Authors:Kazimierz Wojnowski Pages: 7 - 23 Abstract: Baltasar Gracián’s views revolved around the motivation of moral axiology in reference to the cognitive knowledge of reason and the practical knowledge of reason, by which individuals achieve effective results. He believed that knowledge of motivation, strategies and tactics for successful goal achievement should be imparted in education, while wisdom is expressed by effective long-term and permanent results of reasonable actions. Behavioral strategies motivated by moral axiology result in increased human spiritual and material well-being in society, and education in this area contributes to knowledge spread and moral progress. Temporal wisdom is both life wisdom and worldly wisdom; the former belongs to the human nature of life and is a driving force behind the creation of a better human world. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.1
Authors:Danuta Kamilewicz-Rucińska Pages: 25 - 43 Abstract: The nineteenth century is known as a time of urbanization and industrialization, a time of new concepts, changes in the structure, cohesiveness and value system of contemporary societies. This kind of ideological and cultural eclecticism was not fully applicable in the process of shaping the perception of a woman. Women were still considered to be bereft of individuality while femininity was perceived as a negative trait and a manifestation of selfishness, with men’s dominant position conditioned by traditions, customs and the law. Aleksandra Tekla Sofia Wolfgang (1805–1861) was born to a family of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang, a scientist, professor of pharmacy, pharmacology and chemistry, and Helena Aloiza Pacowski. Aleksandra made contribution to history by devoting her life to work, scientific and literary, thus giving up her family life. She began literary and scientific activity at the age of sixteen by writing articles, poems, and translating historical works (mostly from French) for the Vilnius press. She translated into Polish scientific works of her father and other world-renowned researchers. In the journal Dzieje Dobroczynności Krajowey i Zagraniczney [eng. The History of National and Foreign Charity] she was the only woman publishing under her own name. In the course of creating a herbarium to describe the flora of Samogitia, Jerzy Pabreż took advantage of some of Alexandra’s proposals to give new names to the plants. Aleksandra Wolfgang made her contribution to the development of botany in Lithuania by creating a herbarium, conducting experiments with plants in natural conditions and describing the surroundings. After her father’s death, she finished his Dictionary of Botanical Terms. She is also the author of the first publications in the Vilnius press about the history of education of the deaf and mute, which in 1830 resulted in the publication of a monograph entitled Rys historyczny usiłowań w uczeniu głuchoniemych i zakładów na ten cel przeznaczonych [Historical outline of education for the deaf and mute and the relevant establishments], written on behalf of all Lithuanians waiting for the support and benevolence of Alexandra Romanova, Empress of Russia. Aleksandra Wolfgang’s writing, especially her correspondence, shows the expressive, creative and scientific activity of Stefan Batory University during its closure by the tsar. For Alexandra Wolfgang, the life devoted to science and society was the simplest way to create and develop general good, which was acknowledged and emphasized by her contemporary scientists. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.2
Authors:Urszula Wróblewska Pages: 45 - 57 Abstract: The aim of this article is to present the main organizational assumptions of nurseries, which were just organized in the Interwar period and were to represent the first level of social care and educational work for mothers and children. The proposed issue is of contributory nature and is the first attempt to discuss the activities and operations of nurseries in the Interwar period, when their utility and significance were discussed. It is a description of the origins of the facility, which in the post-war period was a common element of childcare. As a result of the developing industry and the growing demand for workers, young mothers also took up paid jobs in order to improve their material status. Therefore, nurseries located near factories did not actually mushroom and the time of development of this institution was arrested in the post-war period. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.3
Authors:Jarosław Rutkowski, Katarzyna Semrau Pages: 59 - 79 Abstract: The activity of Dr. Henryk Jordan played an important role in the development of health education in Galicia, Eastern Europe, in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. This article revolves around Jordan’s concept of the development of the physical condition of Poles and the physical education system for children and adolescents. Henryk Jordan’s actions have been re-interpreted in the context of building various educational establishments. His efforts, focused on organizing free time for students, were aimed at ensuring their sustainable development. In this respect, the creation of the City Park was Henryk Jordan’s great achievements, serving the physical education of children and adolescents and promotion of mass sport. This organization of public space can be a valuable guideline for architects and educators who create friendly spaces for children and young people. At the same time, the article pinpoints that the target audience and the users are members of local communities whose voices should always be heard and considered. When this happens, they form a relationship with friendly space which takes them into an existential dimension. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.4
