Authors:Aleksandra Araszkiewicz Pages: 27 - 41 Abstract: The article is based on the distance learning experience in the second half of the 2019/2020 school year. The author focuses on the students’ perspective and points out that the youth’ educational dilemmas compared to traditional education have not so much changed, but have become acute. In order to understand different student attitudes during distance learning, it is necessary to understand their reasons, therefore, the author analyzes the learning conditions, students’ time management skills and the impact of technology on the health and social development of their students. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.27-41
Authors:Zofia Pomirska Pages: 43 - 57 Abstract: The article deals with the issue of inclusive education, which is one of the priorities of contemporary educational policy. The author describes both the idea of inclusion and the assumptions of inclusive education, as well as introduces the legal aspects of this issue. Particular attention was paid to the situation of students with special educational needs, for whom inclusive education is an opportunity to optimize the teaching-learning process. The final part of the article presents selected practical solutions that can be used by teachers to build a learning environment friendly to students with special educational needs. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.43-57
Authors:Barbara Sapała, Małgorzata Sławińska Pages: 59 - 77 Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the contents of regional board games for kids from the perspective of developing attachment to their little homeland. Two modern Polish games, Olsztyn mnie kręci (Olsztyn Turns Me On) and Przytul Olsztyn (Give Olsztyn a Hug), and a pre-war German game Spacer po Olsztynie (A Walk in Olsztyn) were examined. An attempt was made in the study to answer the following question: What image of Olsztyn has been created by the analyzed games' The theoretical framework for the study was the history of Warmia and the changing principles of education, which is currently referred to as “regional”. The selection of local buildings and facilities, and the way of their presentation, were found to be the key factors when interpreting the importance of the examined board games for strengthening the children’ bonds with their little homeland. The analysis revealed that the pre-war board game emphasized the German and monocultural character of the city, as well as its rapid development. On the other hand, Polish games depict Olsztyn as the capital city of the Warmia Region, and focus on its multicultural heritage. The games highlight the beauty of Olsztyn as a garden-city, and its tourism potential. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.59-77
Authors:Bernadeta Niesporek-Szamburska Pages: 79 - 92 Abstract: The author considers the way in which Polish studies could contribute to meeting the obligations of ecological humanities. The analysis of excerpts from the core curriculum of the Polish language subject and the reference to Kenneth White’s geopoetics suggest that the solution at school could be the use of the green reading method in Polish lessons and the readings available in the core curriculum: legends about Lake Gopło and Popiel referring to the beginnings of Polish statehood. As the analysis of the content of the legends shows, they also have a symbolic potential connected with the water element and referring to the folk tradition. A profiled reading, exposing this content, could contribute to awakening the ecological sensitivity of pupils, which is one of the important components of their ecological awareness. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.79-92
Authors:Ireneusz Gielata Pages: 93 - 103 Abstract: The article discusses the status of literature in teaching geography. Like cartography, literature maps the space and assigns proper names which allow us to see the places of “condensed, multiplied time” (Claudio Magris). Literary maps bind topography with history and thus realise a geopolitical project of “thinking of place, time and action as coherent unity” (Karl Schlögel). Such literary names as Conrad’s “heart of darkness” or mare nostrum, mare monstrum from Dariusz Czaja’s essay, in geography didactics can reveal the drama of “building up of land and history” (Magris) and thanks to this, a map used in the didactic process can lead to cathartic experience, i.e. it can sharpen, activate and sensitize the pupils’ eye. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.93-103
Authors:Marta Kasprzak Pages: 105 - 123 Abstract: This article proposes the use of knowledge of space studies in the school educational practice. It allows for implementation of obligatory content and skills indicated in the core curriculum for general education. Shaping the spatial imagination and aesthetic sensitivity is accompanied by the development of both social and manual skills, while the construction of miniature buildings by students is a convenient starting point for a discussion on social and cultural changes. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.105-123
Authors:Justyna Hanna Budzik Pages: 125 - 141 Abstract: The article is an attempt to collect and comment on discourse on the relationship between photography and metaphor, which is dispersed in different theoretical works on photography. The author finds these connections crucial in the educational perspective, because they help to inscribe pedagogical activities on photography in a broader humanistic education that aims at cultivating the ability to think. The main theoretical contexts are writings by Bernd Stiegler and Hannah Arendt. The author gives an exemplary analytical study of photographs by Krzysztof Szlapa and Kamil Myszkowski as well as a suggestion of a practical photographic task whose objective is to inspire metaphorical thinking. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.125-141
