JournalTOCs

British Journal of Visual Impairment
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.337

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 10

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 0264-6196 - ISSN (Online) 1744-5809
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

The role of assistive technology in supporting the engagement of students
with visual impairment in learning mathematics: An integrative literature
review
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  Authors: Gezie Ketema Dabi, Dawit Negassa Golga
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This integrative literature review examined how assistive technology (AT) can help students with visual impairment (VI) in middle primary and secondary schools (aged 11–18 years) engage in learning Mathematics. To collate the relevant findings across studies, an integrative literature review approach was employed and supported by an evidence-based synthesis method. Automatic search phrases were used to find research articles related to the topic in the Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Springer Link databases. A total of 628 articles were identified during the initial search of which only 11 were included after putting them under rigorous selection criteria. In addition, a mixed-method appraisal technique (MMAT) was used to examine the methodological quality of the papers that were included. The synthesis result came up with three overarching themes: the availability of AT to support learning mathematics, the usability of AT in mathematics classes, and the role of AT in the inclusion of visually impaired students. The findings based on the results of the 11 academic articles published from 2007 to 2021 revealed that effective engagement of students with VIs in Mathematics instruction is achieved by providing students with VI equitable access to the swiftly evolving AT, addressing issues related to affordability, testing the usability and appropriateness of existing AT and enhancing accessibility of AT for all by breaking the social stigma against students with VI in using AT. It is concluded that easily affordable and accessible assistive technologies with multiple non-visual display formats that enable students with VI to access mathematical symbols, notations, expressions, and tactual contents should be in place to actively engage students with VI in learning mathematics.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-03-16T12:08:37Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231158922
Investigating the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with visual impairment
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  Authors: Haaris M Khan, Khaldon Abbas, Hamza N Khan
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  We present a comprehensive review of the various challenges that individuals with visual impairment (VI) face during the COVID-19 pandemic. A structured review was done using online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and grey literature databases between 19 April 2021 and 4 August 2021, using search terms ‘COVID-19’, ‘SARS-CoV-2’, ‘Coronavirus’, or ‘pandemic’ combined with ‘visually impaired’, ‘visual impairment’, or ‘Blind’. Studies included were written in English, published after the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of the COVID-19 Pandemic (11 March 2020), and focused on the VI population during the pandemic. The initial search yielded 702 publications, of which 20 met our inclusion criteria and were included in analysis. Emotional distress from deteriorating mental health and social isolation were considerably higher in the VI population. For a community that relies on spatial awareness and touch, regulations related to social distancing and avoiding contact were considerable barriers. Further challenges were noted in accessing healthcare, care, receiving timely health information and changes in regulations, adequately sanitizing, using technology, and completing activities of daily living. In the unprecedented times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the VI community has faced unique challenges. A more holistic and inclusive approach needs to be adopted to ensure that more vulnerable populations are adequately cared for.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-03-11T06:42:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231158919
‘Listen, learn, help’: Parental views on specialist vision impairment
provision in the United Kingdom
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  Authors: Kelly Cummins, Jessica Hayton
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The presence of childhood vision impairment has cascading effects on educational provision and global development across cognitive, physical, and mental health domains. Effective, appropriate, and targeted support in education is legislated across the United Kingdom, influenced by the ‘access to learning, learning to access’ model. Despite reasonable adjustment and specialist provision legislature, anecdotal parental reports suggest inconsistent and insufficient provision culminating in poor physical and mental health outcomes for school-aged children and young people with vision impairment in the United Kingdom. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of provisional arrangement/specialist support from a parental viewpoint. We examined the questionnaire responses of parents/caregivers of children and young people with vision impairment to harness their views regarding provisional entitlement. An online questionnaire was developed in collaboration with parents/caregivers of children with vision impairment who identified a distinct need for research in this field. Forty-six parents/caregivers completed the questionnaire. Most parents reported their child accessing specialised provision; however, frequency of provision and qualification of staff administering provision was inconsistent. Parents reported that available provision more negatively impacted their child’s mental health, and resultingly, most parents lacked confidence in the arrangements their child received. We concluded that parental perception of provisional arrangements is seemingly influenced by the quality of the team supporting their child in educational domains. Future work triangulating parental views with that of the children receiving the support, and support staff, is needed for corroboration.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-03-08T05:30:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231158923
