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Authors:Kenneth DeRose, Kefeng Jiang, Jianqiao Li, Macbeth Julius, Linzhao Zhuo, Scott Wenner, Samir Bali Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 193-205, March 2023. We present undergraduate-friendly instructions on how to produce light pulses propagating through warm Rubidium vapor with speeds less than 400 m/s, i.e., nearly a million times slower than c. We elucidate the role played by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in producing slow light pulses and discuss how to achieve the required experimental conditions. The optical setup is presented, and details provided for preparation of pump, probe, and reference pulses of the required size, frequency, intensity, temporal width, and polarization purity. EIT-based slow light pulses provide the most widely studied architecture for creating quantum memories. Therefore, the basic concepts presented here are useful for physics and engineering majors who wish to get involved in the development of cutting-edge quantum technologies. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:34Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0128967
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Authors:P.-M. Binder, Ian R. Leigh Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 247-248, March 2023. We present an alternative derivation of the relation between temperature and volume for a reversible, adiabatic process involving an ideal gas. The derivation for a monatomic gas starts with the Sackur–Tetrode equation and takes only one step. We also address the extension to diatomic gases. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:34Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0139175
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Authors:J. David Brown Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 214-224, March 2023. Textbook treatments of classical mechanics typically assume that the Lagrangian is nonsingular; that is, the matrix of second derivatives of the Lagrangian with respect to the velocities is invertible. This assumption ensures that (i) Lagrange's equations can be solved for the accelerations as functions of coordinates and velocities, and (ii) the definitions of the conjugate momenta can be inverted to solve for the velocities as functions of coordinates and momenta. This assumption, however, is unnecessarily restrictive—there are interesting classical dynamical systems with singular Lagrangians. The algorithm for analyzing such systems was developed by Dirac and Bergmann in the 1950s. After a brief review of the Dirac–Bergmann algorithm, several examples are presented using familiar components: point masses connected by massless springs, rods, cords, and pulleys. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:33Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0107540
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Authors:John Essick, Harvey Gould, Adam Fritsch, Claire A. Marrache-Kikuchi, Beth Parks, B. Cameron Reed, Donald Salisbury, Jan Tobochnik Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 165-166, March 2023.
Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:32Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0142817
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Authors:Brett C. George, Eleni-Alexandra Kontou, Patrycja Przewoznik, Eleanor Turrell Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 182-192, March 2023. Gravitational microlensing is one of the methods to detect exoplanets–planets outside our solar system. Here, we focus on the theoretical modeling of systems with three lensing objects and in particular circumbinary systems. Circumbinary systems include two stars and at least one planet and are estimated to represent a sizeable portion of all exoplanets. Extending a method developed for binary lenses to the three lens case, we explore the parameter space of circumbinary systems, producing exact magnification maps and light curves. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:32Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0088604
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Authors:Niklas Mayr, Michael Haring, Thomas Wallek Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 235-246, March 2023. A continuous fractional component (CFC) approach increases the probability of particle swaps in the context of vapor-liquid equilibrium simulations using the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo algorithm. Two variants of the CFC approach are compared for simulations of pure Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluids and binary LJ mixtures as examples. The details of an exemplary CFC implementation are presented. Recommendations are provided to reduce the effort required for the suggested problems. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:31Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0135841
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Authors:Che-Chung Chou, Shi-Yu Hsaio, Jun-Zhi Feng, Tyson Lin, Sheng-Hua Lu Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 206-213, March 2023. The speed of light is an important fundamental constant in physics, and so determining its value is a common undergraduate laboratory experiment. Methods to measure the light speed can help students practice their experimental skills and become familiar with the concepts of modern precision measurement techniques. In this paper, we demonstrate that a tabletop optical setup, comprised of an affordable Red Pitaya STEMlab board and a low-cost laser diode module, can be used to accurately determine the speed of light by measuring the frequency response of the phase shift between intensity-modulated light beams reflected by two end mirrors separated by 50 cm. By using the STEMlab built-in Bode analyzer to automatically scan the modulation frequency over the range from 10 to 40 MHz, the frequency response of phase is measured and recorded. These phase shift data are then used to calculate the speed of light with an uncertainty of less than 0.5%. With the help of the Red Pitaya board, the number of required electronic instruments for our setup is reduced. All of the required components are commercially available, and no electronic construction work is necessary so that teachers and students can implement the experiment in a plug-and-play manner. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:30Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0099720
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Authors:Onuttom Narayan Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 170-176, March 2023. The standard method to evaluate many definite integrals that are encountered in physics is contour integration. Here, we show how these can be evaluated by other means, enlarging the toolbox available to students and enabling the discussion of physical problems where these integrals arise before contour integration is introduced. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:23Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0084475
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Authors:Pablo Jensen Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 248-248, March 2023.
Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:23Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0134837
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Authors:Juan F. Zanella Béguelin Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 177-181, March 2023. This paper shows how to apply Leibniz's integral rule to calculate the action variables for the Kepler problem. This method offers an attractive alternative to the usual technique of complex contour integration. The method presented here to calculate definite integrals has a broad scope and is especially suitable for undergraduates who are unfamiliar with complex analysis. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:21Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0118683
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Authors:Sara Gomez, Jaime Humberto Hoyos, Juan Alejandro Valdivia Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 225-234, March 2023. We discuss the particle-in-cell (PIC) method, which is one of the most widely used approaches for the kinetic description of plasmas. The positions and velocities of the charged particles take continuous values in phase space, and spatial macroscopic quantities, such as the charge density and self-generated electric fields, are calculated at discrete spatial points of a grid. We discuss the computer implementation of the PIC method for one-dimensional plasmas in the electrostatic regime and discuss a desktop application (PlasmAPP), which includes the implementation of different numerical and interpolation methods and diagnostics in a graphical user interface. To illustrate its functionality, the electron-electron two-stream instability is discussed. Readers can use PlasmAPP to explore advanced numerical methods and simulate different phenomena of interest. Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:21Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0135515
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Abstract: American Journal of Physics, Volume 91, Issue 3, Page 167-169, March 2023.
Citation: American Journal of Physics PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:15:20Z DOI: 10.1119/5.0143043
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