Authors:Martyna Dziubałtowska-Woźniak Pages: 143 - 153 Abstract: The article presents humanistic education as a process of transmission (values, beliefs, memories, stories, tales). The author focuses on the student as a co-creator of the educational event and what is preserved in his memory. The topic was developed on the basis of the performative concept of the archive and repertoire formulated by Diana Taylor. The article discusses school practices that involve the use of unattractive, anachronistic texts and working methods and present a simplified interpretation of the past, implementing the current discourse of power. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.143-153
Authors:Anna Mlekodaj Pages: 155 - 184 Abstract: The article is devoted to the process of discovering the specificity of life and development of a village child, initiated at the turn of the second and third decades of the 20th century. It was one of the consequences of the then developing educational discourse, supported by the achievements of child psychology, pedology, and the New Upbringing trend. In 1929, the first Polish research on the level of development of children from urban and rural environments was conducted. The results were very unfavorable for children from the countryside. This gave an impulse for further action. In 1930, in the pages of “Praca Szkolna” (“School Work”), a competition was announced among teachers to describe a rural child from various regions. Twenty-two papers were submitted, the best of which were published in the book Dziecko wsi polskiej (A Child of the Polish Countryside). These works allowed us to penetrate both the problems faced by rural children at school and the difficulties faced by teachers working in the countryside. To a large extent, they resulted from the lack of a proper diagnosis of the educational and upbringing needs of a rural child and from difficulties in cooperation between schools and villages. The perspective of changes in this area was opened only by regionalism, introduced to school curricula as a result of the education reform in 1932, which was to support the education of rural children and contribute to the integration of the school with the local community. Thus, the teaching characteristics of a rural child contributed, in a sense, to the introduction of regionalism in Polish schools. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.155-184
Authors:Anna Wileczek Pages: 185 - 206 Abstract: The article covers the ways to understand and describe youth slang as a social language variety from three perspectives. The first one presents the youth slang conceptualisation as the effect of language studies from the past several years, the second perspective refers to making use of the ways to describe the language of young generations in media space, while the third one exposes the significance of slang among teenagers as its natural users. The recapitulation is accompanied by the author’s linguistic and sociocultural reflections, which argue in favour of contemporary expansion of youth sociolect and its evolution from a communal variety to a culturally motivated communication style. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.185-206
Authors:Danuta Krzyżyk Pages: 207 - 228 Abstract: The article presents the results of author’s empirical studies on orthographic skills represented by pastoral theology students and the Polish philology students. The former were the students of six clerical seminaries in Bialystok, Olsztyn, Opole, Katowice, Krakow and Wroclaw, and the latter belonged to Polish teacher training section. The subject of the study was the spelling of religious vocabulary (the use of block and lower capitals). There were indicated the rules that appear to be the most difficult for the respondents, and the level of their orthographic skills was determined. In conclusion, the postulates that resulted from the analysis of the language material collected during the studies, were formulated. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.207-228
Authors:Maciej Skowera Pages: 231 - 249 Abstract: The aim of the paper is to present a discussion on the issue of classicality in relation to children’s literature and in the context of ideology, as well as to formulate a definition of literary classics for young readers based on socio-cultural and not aesthetic criteria. The author refers to representative examples of Polish and English reflection on the issue and, at the end of the article, proposes to define classical works as literary texts that, after many years from their creation, are still subjected to professional and non-professional rereading and various transformations. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.231-249
Authors:Krzysztof Rybak Pages: 251 - 264 Abstract: The article investigates the ways of representing the Holocaust in children’s literature published in Poland in the 21st century (e.g. Joanna Rudniańska’s Kotka Brygidy and Smoke by Antón Fortes and Joanna Concejo). Phenomena such as anti-Semitism or death of the main character, called by researchers and critics inappropriate for a young audience, are analyzed with the use of the research on taboo in children’s literature (Bogusława Sochańska and Justyna Czechowska) as well as confronted with the threat of “traumatization” of the young reader (Małgorzata Wójcik-Dudek). The analysis proves that the Shoah only appears to be well-represented in children’s literature as many topics are still omitted. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.251-264
Authors:Magdalena Kuczaba-Flisak Pages: 265 - 279 Abstract: The article is an attempt to outline the ways of relating to the issue of freedom in contemporary literary texts addressed to children, based on Tina Oziewicz’s works. The author draws attention to the theoretical framework on the basis of which the contemporary understanding of freedom in children’s literature has been shaped and recalls the context of treating children’s literature (and therefore the subjects it undertakes) as a social construct of adults. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.265-279