Navigating the “Blind World”: The psychosocial and occupational
experiences of parents of adolescents with visual impairments
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  Authors: Peiwen Cao, Colleen McGrath, Debbie Laliberte Rudman
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Although research has shown that parenting an adolescent with a visual impairment may present unique challenges, a few studies have examined how parents negotiate such challenges and the meanings they derive from their parenting experiences. Using a constructivist narrative inquiry approach, this study explored how four parents of adolescents with visual impairments storied their psychosocial and occupational experiences of childrearing. A holistic-content analysis and thematic analysis of participants’ narrative accounts was conducted, resulting in the identification of the following five themes: (1) Grief, Uncertainty, and Frustration During the Early Years; (2) Identity as An Advocate; (3) Enabling Independence and Planning for the Future; (4) Navigating Challenges in Getting Required Support: Frustrations and Successes; and (5) Changed Perceptions Within the Context of Societal Misunderstanding. Findings of this study address a gap in the current body of literature by highlighting the complexity of parents’ experiences along the journey of raising an adolescent with a visual impairment. These complexities are important to address in low vision rehabilitation practice to best support parents and youth, and further research is required to inform such practice.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-03-02T05:56:25Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231154477
What do eye care workers do when their patients go blind'
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  Authors: Adedayo Omobolanle Adio, Charles Obu Bekibele
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Sometimes even with the best efforts by the eye care worker (ECW), patients cannot be stopped from losing vision even in the best of centers anywhere in the world. However, in developing countries, most vision loss happens in rural and suburban areas away from where ECWs are majorly located due to poor facilities, adverse living conditions, and poverty. Once irreversible blindness happens, rehabilitation should follow. However, the numbers of those who are not referred for rehabilitation by far outstrips those who are, for various reasons. To find out why this is so, 150 ECWs with 1:2 M:F ratio were contacted through Google links sent through WhatsApp groups. Glaucoma was statistically the commonest cause of irreversible blindness (χ2 = 66.17, p-value
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-22T11:53:32Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231154471
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Persian version of the
low-vision quality-of-life questionnaire
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  Authors: Javad Heravian Shandiz, Hamed Momeni Moghaddam, James S Wolffsohn, Maliheh Karimpour
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Most of the vision quality assessment questionnaires are in English. None of the low-vision-related quality-of-life questionnaires have been translated or developed in Persian. It will help Persian optometrists and ophthalmologists to assess improvement of visual function and quality of life during their low-vision rehabilitation programs. In this study, we aimed to translate the low-vision quality-of-life (LVQOL) questionnaire in Persian language and apply exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the construct validity and fit model. Translation and cultural adjustment of the English language LVQOL questionnaire to Persian was undertaken. Overall, 100 low-vision patients were participated to validate and model the assessment questionnaire by both EFA and CFA methods. Complementary EFA and CFA results provide detailed information about item and scale performance of the Persian LVQOL. EFA showed Items 15, 16, and 21 which had factor loadings lower than 0.3. The modified model had the comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.89 and 0.06, respectively. The translation, adjustment, and fit analysis of the LVQOL questionnaire into Persian were successful and it will be valuable in both clinical practice and research.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-20T05:03:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231154473
Provision of low-vision rehabilitation services in Saudi Arabia
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  Authors: Essam S Almutleb, Saif K Almutairi, Rayan N Almutairi, Ali H Almustanyir, Mosaad M Alhassan, Ali M Alsaqr, Balsam A Alabdulqader
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The prevalence of low vision is expected to increase at the national and international levels, given the aging population and the association between the prevalence of ocular disease(s) and increasing age. Thus, it is important to establish knowledge of the distribution, adequacy, and quality of available low vision rehabilitation services nationally and internationally. This will in turn help prioritize eyecare plans and initiatives, and thus deliver effective services. This cross-sectional study enumerated and surveyed all local government and information regarding the geographic location of each participating entity, entity affiliation, availability and types of low vision rehabilitation services, types of providers, and referral patterns were determined. The results of the current study showed that only 4% of the entities provided low vision rehabilitation services and most (75%) were located in the central region. Additionally, the majority of the services (95%) were basic optometric rehabilitation services whereas other services were either rarely offered or not offered at all. Overall, the current low vision rehabilitation services in Saudi Arabia are inadequate to meet the increasing prevalence of the low vision population. Thus, careful planning of eyecare services is required to meet this demand.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-20T05:01:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231154468