Authors:Anna Penkała-Jastrzębska Pages: 81 - 89 Abstract: A preserved register of items is an interesting and valuable source for research into everyday life of the 18th century nobility. The mentioned toys helped children to imitate everyday life activities as accurately as possible. Despite the fact that the items are a part of the magnate’s inventory, many of them showed signs of wear and tear while some were completely destroyed. The toys were often used but no particular attention was paid to regular repairs thereof. In the preserved source materials, we can easily find items for boys like military-related toys and play-horse heads on sticks. The typically girlish items included mostly dolls, dressed in costumes following the latest fashion. An interesting collection of toys consists of items that imitated various genre scenes, the nature of which may indicate the origin of the items. They created a miniature world, corresponding to the activities observed in everyday life. Unfortunately, the laconic nature of many entries in the register does not allow for more extended research based on the specific features of the items on the list. The problem of the representation of toys in the world of noble things requires an in-depth study of the preserved source materials, in order to recognize the specificity of this type of objects. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.5
Authors:Dariusz Gołębiowski Pages: 91 - 107 Abstract: Late 1989 did not bring about any structural changes in education. For the next decade, a two-tier system of general education was in place, based on an 8-year primary school and a 4-year secondary school. This system was established in Poland in 1961 and remained unchanged until the late 20th century (1999) when Professor Mirosław Handke adopted a fundamental reform of the educational system, including introduction of 6-year primary schools, 3-year lower secondary schools and 3-year specialised high schools. Discussions on the changes, the course of the reform and the needs of Polish schools in the new reality were reflected in opinion weeklies. The article offers a concise analysis of texts on the perception of the structural reform, but also the broadly defined economic condition of Polish schools, the social position of teachers and school problems of children and adolescents, printed in Wprost weekly in 1998–2017. The latter date refers to the first year of Anna Zalewska’s reform, abolishing lower secondary schools and restoring the previous model of education. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.6
Authors:Jakub Adamczewski Pages: 109 - 119 Abstract: In elementary education, books and the messages they put across determine the way in which children perceive the world around them. Therefore, reading has become a tool of raising and educating the youngest children in the course of remote learning. The collection of obligatory books for classes 1–3, suggested by the Minister of Education, touches upon difficult issues related to contemporary life and children’s experiences in a limited way. The article presents obligatory reading taking into account a historical perspective and the latest developments that have inspired an open project “Alternative Obligatory Reading” initiated by Towarzystwo Inteligentnej Młodzieży (Association of Intelligent Adolescents), BUKBUK website and EDICO Foundation. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.7
Authors:Maciej Laskowski Pages: 121 - 140 Abstract: The subsequent study expands upon the connections between Stanisław Staszic and English literature. Specifically, the paper portrays the Polish Enlightenment thinker as an inspiration of Mary Anne Hoare’s short story entitled Judge not! (Polish Nie sądź) with Staszic as its main protagonist. The ensuing presentation appears very important to many readers, including scholars who (falsely) attribute the story’s authorship to Charles Dickens. The research aims to verify if the idiosyncrasies conveyed by Hoare in her narrative were actually the Pole’s characteristics. At this point, the paper examines the specifics attributed by the Irish authoress to Staszic specifically, making him the focal point of her work. In order to accomplish the set goals, the behind the scenes and the essence of Hoare’s work have been illustrated. Finally, I hope that the article will help to promote the story which has nearly slipped into oblivion and to underline Staszic’s multifaceted activity and life. It has earned him a place in English literature through the pen of a female writer from Ireland. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.8
Authors:Mateusz Leszkowicz Pages: 141 - 158 Abstract: The paper outlines the origin, development, applications, and impact of conceptual scientific illustration, developed in the early 20th century by Fritz Kahn, a German gynecologist, publisher and popularizer of science. These illustrations explains how things work via concepts, metaphors and illusion. This is in contrast to the descriptive anatomical and natural illustrations of 19th-century paintings which show what things look like. The article presents the systematics of the main types of illustrations by F. Kahn and reflects on reception thereof. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.9