Authors:Barbara Myrdzik Pages: 281 - 301 Abstract: The article constitutes an attempt to interpret the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro The Unconsoled – a work with a complex plot and a multi-threaded structure, typical for a composition stretched on the frame of the rhizome-like labyrinth and the motif of memory imperfections. The labyrinth is a space of strangeness, of being lost. It is a journey of the main character who wanders around various spaces of the city and hotel (which performs a variety of functions), meets many random people and listens to their accounts. The life problems of the city’s inhabitants indicate the eternal truth, according to which a man cannot live without understanding, without talking to someone kind who has the ability to listen. They were looking for someone who would listen and understand them, someone who would kindly respond to their problems. It may also be assumed that living in a world without the feeling of a lack of transcendence, the inhabitants were looking for an authority like a messiah who would indicate the direction of renewal in the world of chaos and who would answer the question: How to live' The novel describes a cultural crisis triggered by the feeling of a fundamental contradiction between the world of scientific truths and the inner world of every human being. Values such as faith, friendship, selflessness, truthfulness or family, to which Ishiguro pays a lot of attention, have been lost. “Toxic parents” are shown in multiple configurations: on the example of Ryder’s parents, or Ryder himself as the father of Boris and Stephan Hoffman. The author shows one of the major causes of the paternity crisis, namely the cult of professional success. Professional success and rivalry connected with it completely absorb Ryder’s life and activities. As a result of the pursuit of professional fulfillment, the role of emotional ties in his life becomes less significant, they almost disappear. It may be assumed that, using the example of the crisis in the described city, Ishiguro presents the contemporary world, which lost the sense of life; however, he did not limit it to the lost past. The world in which all attempts to search for a new form of expression and valorization end in failure. It is a labyrinthine, objectified world which is only given outside, a world of showing off and a “game” of pretending, without honesty and simplicity. It is a place dominated by a pose and culture of narcissism, full of inauthenticity, artificiality and appearance. In addition, The Unconsoled is a poignant novel about human loneliness. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.281-301
Authors:Elżbieta Mazur Pages: 303 - 316 Abstract: The article focuses on the position of contemporary poetry in Polish language teaching at secondary schools. It highlights cultural contexts in lyric poetry created after 1989 from the standpoint of integrational education, by reviewing Polish language textbooks, and taking into account new tendencies in Polish poetry. The noticeable change in the poetic language is discussed in selected examples along with the filiations, and disputes with tradition, as well as problems of aesthetics. It was emphasised that contexts of literature play an important role in interpretation of poems by Marcin Świetlicki, Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki, Tomasz Różycki and others. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.303-316
Authors:Edyta Manasterska-Wiącek Pages: 317 - 328 Abstract: The purpose of the article is to see whether the power of the literary work rules the reader’s emotions and whether the extra-lexical elements of the text are participating in the transfer of emotions. The author is going to answer these questions based on two authored translations of Sergey Mikhalkov’s poem into Polish. The understanding of the reception of the literary text as an aesthetic impression forces one to seek affective tensions, or elements which influence the emotional reactions of the reader. In reference to the conducted study it is essential to describe (and delineate) two concepts: the text’s emotive power and the reader’s emotional power. The literary work selected for analysis is not a typical one. Its structure was based on rhythm, which was used in an excellent way. Rhyme, on the other hand, appears only in the last two verses. The proposed translation uses a potential rhyme to add the emotional value in relation to the original text. Such a play with the reader is only possible when he/she understands the whole mechanism. A similar device used to increase the emotional value is maintaining the formal aspect of the original (octosyllable or heptasyllable verses), which sounds slightly artificial in Polish, given its permanent, paroxytone, accent. The analysis confirms that a translator is able to increase or reduce the emotional power of reception by modifying the text’s emotive power. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.317-328
Authors:Dorota Karkut Pages: 329 - 342 Abstract: The aim of the article is to broaden the knowledge of the selection and the use of literature applied in the education and therapy of children and young people. The text is addressed to teachers, educators, librarians, pedagogues and psychologists who want to develop skills of independent conducting classes with elements of bibliotherapy and to learn the value of reading (not only school) in work with students with special educational and reading needs. The author, referring to the statements of candidates for the teaching profession, draws attention to the therapeutic value of literature. She also encourages independent search and selection of various texts for students who are reluctant to read, students with dyslexia, ADHD and for people with disabilities, chronically ill and struggling with various problems and fears. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.329-342