Non-visual teaching skills and strategies orientation and mobility
instructors who are blind use to ensure the safety of the students with
visual impairment
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  Authors: Nora Griffin-Shirley, Laura Bozeman, Phoebe Okungu, The Nguyen, Chinomso Ihenagwam
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  In this qualitative study, three participants were observed and recorded while teaching in a variety of environments. The purpose of this study was to confirm the findings of the interviews and to learn more about these non-visual teaching skills and strategies. Using an observation checklist, the research team met on a weekly basis to view and code the recordings from January to April 2022. Member checks were completed by all participants via Zoom meetings. The participants were three males who were visually impaired employed at rehabilitation centers for individuals with low vision/blindness. Four themes emerged from the analysis of the observation data: auditory monitoring, tactile monitoring, instructor positioning, and Structured Discovery Cane Travel (SDCT®). The results of this study demonstrate the connection between the current study and the previous three studies completed by the research team. It is evident that the participants engaged in different strategies to monitor safety and promote independent travel for their students. Non-visual skills were an important component for SDCT that all participants utilized. The findings of this study can be used by university faculty from orientation and mobility (O&M) personnel preparation programs as a resource when they have students with visual impairment in blindfold/simulation cane courses. This research also supported faculty to identify best teaching practices among all programs and to integrate these practices into their curricula to strengthen their programs. For success in life, teachers of students with visual impairment and O&M instructors need to promote self-advocacy.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-03T11:01:19Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231152343
Heterogeneity in social participation among young people with vision
impairment
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  Authors: Eline CM Heppe, Chris van Klaveren, Ilja Cornelisz, Carlo Schuengel, Sabina Kef
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Young people may adapt to vision impairment (VI) in a variety of ways. To explore heterogeneity in social participation, data were mined for distinct patterns. Existing data from 258 young people with VI, aged between 26 and 44 years (M = 35.3 years; SD = 5.07), were clustered. Social participation was measured by four closed-ended questions and the Social Network Map. Loneliness was measured by the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness scale. K-medoids clustering with the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) algorithm was used to cluster social participation variables and age.Eight clusters were identified, with participants in the two largest clusters, clusters 1 (n = 84) and 2 (n = 50), scoring high on almost all social participation outcomes. Participants in cluster 8 (n = 14) had the lowest social participation scores. However, also over half of the participants in clusters 4, 5, 6, and 7 experienced feelings of loneliness. Findings demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in social participation among young people with VI, which however does not link to loneliness. These variations in social participation underline the need for a differentiated approach to address needs of young people with VI.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-03T10:48:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196231152340
Perceptions on the use of distance learning by families of children with
visual impairment and deafblindness
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  Authors: Amy T Parker, Angelica Inman, Faith Yeung, Kelsey Ostrander, Matt Bullen
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The purpose of our qualitative study was to explore what distance-based teaching and learning practices have been supportive to students with visual impairments and their families. Using purposive sampling, interviews, and qualitative analysis, we found that supportive approaches for distance learning (DL) included parental involvement and participation, as well as tailored instructional approaches and accommodations for the student. In some instances, DL was identified as being more supportive for immune-compromised children. Negative facets of the practice included diminished richness in socializing, and the lack of certain strengths of in-person education. Families’ experiences ranged from finding DL helpful, to considering the practice as unfit for their child’s education, as well as a poor fit for family life. Flags for future research include family preparation for future DL needs, including culturally-diverse families in research opportunities, and evaluating what DL supports lead to improved outcomes for children and families.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-03T10:42:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221149565
Visual and cognitive profiles in children with and without cerebral visual
impairment
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  Authors: Josef Zihl, Lydia Unterberger, Myriam Lippenberger
