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Authors:Betty David Mntambo Abstract: Land tenure insecurity is one of the challenges facing urban dwellers given the increasing demand on land as the population increases in Tanzania. The main objective of this study was to examine the tenure security within urban agriculture on access to land. Specifically, it assessed different ways farmers’ access land for cultivation, the extent of land security among farmers, and implications of land tenure insecurity on vegetable cultivation. The study employed a cross-sectional design whereby snowball sampling was used to select 69 male and female vegetable farmers at the open space in Morogoro Municipality. Data was collected through household survey, in-depth interviews, observation and informal conversation. Results indicated that farmers access land through informal means by renting from the landlords who have legal land rights. Hence, social relationships have become important to access land while close relationship with the landlord determine the extent of land security a farmer has. Lastly, land tenure insecurity not only affects gardener’s vegetable cultivation but also creates uncertainty and hatred between farmers and their landlords. It is therefore imperative to integrate urban agriculture into urban development planning to enhance land tenure security of farmers since it has become permanent economic activity. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Minani Ntahosanzwe, Hossea Rwegoshora Abstract: The study aimed at assessing effectiveness of exemption measure in providing healthcare services for old people in public hospitals in Tanzania. The study was conducted in rural and urban areas of Kasulu district in Kigoma using cross sectional descriptive research design. The total number of respondents engaged in this study was 323. These included 304 old people, four medical doctors, eight nurses, one district medical officer and six social workers. Data were collected by using questionnaire, interview, focus group discussion, observation and documentary review. Qualitative data was analyzed by using thematic method while quantitative data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to obtain frequencies, percentages and statistical measures for triangulation purposes. Study findings revealed that exemption measure was partially implemented and less effective. Healthcare services in public hospitals were not easily accessible for old people under exemption measure. The major challenges affecting exemption measure is lack of essential medicine, bureaucratic procedures in executing exemption process and unofficial payments. The study hereby recommends that the government should enact law to enforce implementation of exemption and increase budget allocation to the health sector so as to increase availability of medicine and diagnostic instruments in public hospitals. Further, since the scope of the study was limited to Kasulu district; there is a need to conduct country survey to assess effectiveness of exemption measure in providing healthcare services for old people in Tanzania. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Helen B. Kiunsi Abstract: This article evaluates the role of the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) in the administration of tax in Tanzania. It works on the premise that proper tax administration enforces tax compliance by taxpayers, with tax administrators better placed to understand principles, laws and procedures of taxation than taxpayers. Yet, tax administrators are not always impartial in collecting revenue from taxpayers. Therefore, this article argues that tax administrators in Tanzania must acquaint themselves with laws governing tax and adhere to their core values to enhance tax compliance and boost revenue for the country’s development. Moreover, the article calls for the amendment of the tax laws to make them much more tax-payer friendly to facilitate compliance and further boost government coffers. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Ramadhan Nyambukah, Matobola J. Mihale Abstract: Water quality parameters (colour, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, nitrate, phosphate and faecal coliforms) were evaluated during wet and dry seasons in relation to human activities in Zigi River and its tributaries. Samples were taken from nine strategic sampling points located in different areas of river. The samples were processed and analysed using established procedures. Results of temperature, EC, TDS, TSS, nitrate, colour, turbidity and E. coli were higher in wet season than in dry season. Significant variations (p < 0.05) of temperature, EC, TDS, nitrates, colour and turbidity with changing seasons were observed. Also, results on variations of other parameters were more or less the same in both seasons. Temperature, EC, TDS, nitrate and E. coli were increasing and DO decreasing downstream in both seasons probably due to increased anthropogenic activities along the river. High Pearson correlation coefficient (r2 > 0.53) observed between these parameters indicated that these values are closely related. Results of assessment of water using water quality index have revealed that the river water in both seasons is unsuitable for use as drinking water and that the water is more unsuitable for use during the wet season than during the dry season. Implications of the findings on water treatment are vivid and immediate measures are recommended to minimise the further diminishing quality of the water in this river and thus reduce the costs of treating the water for domestic use. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Rose Ephraim Matete Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the impact of school inspection on teaching and learning in primary school education in Tanzania. The study was carried out in Mbeya region and data was collected qualitatively from 59 participants where 6 were head teachers, 44 classroom teachers, 8 school inspectors, and a District Education Officer (DEO). Data was collected through open-ended questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary analysis. The findings indicate that school inspectors gave some advice to teachers on how to teach and help the pupils with learning difficulties. However, it was found that school inspectors did not regularly visit the classroom for lesson observations to identify the strengths and weaknesses of teachers for the improvement of teaching and learning. The findings also indicate that school inspectors focused on the professional documents when evaluating the teachers’ work performance without classroom observation and helping teachers on how to teach the difficult topics that could be the added value of the school inspection. It was further found that school inspectors’ working conditions were poor as they lacked allowances to facilitate their school visits and they lacked a means of transport. It is argued in this paper that for teachers to grow professionally and improve the quality of teaching and learning in primary schools, school inspectors need to carry out classroom observations and be trained based on the subject matter. Nevertheless, improvement of the school inspectors’ work conditions and provision of a means of transport to the school inspectorate department is equally important PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Jeanne Claudine Gasengayire, Proches Ngatuni Abstract: This study assessed the effect of job satisfaction and demographic characteristics on the organizational commitment of employees (N = 119) in Rwanda. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design for data collection. Descriptive, correlation, standard, and hierarchical regression analysis techniques were used to carry out the analysis. The effect of intrinsic job satisfaction was positive and significant on overall organizational commitment, continuance, and normative commitment, but negative and significant on affective commitment. The opposite was the case for extrinsic job satisfaction, although the effect on affective commitment was insignificant. The effect of satisfaction with the work environment was positive but only significant on affective commitment and significantly negative on continuance commitment. Job satisfaction dimensions had a significant unique effect on the overall and all the organizational commitment dimensions, even after controlling for the effect of the five demographic characteristics. From the results, it is recommended that for the organization to enhance employees’ commitment, management should adopt measures that enhance job satisfaction among them. This study adds to the much-needed empirical evidence from the developing world, but more importantly, from a special mission organizational context, consistent with the interconnectedness of organizations across the globalized world. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Logatus Logation, Daphina L. Mabagala, Winifrida Malingumu Abstract: The study aimed at examining the perceptions and practices of heads of schools’ instructional leadership in public secondary schools in Biharamulo district, Tanzania. A concurrent triangulation design using a sample of 75 was used. Data were collected using questionnaires for teachers, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) for heads of schools and interviews for district secondary education officers. The quantitative data from questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics while the qualitative data from interviews and FGDs were analyzed through thematic techniques. The study found that heads of schools perceived instructional leadership in terms of showing right direction about the teaching and learning process, ensuring the presence of teaching and learning resources and enhancing teachers’ teaching capacity. The study also found that heads of schools practiced instructional leadership in terms of supervising preparation of schemes of work and lesson plans, providing teaching and learning resources, promoting programme development, and in some occasions visiting teachers in classrooms. Furthermore, the study revealed that heads of schools’ instructional leadership is affected by lack of financial support, lack of training, teachers’ negligence, and heavy workload. Finally, the study recommends regular in-service trainings to be organized for heads of schools and more research to be carried out to examine the extent to which heads of schools employ instructional leadership practices. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Prisca Mbogo Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine whether homework type may have influence on pupils’ development of various Homework Management Strategies (HMS) for effective management of the homework assigned. 154 standard five pupils selected from two Public Primary Schools in Ubungo, Dar es Salaam were assigned into either of the two homework types namely, Interactive homework Assignment (IHA) and Non- Interactive Homework Assignments (Non-IHA). The homework management strategies include: (a) ability to set an appropriate work environment, (b) managing time, (c) handling distraction, (d) monitoring motivation, and (e) controlling negative emotions arising while doing the homework. A Homework Management Strategies (HMS) scale by Xu and Corno (2003) was adapted and used to solicit information on Homework Management Strategies from the pupils. Compared with Non-Interactive Homework assignments, pupils in IHA reported more frequently working to manage their workspace, budget time, handle distraction, monitor motivation, and control emotion while doing homework. This suggests a need to encourage the use of IHA in our public primary schools so as to enhance the use of the five HMS and consequently improve pupils’ learning. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Kassimu Nihuka, Tuli A. Ngonile Abstract: The study reported in this paper investigated the perceived potential for utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for quality assurance practices in secondary schools in Dar es Salaam. The study used survey research design and a total of 56 quality assurers (i.e., 53 school quality assurers and 03 chief school quality assurers) drawn from Dar es Salaam, Ilala, Kinondon and Temeke participated in the study. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data which were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Data Reduction Technique respectively. Findings have revealed that there is a potential for utilization of ICT for quality assurance practices in secondary schools. Findings have shown that between 57.1% to 98.2% of quality assurers have access to computer (83.9% and mobile phones (98.2%). Also, over 50% of the school quality assurers are already utilizing ICT for report writing (66.1%), storage of information (58.9%), to access stored information (53.6%) and to surf educational resources (50%). However, about 40% of the quality assurers lack ICT knowledge of basic computer applications. Appropriate recommendations are suggested based on the findings and discussion. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Hildegardis E. Bitegera, Elifas T. Bisanda Abstract: In most developed countries, technical and vocational education and training (TVET) system has been considered to be among the key players for industrial growth through production of competent and skilled labour forces. However, TVET system in Tanzania has not been able to produce graduates who meet satisfactorily the skill demand of industries. The study examined the TVET institutional' capacity in addressing dynamic labour market. The study used a combination of instruments including questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations to collect data from Tanzania and two Asian Tiger Nations, Singapore and the Republic of Korea. A total of 219 respondents were selected using simple random, stratified, and purposive sampling techniques. In summary, the study found that while conditions are very friendly in the two Asian Tiger Nations, Tanzania's TVET system is facing the short- supply of technically skilled workforce. The study has revealed further that among other factors influencing the effectiveness of TVET system in Tanzania are inadequate and poor teaching and learning infrastructure; outdated TVET curricula, teaching staff who not only lack practical experience but also lack the ability to interpret and apply labour market data and information. In ensuring that TVET system optimally contributes to economic development in Tanzania, lessons to be learnt from the two Asian Tiger Nations include establishing and strengthening strong partnerships among TVET institutions and industries and continuously monitoring of the relevance of TVET learning packages and curricula in line with current needs of industries. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Emmanuel Joseph Mallya Abstract: This study explores the impact of the creation of executive agencies on minorities in Tanzania. Using the Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA) as a unit of analysis, the study highlights the role institutions play in reshaping societal dynamics particularly in reformed institutions that serve as agents for distributing opportunities to various societal groups. Specifically, the study carried out a critical analysis of RITA and found that despite the agency’s concerted efforts towards providing services to the wider community, its structure and funding have inadvertently resulted in unequal provision of services to different groups contrary to its mandate. The study, therefore, emphasises the need to monitor and scrutinise on continual basis the existing, reformed and newly-created institutions as well as mechanisms put in place to minimise the effects of structural marginalisation, which contribute to the minorization of certain groups in society. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Fulgensia Kweka , George Kahangwa Abstract: This paper is based on a study that examines how Catholic Nun’s institutions (CNIs) use non-formal education (NFE) to reduce poverty in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. The article analyzes how CNIs provide NFE to bring about social development in Kilimanjaro communities. The study employed the theory of Constructivism to ascertain participatory and collaborative methods as principles of teaching youths and adults in CNIs. The study revealed that after attainment of independence in Tanzania, missionary institutions were also obliged to adhere to government's education policy and regulations in their running of educational institutions. Such changes made CNIs form another way of providing non-formal education. Furthermore, due to technological advancement, the changes in teaching methodology ushered in the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This caused CNIs to face lack of qualified and enough teachers. Lack of NFE therefore is the source of missing self-employment and confidence to create new skills for reducing poverty. The study concludes that NFE provided by CNIs in Kilimanjaro communities have been supportive to social development. The study insists that CNIs should upgrade their provision of non-formal education which can bring economic changes and facilitate the achievement of high standards of life in Kilimanjaro and elsewhere. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Geraldina Edward, Richard Shukia Abstract: This study examined the components of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge associated with children’s acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills in high and low performing rural public schools, Tanzania. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were used to obtain 175 participants. Questionnaire, observation, semi-structured interview, documentary review, and tests were the methods employed for data collection. An independent sample t-test and thematic analyses were employed. Results indicated that teachers possessed moderate knowledge of Kiswahili pre-reading skills content but they had low pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of children’s thinking around Kiswahili pre-reading skills. Teachers limited pedagogical content knowledge was mainly associated with inadequate training in pre-primary education among others. Thus, teachers limited pedagogical content knowledge of Kiswahili pre-reading skills was associated with children’s low acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills. To maximize children’s learning outcomes, acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills in particular, comprehensive pre-service and in-service training should be guaranteed to obtain qualified teachers to teach in pre-primary schools. School quality assurance monitoring mechanisms should be strengthened and they should visit pre-primary classes and monitor Kiswahili pre-reading skills teaching process so as to improve children’s acquisition of the skills. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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Authors:Edwin Nyerembe, Magreth Bushesha Abstract: The study aimed to establish the status of human-wildlife conflicts over resources in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. The study used a questionnaire and guiding questions to collect data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis and content analysis approaches. The findings indicate that Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) persists in the NCA. Wild animals exposed to harassment exhibited aggressive behaviors compared to others, and wild animals prowling at night predated all NCA-related domestic animals. Competition over resources between human beings, livestock, and wild animals causes HWC in the NCAA. In minimizing HWC, the villagers constructed strong fences around bomas and introduced zoning for grazing in some areas suitable for wild animals. The study concludes that the NCAA must continue providing conservation knowledge to the natives, promoting livestock predation compensation schemes, advocating building bomas using solid fences, and employing participatory treatment of WHC-related cases. The study recommends that natives in the NCAA area take precautions to avoid grazing their livestock in areas with a high degree of predation. In addition, relevant authorities should address rabid cases in the NCA. PubDate: 2022-05-04 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022)
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