Authors:Iryna Omelchenko Pages: 345 - 358 Abstract: The article examines the peculiarities of the semantic component of communication activity of preschoolers with developmental delay. We have determined that an emotional attitude to an interlocutor introduced into communicative actions, together with the understood meanings of created messages, means transition to the semantic level of communication. We have theoretically and experimentally substantiated that this semantic level presupposes that an interacting subject is able to express emotional attitudes towards partners, to interpret and understand their mental states, which contribute to an understanding of any event or socio-communicative situation. To study the semantic level (component) of communication activities, we examined implicit and explicit mentalization. Implicit mentalization included the respondents’ assessment of the mental properties of objects proposed as partners; recognition by them of emotions and mental causes of these emotions in socio-communicative situations. Explicit mentalization means the respondents’ ability to understand causes of behaviour based on knowledge of people’s mental states, the ability to predict other people’s behaviour based on knowledge of their own and others’ mental states, the ability to understand the moral and ethical aspects of the Other’s behaviour. We have determined experimentally that children with the mentally deficient type of communication activity are characterized by difficulties in communicative prediction, misunderstanding of the causes of behaviour, low level of implicit and explicit mentalization. Hence, these children often get into conflict situations due to misconceptions about the results of their own actions or the actions of others. The identified patterns of implicit and explicit mentalization will be the basis for the technology forming communicative activity, in particular its semantic component in preschoolers with developmental delay. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.345-358
Authors:Nataliia Babych, Kateryna Tychyna Pages: 359 - 376 Abstract: A child’s language development is one of the main factors of the personal formation. The level of personal development determines the formation of social and cognitive skills in children. Speech development disorders, in particular mastering of syntagmatic constructions with different structural complexity, complicates children’s communication with peers and adults and impedes written language development. The purpose of this study is to examine the basic parameters of the compositional rhythmic speech structure (movement, rhythm and space) and to determine its development level in preschool children with multiple disabilities (disabilities in sensory, motor and speech systems). In order to examine these parameters a special technique consisting of four diagnostic units (“rhythmic movement”, “rhythmic space”, “rhythmic pronunciation” and “complex rhythm of speech”) was developed. First, an empirical study for each diagnostic unit was conducted, and the findings suggested that majority of preschool children with sensory, motor and speech disorders have underveloped compositional structure of speech, which requires further targeted interventions. The study found that preschool children with multiple disabilities have a reduced ability to pronounce words with different structural complexity, impaired perception of lexical units and a disturbed ability to perform dynamic and rhythmic serial movements, which indicates an insufficient level of motor, rhythmic and spatial skills development. Then, a correlation analysis was performed, the results of which indicate that the diagnostic units – “rhythmic movement”, “rhythmic space”, “rhythmic pronunciation” – are inextricably linked. When the skills assessed by the above-mentioned diagnostic units are developed, the skills, assessed by the “Complex rhythm of speech” diagnostic unit can begin their development as well. Determination of the child’s functioning level in each diagnostic unit will allow describing the effective strategies to influence parameters of compositional rhythmic speech in children with multiple disabilities based on potential capabilities and their maximal implementation in the speech therapy process. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.359-376
Authors:Svitlana Khomenko Pages: 377 - 394 Abstract: The article examines the formation of the early support system for young children as an integral part of Ukraine’s state policy in the field of education and children’s rights, the international and national legislation that defines this system, and the stages of its formation. Early support is understood as an interdisciplinary family-centred comprehensive support system for young children with developmental disabilities or biological or social risks. The aim of this system is to improve children’s development and their families’ quality of life with the help of special institutions, organisations and their subdivisions of different subordination: the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Ukraine. The main provisions declared in international and national legal documents concerning early support for children with special educational needs at different age periods are analysed and the stages of system formation are defined. The practices of early support for children with special educational needs at each formation stage are described. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.377-394
Authors:Andrianasy Angelo Djistera Pages: 395 - 408 Abstract: The 21st-century society is characterized by the increased importance given to the acquisition and use of knowledge. This article examines the education of young children in Madagascar, a country where a significant portion of the population has never attended preschool. It strives to present an overview of the early childhood sector and its relationship to development. The increase in the number of pupils enrolled in preschool activity centers is a testament to the growing interest in preschool education. However, not all children have access to the same educational services. Inequalities start in early childhood. They can act as a brake on future growth by preventing the full development of individual potential. Strengthening the early childhood sector will contribute to the training of actors working for the long-term development of Madagascar. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.395-408