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Reliable differentiation of visual-perceptual difficulties in children with and without cerebral visual impairment (CVI) can often pose a diagnostic challenge. We, therefore, assessed the visual-perceptual profile in 94 children with and 77 children without suspected CVI between the ages of 8 and 17 years in a non-clinical setting, using a screening questionnaire and standardized visual-perceptual tests. Children with suspected CVI reported more frequently greater visual difficulties, had lower visual acuity, and were significantly impaired in visual search tests, in visual form and object perception, in visual space perception, and in visual text processing. There were no significant differences between groups in stereopsis, fixation stability, motility, horizontal saccadic eye movements, and convergence and accommodation. Cognitive performance in auditory attention and verbal short-term and working memory was similar in both groups. Our results indicate that the use of an appropriate questionnaire and specific visual-perceptual tests enables valid diagnostic detection of CVI. The additional use of cognitive tests also allows differentiation between primary and secondary impairments in visual perception.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-02-03T10:36:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221149564
Turning a blind eye' Removing barriers to science and mathematics
education for students with visual impairments
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  Authors: Cicely Hayes, Michael J Proulx
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  With complex, visual concepts prevailing in science and mathematics curricula, these subjects are often inaccessible to students with visual impairments (VI), leading to their underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers. While researchers have identified strategies that can facilitate students with VI’s learning within special schools, less is known about how students with VI access science and mathematics within a mainstream context, even though this is where the majority are educated. This seems important to address given the additional barrier students with VI face within mainstream schools, including negative attitudes from mainstream teachers. Consequently, the current study was conducted to explore how students with VI’s access to and learning of science and mathematics can be improved within the mainstream context. Two interviews were conducted with qualified teachers of children and young people with vision impairment (QTVIs), revealing the importance of classroom adaptations, such as hands-on experience and increased lesson time, to facilitate students with VI’s learning of science and mathematics. These findings are discussed in relation to policy and practice, suggesting mainstream teachers should be trained to make small but effective adaptations in their teaching, and that students with VI are given the opportunity to learn skills needed to become independent learners.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-01-27T06:55:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221149561
Feasibility of measuring eye–hand coordination in children with
developmental delay using Sanet Vision Integrator
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  Authors: Ranindita Saha, Karthik Bhushan, PremNandhini Satgunam
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Eye–hand coordination is a visuomotor task that enables one to look, localize, and touch objects. Eye–hand coordination is known to be poor in children with developmental delay. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of measuring eye–hand coordination task in children with developmental delay using Sanet Vision Integrator (SVI), a commercially available device. Children (age: 3–16 years) with developmental delay and their age-similar typically developing peers were enrolled. White circles (5.5°) on a black background were presented on the SVI touch screen monitor. Participants popped these circles by touching it. Reaction time, accuracy, and an overall performance score were computed. Participants could perform the task from 4 years of age and with visual acuity 20/400 (6/120) or better. This resulted in 85% (17/20) of children with developmental delay and 95% (19/20) of typically developing children completing the task. Children with developmental delay were significantly (p
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-01-27T06:54:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221148321
Frequency of visual impairment in autistic children of autism school of
Lahore, Pakistan
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  Authors: Nida Amin, Muhammad Tariq, Memoona Arshad, Mohsin Ali Cheema
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Autism is a condition in which abnormal development of the brain takes place, manifesting in the first 3 years of life. Visual impairment is one of the major factors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and measurement of visual impairment is necessary for proper management of the disorder. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of visual impairment associated with ASD in Lahore Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A convenient and purposive sample of 127 students enrolled in various autism schools of Lahore was enrolled. Written informed consent of teacher’s autistic children was taken. Children having diseases like cerebral palsy, other developmental disorders, and/or serious cognitive disability were excluded from this study. Participant’s undergone ocular assessment including visual acuity, ocular motility examination, refraction, and fundoscopy. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-20 and Pearson’s chi-square analysis was conducted to determine the associations of refractive error and squint with ASD. A total of 127 participants were included in this study, of which 77 (60.6%) were male and 50 (39.4%) were female. More than 60% were emmetropes (having no refractive errors), 19 (15%) were having myopes, 15 (11.8%) were hypermetropic, and 9 (7.1%) were Astigmatic, while 20 were diagnosed with a squint. The major cause of visual impairment in autistic children was refractive errors 33.8% and squint 15.7%. A high frequency of visual impairment was present in autistic children in Lahore autistic schools. As vision is a basic right so we have to pay attention also toward autistic children, in that way every child should have screened for factors that are responsible for visual impairments, Identifying refractive errors in these children early and providing appropriate corrective lenses may help optimize their visual functioning and impact their activities of daily life positively.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-01-27T06:52:32Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221145367
