truss with 120m of span and 31m of height above supporting 12.5m height of reinforced concrete columns in a moment-resisting system. In the structural configuration, the superstructure contains a roof system and reinforced concrete moment resisting frame system. The substructure system consists of a tie beam, pile cap, and bore pile. In the numerical model, all structural members were idealized as frame elements, except the pile cap that to be idealized as shell elements. Then, the soil springs were assigned to the bore pile element nodal with a 1m interval to simulate the soil-structure interaction. In the load assignment, the gravity loads due to dead loads, additional dead loads, live loads, rain loads, lateral loads due to wind action (115.6 km/h), and earthquakes (spectra design with 2% probability in 50 years) for the Kupang area to be considered. Furthermore, the structural analysis was conducted with non-linear geometric to simulate the large displacement effects and tension only element of the wind bracing. In addition, a simplified method to estimate the structural stability under lateral load was conducted. Based on the structural analysis and structural design, the coal shed structure with an arch space-truss system fulfills the safety criteria in terms of ultimate and serviceability limit based on the design code criteria. Furthermore, the non-linear geometry and stability issue should be considered with an appropriate structural analysis method in the design phase. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Amrita Abstract: The availability of parking spaces in shopping areas is one of the basic needs that can support business activities. This study aims to identify the adequacy of parking space requirements for four-wheeled vehicles at Gramedia bookstores in accordance with predetermined parking characteristics criteria. The method used is by recording the number of vehicles that enter, exit, and are already in the parking lot with an interval of 1 hour. From the results of data processing, it can be seen that the average parking accumulation is 31.9 vehicles, the highest parking volume in the survey time interval is 15:00-16:00, the average parking duration is 34 minutes, the parking turnover is 0.778, and the average parking index is 1.72. It can be concluded that the provision of parking space for four-wheeled vehicles at the Gramedia bookstore Jl. Manyar Surabaya is not adequate, because the need of car parking exceeds the parking capacity. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Nasfryzal Carlo, Eva Rita, Nandi Abstract: In 2018, the road construction work in West Sumatra experienced unusual delays reaching 66% of 24 packages. This prompted research to be conducted to determine the factors causing delays and their impacts. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire instrument with a Licker scale was used. A total of 33 respondents consisted of owners, contractors and consultants. The questionnaire results were statistically analyzed using SPPS. It was found three main factors causing the delay were material shortages, slow land acquisition, and ineffective field management, causing cost overruns, extra time and contract violations. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties involved in road projects improve management, thereby eliminating the delay factors. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:B. Sri Umniati, Dewi Kartika Sari Abstract: This study aims to investigate the lateral static load capacity of lightweight concrete panel walls made of lightweight aggregate, namely EPS grains as much as 2.5% replacing coarse aggregate and 30% fly ash replacing cement. A total of 6 specimens of wall panel dimensions 90 cm long, 60 cm wide and 10 cm thick with variable types of reinforcement namely plain and deformed of 5mm diameter bars were tested with lateral static loads. From the test results it is proven that lightweight concrete walls are able to withstand lateral loads. The maximum lateral load that can be withheld by the wall is the deformed bar wall 1 has the ability to withstand the highest static lateral load, which is 25.72 KN and for plain bar walls the highest lateral load that can be withheld is 17.23 KN. From the results, it can be shown that deformed reonforcement walls have the ability to withstand greater lateral static loads than walls with plain reinforcement. The largest displacement was on plain bar wall 2, namely 28.60 mm because there was damage to the base of the sloof and the lowest displacement occurred on plain wall 1, which was 4.20 mm. The cracks pattern that occur is flexural failure, which occurs in deformed wall 1, deformed 3 and plain 1, while deformed 2, plain 2 and plain 3 is a rigid body movement resulting in slide shear on the wall. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Rofikatul Karima, Zamzani Septiropa, Ahmad Mubin, Moh Jufri Abstract: The enhancement in building efficiency influences the development of design innovation, building structure, and material as building components. Cold-formed steel has properties to create a spacious room as its physical profile enables the architect to build a thin but strong wall. This experiment combined the profiles of the cold-formed steel to find out its strength as the building columns in a low-rise building. The experiment was conducted in single profile, double, triple, and quadruple profiles by giving it a compression test. The tensile test was also conducted on the cold-formed steel to reveal the mechanical properties of the material. The failure of cold-formed steel is influenced by the imperfect edge of the profile and its connection. The result of the test from the profile combination shown the optimum strength of the cold-formed steel. The proper connections for the profile influenced the profile performance of the cold-formed steel. Therefore, it can be the building structure column for low-rise buildings. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Tommy Ekamitra Sutarto, Tamrin Rahman Abstract: Concrete admixtures, such as silica fume, fly ash, sucrose, and lignosulfonate acid, are widely available in the market and commonly used for retarding the setting process of concrete in construction sites. Unfortunately, the discussions on which retarder is the most effective one, without sacrificing concrete strength, is lacking although this type of information is very beneficial and important for practitioners while deciding which concrete admixture to be applied for their specific case. This study provides results of direct comparison among silica fume, fly ash, sucrose, and lignosulfonate acid in term of their retarding effect on the setting time of concrete and in term of their effect on concrete strength. The main goal of this study is to experimentally evaluate the performance of silica fume, fly ash, sucrose, and lignosulfonate acid as a concrete retarder. The initial and final setting times of concrete are obtained for various dosages of those retarders. Besides, the impact of those retarders to the compressive strength of concrete is also explored. A total of 19 (nineteen) mix samples are made, in a laboratory, by adding various dosages of those admixtures into the reference mixtures. Those samples are tested using a concrete mortar penetrometer and a compression-testing machine to obtain their setting times and compressive strengths. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Apif Miptahul Hajji Abstract: Infrastructure construction is on of the important sectors in Indonesia's economic development. However, this sector also constributes in the high rates of energy consumption and produces large amounts of pollutant emissions. The use of heavy equipment in consruction activities consumes a large amount of fuel, which is resulting in several pollutant gases emitted, including carbon dioxide (CO2). The emission of pollutant gases is directly generated by fuel consumption, and this fuel consumption depends on equipment productivity. Accordingly, the productivity levels can be used as the base for accurately assessing emissions resulting from equipment activity. This study aims to propose a methodology for estimating the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions at the environmental and energy impacts of construction activities. The proposed estimation method is developed by combining the productivity level mofel generate from the CAT Performance Handbook data and the calculation algorithm from EPA's NONROAD. To develop a productivity model, earthwork activities involving the backhoe loader were selected. Based on the results obtained, the approach using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is proven to be a good alternative to estimate the productivity level of the backhoe loader. Basen on the value of R = 95,70%, the MLR equation can be explained by a group of exixting independent variables. The model can be used a basis to estimate fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Based on this model, productivity rate of backhoe loader was calculated based on several soil conditions, namely loose material, blasted rock and others, and purpose and multipurpose types of bucket. The results show several trends in fuel use and emissions from backhoe loaders. The productivity value of the backhoe loader decreases as the engine size increases, cycle time is longer and the bucket size is larger. However, it is inversely proportional to fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions increase at bigger engine size, longer cycle time, and bigger bucket size. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Apif Miptahul Hajji, Muhammad Farhan, Aisyah Larasati Abstract: Analysis of physical progress is useful for knowing project conditions and avoiding potential delays in construction projects. Analysis in this study aims to evaluate physical progress and estimate the completion time of structure works of Integrated Building Classroom State University of Malang (GKB UM) by integrating Earned Value Management and Artificial Neural Network. The results showed that the cumulative physical progress of the structural work was delayed by 24 weeks. The delay in loading test bored pile due to weather, damage to the tower crane and concrete pump tools, mobilization of tools and design changes to the superstructure were some of the problems encountered during the process of building structure works on GKB UM. The Artificial Neural Network model produces a small deviation between the predicted and the actual physical progress and suitable for estimating project completion. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Han Ay Lie, Junaedi Utomo, Hsuan-Teh Hu, Lena Tri Lestari Abstract: A resilience and seismic safety evaluation method of under-qualified concrete structures designed based on codes prior to the introduction of earthquake provisions is presented. A numerical method for evaluating and improving a structure’s performance and resilience through jacketing and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) retrofitting was developed. The model analyzed the structure’s existing condition, inadequate elements were identified, and segments that required strengthening were determined. Retrofitting and external reinforcing techniques were applied, and their effectiveness evaluated. Elements identified as insufficient were subjected to a strengthening iteration process to ensure that all qualifications were fulfilled. It was proven that the numerical simulation was accurate, cost-effective and time-saving in evaluating deficient structures and the effectiveness of their strengthening methods. The numerical model and analysis in conjunction with the technology of jacketing and CFRP retrofitting provide a fast and straightforward solution for older structures in ameliorating their resilience and overall performance. Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1
Authors:Zakwan Gusnadi, Paulus Pramono Rahardjo, Aswin Lim Abstract: The soil improvement method by vacuum preloading combined with prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) has several advantages including increasing the stability of subgrade and reducing embankment material for preloading purposes. However, the vacuum pressure used for improvement is not only distributed in the improvement area but to a certain distance around the improvement area. This study will discuss lateral displacement existing driven piles due to soft soil thickness variation on vacuum consolidation. The analytical method used is the finite element method with the ABAQUS program. Then analyzed with several variations in the thickness of soft soils (10.5 meters, 15.5 meters, 18.5 meters, 20.5 meters, and 26.5 meters). Lateral displacement with variations in the thickness of soft soil ranged from 55 mm to 130 mm at 80 days of improvement times. The bending moment occurs up to 244.6 kN.m exceeds its ultimate structural capacity. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Christian Vincent Pranoto, Edward Leonardo Abstract: Concrete structural elements have several weaknesses, namely low tensile strength, brittle, and susceptible to cracks. Concrete cover delamination premature failure of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete (RC) beams remains a problem which hinders FRP usage as flexural beam reinforcement. To overcome this, the U-Wrap anchoring system was designed as efficient as possible using Strut-and-Tie Modeling to prevent premature failure. The experiment was done using fifteen 1200x150x150 mm beams, with longitudinal reinforcement D10, Ø8-50 mm stirrups, and designed concrete strength 25 MPa, with twelve beams reinforced with different U-Wrap configuration to investigate its effectivity and efficiency. The loading method is two-point load, and data analysis method is Digital Image Correlation. Results of study test specimens obtained differences in crack patterns, ductility, bending capacity, and stiffness compared to RC beams. The study concluded U-Wrap installation may prevent premature failure, and installation of more than one U-Wrap do not significantly affect FRP reinforced beams ductility, bending capacity, and stiffness. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Jacqueline Nyirajana, Akinwale Oladotun Coker, Folake Olubunmi Akintayo Abstract: Insufficient control system cause conflicts of the movement at an intersection especially in cities that result in various problems, including accidents. This study aimed to provide a well-designed pre-timed signal for the efficient traffic flow at Musanze intersection, thus reducing unnecessary stops and delays. The traffic surveys were conducted to gather traffic volume data. The standard procedures of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices and Highway Capacity Manual were used to determine design parameters. A 2-phase signal-control plan was provided, and the critical volumes were respectively 922 veh /h and 614veh/h in the West and North approach. The cycle length, green times of phase 1, and 2 were evaluated as the 60s, 33s, and 22s, respectively. The minimum green time required by pedestrians to cross the intersection was 10 seconds. The time allocated to the pre-timed signal was expected to improve the traffic flow at the intersection. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Pierre Clément NZARERWANGABO, Jacqueline Nyirajana, Nsanzimfura Theoneste Abstract: Soil is the most widely used material in a highway system, either in its natural form or in a processed form. In addition, all pavement structures eventually rest on soil foundation. The construction cost can be considerably decreased by using local soils for lower pavement layers like the subgrade. The formation of undulations, corrugations, upheaving, and rutting is generally attributed to the poor subgrade conditions. This study investigated the feasibility of using SCBA to improve the geotechnical properties of the soil. Clay soil is used with different percentages of bagasse ash, like 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. Various tests like the sieve analysis test, Atterberg limits test, standard proctor test, and CBR test have been performed to determine its effect on strength parameters. The sieve analysis test was for determining the properties of the soil sample. Its result indicated that the soil is clay with a grey color. Atterberg limits test results suggested that the plasticity index decreases with an increase in the percentage of SCBA. Standard proctor test results indicate that the optimum moisture content increases with an increase in the rate of SCBA. The maximum dry density decreases with an increase in the percentage of SCBA. CBR results indicate that the CBR value is increased up to a replacement of 9% of SCBA. With further increase in the rate of SCBA, the CBR value decreases. These results show that SCBA can be used as a stabilizer with its optimum percentage of 9% to increase the CBR value of subgrade soil. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Sulih Dhanianto, Abdul Rochim, kartono wibowo Abstract: Glendoh is a traditional market located in Grobogan Regency. Due to a huge amount of waste produced and located in urban area, this market will be relocated in 2022. Based on detailed Engineering Design document made by the planning consultant, the relocation project costs Rp. 13.587.000.000 (Thirteen billion five hundred and eighty-seven million rupiah). To minimize the financial budget and maintain the project quality, a value engineering analysis is needed to select some applicable design alternatives. Through this value engineering analysis, problems can be identified and the main purposes of the project can be achieved with minimum costs, but optimal results. This study had three main purposes; first, to figure out what components were applicable as design alternatives with the highest net benefits; second, to estimate the cost efficiency of the design alternatives for Glendoh Traditional Market development project; and third, to calculate project value and life cycle costs of the design alternatives after the value engineering analysis was carried out. This study was conducted using a qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach. A work plan, in accordance with the SAVE International Value Standard 2007, was used as data analysis methods. There were five phases included in the method; the information phase, the function analysis phase, the creativity phase, the evaluation phase, and the development phase. The tools used to analyze data were the information phase (Pareto Analysis), the functional analysis phase (Functional Analysis System Technique), the creativity phase (Checklist), the evaluation phase (Paired Analysis Comparison and Decision Matrix) and the development phase (Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Implementation Time Efficiency Analysis). This study concluded that galvalume roofs and a 10 cm thick K250 wiremesh concrete were applicable as design alternatives with the highest net benefits for Glendoh Traditional Market development project. Likewise, this study found out that the efficiency level of the design alternative on the galvalume roofs with construction cost of Rp. 334.688.637.44 had a percentage of cost efficiency of 60,95%, while a 10cm thick of wiremesh K250 concrete with construction cost of Rp. 1.054.803.322.22 had a percentage of cost efficiency of 9,84%. Furthermore, it was estimated that after analyzing the value engineering, the total value of Glendoh Traditional Market project was revealed to be Rp. 11.714.219.849.03, where a life cycle cost for each design alternative; the work of galvalume roofs costed Rp. 937.807.786.37 with the a life cycle saving percentage of 60.95%, while the work of a 10 cm thick K250 Wiremesh Concrete costed Rp. 1.562.255.456.40 with a life cycle saving percentage of 25.61%. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Hafnidar A. Rani Abstract: The community is the greatest victim impacted by natural disasters, and in most cases, these communities are not well prepared to overcome the effects even though historically they have endured and survived a series of disasters. Factors that contribute toward large numbers of victims being greatly affected include ignorance of the dangers, vulnerabilities, and capacities to overcome in the neighborhood. A paradigm shift is needed to encourage communities to participate as a whole in overcoming these disasters, as they have local wisdom and better understanding of their environmental condition. Participation by communities include components of assessing hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities to reduce risk disasters effects, thus this research aimed at assessing these three components in the Meuraxa Sub-District, Banda Aceh City, in Aceh Province of Indonesia. The method used was participatory rural