Authors:Pierre Suzanne Eyenga Onana Pages: 409 - 423 Abstract: Uwineza G. Sabano in Family Conflict presents scenarios of stormy family relationships between parents and adult children around various issues. How does the adult deploy his or her experiential know-how in order to exorcise the behavioural imposture and, in so doing, bring about an alternative way of life, the main thrust of which is ethics in behaviour' Anne Ubersfeld’s and Patrice Pavis’ theatrical semiotics and semiology guide this reflection, which is divided into three parts. At the end of the analysis, it emerges that in order to better evolve in his or her life, the child needs constant family supervision. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.409-423
Authors:Olga Fyłypec Pages: 425 - 445 Abstract: The article describes an attempt to reconstruct the contemporary youth stereotype of the “model” Pole and the “model” Ukrainian which is based on experimental data. The surveys were conducted among students of the following universities: the University of Wroclaw, the University of Silesia, the University of Rzeszow and the University of Lodz. Aspects in the light of which Polish student youth perceive themselves and Ukrainians have been disclosed: communication-mental, political, cultural, everyday life, physical and geographical. The results of the study show the values, which in the axiosphere of contemporary Polish youth, are common to both nationalities: tolerance, honor, courage, honesty, helpfulness, resourcefulness, patriotism, pride of origin, diligence, hospitality, family, education, etc. Differences in the perception of Poles and Ukrainians refer to the cultural and political dimensions. For example, Polish students want to see Ukrainian students as people who are more familiar with Polish culture and a Pole as a more conscious citizen of his own country. Therefore, the study indicates differences in perceptions due to the geographical location of the heterostereotype of native speakers. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.425-445
Authors:Maria Wacławek, Maria Wtorkowska Pages: 447 - 466 Abstract: This article discusses attitudes towards the family – one of the distinct semantic categories forming the linguo-cultural stereotype of a Pole, which we have reconstructed on the basis of questionnaire data. The methodology used is that of the linguistic image of the world, which includes stereotypes. The linguistic data was divided into sections: 1) type of relationship; 2) starting a family; family size and members; 3) other. The reconstructed model confirms that Poles have a very positive attitude to the family – as seen from their own, as well as a foreign (Slovenian) perspective. Poles form close family bonds, which is demonstrated by their strong attachment to tradition and family. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.447-466
Authors:Jagna Malejka Pages: 467 - 485 Abstract: The article presents issues related to intercultural teaching of Polish sociolinguistic and sociocultural customs in China. Efficient communication is guaranteed by mastering grammatical rules and vocabulary and requires knowledge of the culture of a given country. Papers on teaching Polish culture in Europe are the theoretical basis. The material was gathered by the author while she was teaching at Polish studies departments in China. Intercultural approach in teaching Polish linguistic-cultural behaviors in China demands other solutions than in the European cultural circle. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.467-485
Authors:Dorota Michułka Pages: 487 - 496 Abstract: The article is based on the review of the book by Hanna Dymel-Trzebiatowska Philosophical and Translational Migrations in the Moomin Valley (2019). Interdisciplinary considerations concern the issue of the multi-addressee nature of works intentionally aimed at a young audience, and their basis is the analysis and interpretation of Tove Jansson’s series on Moomins, deeply rooted in philosophical contexts. In the interpretation of the saga of the Finnish writer, Dymel-Trzebiatowska refers to various aspects of the theory and practice of reception as well as to selected issues belonging to the area of theory and practice of translation. In interpretative contexts, the researcher also distinguishes psychoanalytical critique, cognitive poetics, existential philosophy, the broadly understood philosophy of ethics and childhood anthropology, thanks to which her book fits perfectly into contemporary discussions on the function, place, role and status of children’s literature, its meaning in the wider cultural circuit literary and – potentially – also its presence in the field of Polish studies. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.487-496
Authors:Pau Freixa Terradas Pages: 497 - 501 Abstract: This text is a memoir of Rosa María and Alejandro Rússovich, Argentine friends of Witold Gombrowicz from the 1940s and 1950s. Due to the irreparable loss – the departure of Rosa María – the author of these words, a researcher of the reception of the Polish writer in Argentina, describes the long years of friendship with the Rússovich couple. He also emphasizes the importance of their eye testimony for the knowledge of Gombrowicz’s Argentine years and recalls some important moments of this relationship, as well as some items, such as letters, photos or the famous Gombrowicz’s potty, which are now on display in the Gombrowicz Museum in Wsola. PubDate: 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.17951/en.2021.6.497-501