Investigating functional visual loss in children and adolescents
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  Authors: Robin Schraauwers, Maaike E Ketelaar, Paula S Sterkenburg
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Patients with a functional neurological disorder (FND) experience a lower psychological quality of life and have more mental health concerns. These patients deserve to be treated with a treatment that is evidence-based and proven effective. However, when we look children or adolescents with functional visual disorder (FVD; a subgroup of FND), we see that there is not much evidence for the effectiveness of their treatments. Possible reasons for this lack of evidence and the difficulties in studying children and adolescents with FVD are discussed in this article. This article concludes with possible ways of persuading children and adolescents with FVD in participating in research.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-01-12T11:40:53Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221148333
Exploring the lived experiences of (un)employment among visually impaired
persons in Nigeria: Implications for policy and practice
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  Authors: Emeka Patrick Okonji, Patrick Ifechukwude Okonji, Elyse Connors, James Leja
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Blind people have been consistently underemployed in Nigeria. There have been recent policy initiatives, and programmes especially by the federal government and the Lagos state government, aimed at improving the unemployment situation of people with disabilities, but not much success has been recorded. This study explored the views of blind individuals about their (un)employment experiences to understand their challenges and proffer solutions. The study employed a qualitative approach, conducting one-to-one unstructured qualitative interviews with 22 blind and visually impaired adults aged between 18 and 55 years. Verbatim transcripts of the interviews were analysed using the thematic analysis approach. Four major themes emerged: describing participants’ views on discrimination and lack of inclusive processes in recruitment; perceived gaps with policy enforcement; inadequate support systems for vocational skills training and entrepreneurship; as well as general views on life, society, and hopes for future employment opportunities. The most common barrier to employment mentioned by participants was the misconception by employers that being blind meant being unable to work. There was a general lack of confidence and trust in recent policies seeking to address structural barriers to visually impaired people’s employment goals. Real solutions and specific policy changes were desired.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-01-12T11:39:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221148331
Eye movement in reading and linguistic processing among bilingualism in
oculomotor apraxia in patients with aphasia
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  Authors: Fazlallah Afshangian, Abbas Rahimi Jaberi, Jack Wellington, Sherif Ahmed Kamel Amer, Bipin Chaurasia, Shokufeh khanzadeh, Hosien Safari, Tomas Freddi, Ahmad Soltani, Leonardo Pipek, Dan Zimelewicz Oberman, Mehmet Resid Onen, Erol Akgul, Nicola Montemurro, Saeedeh Hajebi Khaniki, Radnoosh Pashmforoosh
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The present study compared linguistic processes and eye movement among individuals diagnosed with oculomotor apraxia (OMA) and the influence of bilingualism on OMA. Four patients consisting of one male and three females were diagnosed with OMA, and a group of four healthy individuals, comprising two males and two females who were all right-hand dominant. Also, a group of four stroke patients without ocular apraxia. Findings show that pointing skills in both the first (L1) and second language (L2) have increased, demonstrating statistical significance (P-value
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2023-01-06T06:16:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221145378
Visual impairment in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis
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  Authors: Nefsu Awoke, Tiwabwork Tekalign, Mistire Teshome Guta, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Getahun Dendir, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Gedion Asinake, Afwork Alemu Lambebo, Mebratu Legesse Bekele
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  WHO Prevention of Blindness Program launched ‘‘VISION 2020” in 1999 to reduce visual impairment and eradicate avoidable blindness by the year 2020. Ethiopia launched the “VISION 2020” initiative in 2002. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to present the national prevalence of visual impairment at the end of “VISION 2020”. Electronic search was conducted on the PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Google scholar databases for including articles. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Endnote reference manager was used for downloading, organizing, and citing articles. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal tool for prevalence studies. Statistical analysis was done using the STATA™ software version 14. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 18 studies involving 14,953 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of visual impairment in Ethiopia after correction for publication bias by Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill analysis was estimated to be 6.24% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.66, 9.82]). The pooled prevalence of visual impairment among school children and adults in Ethiopia was 6.13% (95% CI = [4.27, 7.98]) and 19.89% (95% CI = [10.85, 28.93]), respectively. The most common causes of visual impairment in decreasing order of prevalence were refractive error, cataract, trachoma, glaucoma, and corneal opacity. Amblyopia was the cause of visual impairment among school-age child. The prevalence of visual impairment in Ethiopia was still significant at the end of “VISION 2020” program. Therefore, the program of “VISION 2020” should be extended and other large-scale programs were needed to reduce the prevalence of vision impairment in Ethiopia.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-29T10:18:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221145358