appraisal involving the surrounding community. Based on the assessment of the three aforementioned components, it was found that hazards occurring in this location include strong wind, flood, earthquake, and tsunami. Physical vulnerability is that the residential areas are location near coastal areas as well as being located in lowland areas, while economic vulnerability is that not all communities have fixed incomes, some depending on natural resources. The escape buildings used in evacuation are the potential capacity in the Meuraxa Sub-District. Meanwhile, institutional capacity is the existence of a disaster resilience community trained to respond to disasters, as was established post-tsunami 2004, however there is no regeneration. The output of the study resulted that the disaster risk level in Meuraxa Sub-District is high in which the vulnerability is more dominant than capacity, where there is lack of understanding of hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities to improve disaster risk levels at the location of study. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Yusep Muslih Purwana Abstract: Plasticine is an artificial material made from solids such as gypsum, lime, mixed with petroleum jelly or micro wax and acid fat. The properties of plasticine are likely similar to natural clay and is influenced by oil content. The information about mechanical properties of plasticine is still very rare, and as such the study on it is riquired and must be conducted intensively. The preliminary laboratory study has been conducted to understand the behaviour of plasticines. Microwax and petroleum jelly based plasticines were utilised with the variation of oil content, whereas kaolin clay with the variation of water content is utilised as a reference material. The study is focusing on the stress-strain behaviour for both microwax and petroleum jelly based plasticines compared to the stress-strain behaviour of kaolin clay. This paper reports the result of preliminary investigation regarding the use of plasticine as an alternative artificial material for substitution of clay in soil modeling. Some engineering properties from unconfined compression strength (UCS) test and hand penetrometer are shown. The result indicates that the stress-strain behaviour of plasticine resembles the stress-strain behaviour of kaolin clay. The plasticine is suitable as a substitute cohesive material and it has a potential to be utilised for geotechnical material modelling in the future. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Prima Juanita Romadhona, Titisari Puspadewi Abstract: In early 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic happened in all countries including Indonesia. This affected the Damri Bus as a transportation that serves Yogyakarta International Airport route which still operating during pandemic condition. The research aim is to evaluate the performance of Damri Bus especially Condongcatur Terminal-Yogyakarta International Airport and Sleman City Hall-Yogyakarta International Airport routes during COVID-19 pandemic. The performance parameters evaluated were headway, waiting time, circulation time, travel speed, passenger volume, load factor, vehicle travel distance, and vehicle availability. The method used in this study was quantitative empirical descriptive that refers to the related standards. The results of the analyzed routes had met the standards except for passenger volume. The scenario of physical distancing inside the bus resulted 64% of load factor on Condongcatur Terminal-Yogyakarta International Airport Route and 80% of load factor on Sleman City Hall-Yogyakarta International Airport Route. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Authors:Bao Ngoc Nguyen Abstract: The way Vietnamese construction practitioners perceive waste is homologous with that of lean construction. This paper aims to provide valuable insight into the current status of waste-value and productivity perception, thereby assessing prospects of practising lean construction in developing countries like Vietnam. The author undertook the questionnaire survey into construction practitioners, analysing 68 responses across different regions and different job responsibilities. This paper highlights the distinctness of lean-thinking-based waste other than material misuse, poor decision, and corruption. People are more aware of the types of waste that are often recognisable on-site, namely unnecessary movement, defect/correction, unnecessary transport. The survey results also show that the two groups with a reasonably good awareness of waste are real estate developers and public bodies. People working at public authorities appeared to have the greatest satisfaction with current workplace productivity, whereas educators seemed neutral in a sense. The sample size, which is too small, may produce low statistical power and inflated false discovery. Vietnamese construction practitioners appeared quite willing to accept major reforms and transformation. Understanding the gap in waste perception between lean perspective and reality, thereupon framing the roadmap to adopt lean construction. Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 2
Open Access journal
[5 journals]