Authors:Agata Edyta Kukawska Pages: 159 - 169 Abstract: This is a presentation of Polish immigrants who came to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries, now the second biggest Polish community in the world. In my presentation, I intend to describe the reason of the emergence of the population. Then, I continue to show the history of the community in Brazil, especially in Curitiba, the “Polish’’ capital of Brazil. Next in my presentation is the situation of the population of Polish origin in Brazil. I present different organisations which are a part of this community. What is more, I also describe the Parana region as a with the biggest concentration of residents with Polish roots. I also mention how Polish traditions are cultivated. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.10
Authors:Andrzej Meissner Pages: 171 - 183 Abstract: The article revolves around the history of upbringing in Poland as a science discipline. The first historical-pedagogical works appeared in the Renaissance and were continued in Age of Enlightenment. However, it was not until the-19th century when a discipline called ‘history of upbringing’ was created. Its development, by East European standards, took place in difficult social and political circumstances. Poland, at that time annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria, did not enjoy conditions conducive to scientific development. The annexation was counterbalanced by actions instigated by cultural, educational and scientific institutions. As a result, historical science could develop despite the political situation and the financial shortcomings. Introduction of pedagogy and history of upbringing at the Krakow and Lvov Universities was important to the development of the history of upbringing. Antoni Karbownik’s post-doctoral degree in the history of upbringing obtained in 1905 from the Jagiellonian University and post-doctoral degrees in pedagogy (also the Jagiellonian University) awarded to Leon Kulczyński, Euzebiusz Czerkawski, Aleksander Skórski, Antoni Danysz and Bolesław Mańkowski (Lvov University) were breakthroughs in the history of upbringing. For the areas of study to become disciplines of science, they had to be defined, including their research object and the methodological basis. Władysław Seredyński Franciszek Majchrowicz, Antoni Karbowiak and Antoni Danysz adopted a position on the subject. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the history of upbringing was perceived as a discipline of science related to history with respect to the ,methodology and with pedagogy with respect to the content, with its own research, terminology, sources and academic teachers. The history of education was officially a part of culture. In this context, educational matters should be viewed. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.11
Authors:Wojciech Skrzydlewski Pages: 185 - 196 Abstract: The article presents selected issues concerning the educational contexts of the application of popular music. It focuses on the development of phonography from the mechanical to the modern form (virtual); popular music on television; ethnic sources of popular music, the non-commercial function of popular music; music at the service of ideas. The article takes into account several characteristics of the great number of educational applications of popular music. Some are linked to commemoration of the work of outstanding artists, honouring the beauty of countries and the natural environment, while others distinguish personalities, friendship and patriotism. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.12
Authors:Rafał Marcin Leszczyński Pages: 201 - 214 Abstract: In Poland, the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century is most often associated with Martin Luther. However, together with Luther, the reforms were introduced into the Church by Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, while Philip Melanchthon, Luther’s friend and collaborator, was a very important theologian in Germany. It was him who determined the ultimate doctrinal and organizational form of Lutheranism. Melanchthon was a theologian and a humanist, the reformer of German education, author of numerous textbooks widely used in all over Renaissance Europe, including Poland and Lithuania. One of Melanchthon’s major textbooks was Loci communes (1521). In this book, Melanchthon made an attempt to systematize evangelical doctrines. Consequently, it is considered the first evangelical theology textbook and, at the first time, the first work on Protestant dogmas. PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.14
Authors:Edyta Głowacka-Sobiech Pages: 215 - 217 Abstract: Recenzja: Edukacja równościowa. Tworzenie przestrzeni i warunków dla Innego, pod red. M. Obryckiej, G. Piekarskiego, M.A. Sałapaty, Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls, Kraków 2020, ss. 692 PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.15
Authors:Marek Białokur Pages: 219 - 226 Abstract: Recenzja: Co zostało z tamtych lat, czyli życie szkoły w dokumentach zapisane. Piotr Gołdyn, Źródła do dziejów szkolnictwa w XX wieku. Sprawozdania szkolne – protokoły rad pedagogicznych – kroniki szkolne, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Poznań 2019, ss. 180 PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.16
Authors:Klarysa Świeżek, Julia Jezierska Pages: 227 - 230 Abstract: Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej pt.: „Molestowanie seksualne. Analiza zjawiska i przeciwdziałanie” 8 marca 2021 r., Wydział Studiów Edukacyjnych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu (on-line) PubDate: 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2021.44.17
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