Orientation and mobility remote instruction during COVID-19: Best
practices, liability, and ethics
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  Authors: Stephanie Welch-Grenier, Danene Fast, Justin Kaiser, Jasamyn N DeGrant
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This research evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on orientation and mobility (O&M) services for school-aged students, families, and service providers. The survey asked O&M specialists about their instructional practices and decision-making processes regarding remote instruction service provisions, allowances, and district guidelines. The online survey collected data from October to November 2020, with open-ended responses from 166 O&M specialists. A thematic analysis was used to examine and code qualitative responses. Respondents were found to divide remote instruction into two categories, foundational skills and high-level travel skills. A preference for teaching foundational skills during remote instruction was also identified, with concerns for student safety and practitioner liability reported as the deciding factors. Field-specific guidelines and potential legal vulnerabilities regarding remote instruction are considered, with an analysis of negligence and professional liability. Practices used during COVID are also examined according to the COMS Code of Ethics and Scope of Practice. The findings demonstrate the need for field-specific guidance and research-based instructional methods regarding remote instruction. O&M specialists should continue to conduct a thorough risk assessment before utilizing new and unresearched remote instructional methods as a means of acting in the best interest of the student.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-29T10:09:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221144871
The role of habilitation services in the lives of children and adolescents
with visual impairments
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  Authors: Ifigeneia Manitsa, Fiona Barlow-Brown
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Previous research suggests that children and adolescents with visual impairment may face several challenges in their academic learning and socio-emotional development due to restricted mobility, feelings of loneliness, and dependency on others. Habilitation services attempt to provide support with respect to many of these challenges that may positively impact on well-being and mental health, such as enabling independence in daily tasks, participation in social activities, and developing self-confidence. The literature also shows that individuals who have received educational and vocational rehabilitation support report higher quality of life and more positive self-esteem. Therefore, the primary focus of this study was on the rehabilitation, recreational opportunities, and educational resources provided by vision habilitation services for children and adolescents with visual impairments. The role that these services may play in school and daily life, as well as in the socio-emotional development of children and adolescents with visual impairments was also examined. This research covers the perspectives of professional staff, parents, children, and adolescents and considers both the immediate and potential long-term benefits of these services. The findings of the study highlighted the positive impact that this support has on children and adolescents’ independence, personal-safety, and self-confidence. The findings also indicated the positive impact of this support on the mental health of their families and benefits of providing continued support and expanding these habilitation and recreation services.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-29T10:07:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221144870
A qualitative study on gender barriers to access cataract surgery in rural
Gurugram, Haryana, India
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  Authors: Neeraj Sharma, Chetna Sharma, Ananya Sharma
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This study aims to comprehend nuances of gender barriers to access cataract surgery in the rural population of Gurugram district, Haryana, India. Data from 100 male and 100 female cataract surgery patients who underwent surgery at the university-affiliated hospital’s department of ophthalmology were examined. Data on the patients’ ages, the better eye’s and operated eye’s visual acuity, the cataract’s maturity at the time of surgery and the type of cataract surgery chosen were examined. Visual impairment was defined when the better eye’s visual acuity was less than 6/18 (0.32). At the time of surgery, women had a serious visual impairment in the better eye and also opted for a less expensive surgery option. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were planned to understand the attitude, social norms and nuances of women’s accessibility to cataract surgery. This essay includes a qualitative investigation on access restrictions based on gender.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-29T10:01:31Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221144869
Cerebral visual impairment and educational support in the United Kingdom:
Understanding thresholds for providing support
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  Authors: Rachel F Pilling, John Ravenscroft
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is the most common cause of visual impairment in children in the United Kingdom. The mainstay of management is providing strategies and environment adaptations to allow the child to use their vision for learning and independence. It is therefore important to understand educational access policies to facilitate timely and appropriate referral to qualified teachers for learners with visual impairment (QTVI) by ophthalmologists. QTVIs were recruited from VIEW (Visual Impairment England and Wales) and the Scottish Sensory Centre (QTVI organisations) via email, newsletter and social media. Respondents were directed to an online electronic questionnaire. 116 responses were received; this represents around 18% response rate. All services accepted referrals for children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). The majority of services (97%) did not have a strict visual acuity threshold for children with CVI. There is an inconsistent approach in the diagnosis of CVI across the United Kingdom, with some QTVI expressing concern that this had prevented children with visual dysfunction from accessing help. QTVI indicated they would welcome more referrals for Cerebral VI, at an earlier age, and that a formalised referral pathway would be beneficial. Children with CVI are accepted for support by QTVI/sensory services regardless of visual acuity. Some services welcomed referrals for children undergoing assessment where CVI had yet to be confirmed. However, the formal diagnosis of CVI by an ophthalmologist as a pre-requisite to access services in other areas emphasises the need to improve clinicians’ confidence in the diagnosis of CVI. Ophthalmologists are encouraged to engage with local QTVI/sensory teams to facilitate exchange of information and appropriate and timely referral of children in need.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-29T09:56:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221143315
Clinical characteristics and causes of vision impairment in a paediatric
population in a university-based low vision clinic
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  Authors: Nishanee Rampersad, Khathutshelo Percy Mashige
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Paediatric vision impairment is a significant public health issue because of the associated health and economic consequences. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and causes of vision impairment in paediatric patients who presented to a university-based low vision eye clinic in KwaZulu-Natal. The study used a retrospective design and included all paediatric patients with vision impairment who were younger than 18 years and presented to the university-based low vision eye clinic between January 2015 and December 2019. The sample consisted of 156 children with vision impairment with a similar proportion of males (n = 82) and females (n = 74). The mean age of the children was 13.5 ± 2.8 years, with a range of 5–17 years. Based on the best-corrected visual acuity (VA), most of the children (n = 111) had moderate vision impairment (VA worse than 6/18 to 6/60). The most common causes of paediatric vision impairment included albinism (n = 54), refractive error (n = 11), cataract (n = 10), and glaucoma (n = 10). The retina (n = 74) and normal globe (n = 26) were the most affected anatomical sites. Spectacles were prescribed to almost half of the sample (n = 76). A total of 126 optical and non-optical devices were recommended with telescopes (n = 43) and sun-protective measures (n = 20) being the most common. Paediatric vision impairment can have a negative impact on the quality of life. Local data related to the characteristics of children with vision impairment can be used to enhance the services provided in this university-based low vision clinic. This is important as efforts aimed at early identification, management, and rehabilitation will help minimise functional limitations and improve the quality of life of affected children.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-14T10:47:05Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221143072
When one partner can no longer see: Exploring the lived experiences of
romantic partners in the context of vision loss
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  Authors: Romain Bertrand, Brenda Vrkljan, Nicolas Kühne, Linda Charvoz, Jennifer Fournier, Manon Masse, Aline Veyre, Nicolas Vuillerme
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This qualitative descriptive study aims to explore the lived experience of the adjustment process of couples who face vision loss, investigating the impact of such loss on daily life and the adjustments and adaptations that ensue. To undertake such an exploration, the application of an occupational perspective is relevant where the meaning and purpose partners ascribe to their everyday activities can be investigated. A total of 16 couples living in Western Switzerland were interviewed between January and June 2020. Data collection was carried out with semi-structured face-to-face interview. Three themes emerge from the thematic analysis of transcripts. The first theme emphasizes that either separate or joint everyday activities of partners can be shared within couples, which all give sense to the partnership; the second one shows that vision loss disrupts the engagement of partners in such shared everyday activities. The third theme highlights partners’ efforts to reshape their engagement in their shared everyday activities in order to maintain a sense of couple’s we-ness. While navigating vision loss requires both partners to jointly engage in this process of reshaping, couples described tension that arises because of the partners with vision loss’ growing dependence on the other partner. One’s sense of control when navigating vision loss is critical to adjust to a changing and changed daily life. Further research is needed that focuses on how romantic partners ascribe a shared meaning and purpose to their engagement in everyday activities, separate or joint, and how such meaning and purpose are impacted by the onset or aggravation of one partner’s vision loss.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-02T06:46:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221139780
A mixed-methods study into the effect of a psycho-educational programme
for children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI)
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  Authors: Mathilde M Overbeek, Mariska Stokla-Wulfse, Pieternel Lievense, Yvonne Kruithof, Florine Pilon, Sabina Kef
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is one of the most common causes of visual impairment in children. CVI is a complex visual disorder to understand and explain to others. Understanding one’s diagnosis and being able to explain it to others may facilitate adaptive functioning. To educate children and young people on their CVI and accompanying needs, the computerized psycho-educational programme ‘My CVI’ has been developed.A mixed-methods study was conducted to evaluate the effect of this programme. The aims of the programme are to increase participants’ knowledge of CVI, as well as self-esteem (SDQ), adaptive coping (SCQ), and well-being (Cantril, PERIK, HRQoL). Thirty-nine children (aged 7–16 years; 51% boys) participated in a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessment. Qualitative interviews were conducted for a subjective evaluation of the programme.Participation in the psycho-educational programme resulted in increased knowledge of CVI, as well as a better teacher-reported social and academic self-concept and less self-reported feelings of social exclusion. No effects of participation were found on self-reported self-esteem, coping or other measures for well-being. An increase in knowledge of CVI was not associated with changes in psychosocial functioning. Qualitative data revealed that children enjoyed participating in the programme; they learned there are others with CVI, and gained more knowledge and practical tools on how to deal with their CVI.The results provide preliminary evidence that participation in the psycho-educational programme ‘My CVI’ increases children’s knowledge of their visual impairment as well as improves social outcomes and feelings of inclusion. The highest gains may be achieved through a personalized approach, depending on a child’s (developmental) age and parental involvement.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-12-02T06:36:12Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221139779
Organizational virtuousness and job satisfaction among employees with
visual impairment: Role of psychological capital
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  Authors: Aiman Zaheer, Nelofar Kiran Rauf, Verona
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This study aimed to explore the role of organizational virtuousness and psychological capital in predicting job satisfaction among employees with visual impairment (N = 160) in all provinces of Pakistan. Significant positive relationship was observed among study variables. Mediation analysis demonstrated that psychological capital mediates the relationship between organizational virtuousness and job satisfaction. The study highlights factors leading to job satisfaction among employees with visual impairment in an inclusive environment.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-11-11T12:57:13Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221135009
Passenger vehicle preferences, challenges, and opportunities for users who
are visually impaired: An exploratory study
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  Authors: Johnell Brooks, Bing Li, Casey Jenkins, Loreta Dylgjeri, Sarath Krishna, Arjun K Ajayan, Madhuri Ghodekar, Sarvesh Nikhal, Akshay Anil Rana, ZongMing Yang
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Individuals with visual impairments encounter many obstacles with passenger vehicles. This study aimed to increase the understanding of challenges specifically related to vehicles including ingress, in-vehicle considerations, comfort, and acceptance of ridesharing and transportation options for individuals who are visually impaired. Ten participants who are visually impaired, with an average age of 57.5 years, completed a semi-structured interview. The interview took place over Zoom or over the phone and focused on their passenger vehicle preferences and challenges, as well as what they would want for them to look like in the future. All of the participants typically requested rides from family and friends for local transportation, while only two used rideshare services. Half of the participants described the most common challenge when getting into a vehicle as hitting one’s head. All of the participants used their sense of touch to locate the seat belt, and most used touch and hearing to locate the vehicle and door they were getting into. When asked what they would like in the future for broader transportation needs, examples ranged from a talking cane, to an electronic guide dog, or to ear buds that could provide directions. Throughout the interviews, participants expressed the importance of transportation for them. This study increased the understanding of the challenges used when walking from an indoor environment to get to and into a vehicle. Understanding how individuals who are visually impaired currently get to and into a vehicle may aid engineers, new technology developers and O&M providers to create more processes and/or training that can help increase transportation options for those who are visually impaired.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-11-10T07:22:47Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221135726
Results of a collaborative professional development for school staff
working with students with visual impairments and challenging behavior
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  Authors: Rachel E Robertson, Kristen Buonomo, Tessa McCarthy
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Students with visual impairments (VI) and multiple disabilities (MD) often exhibit challenging behavior, yet school staff’s use of evidence-based practices in behavior management is reportedly low. In this article, we share the results of a collaborative professional development (PD) aimed at increasing school staff buy-in and use of individualized positive behavior interventions and supports (I-PBIS) with students with VI and MD. Ten staff, including teachers, paraeducators, and related services, working in a self-contained school for students with VI participated in four weekly, collaborative small group modules on research-based I-PBIS strategies. The Covid-19 pandemic occurred mid-study, which affected implementation of the program and collection of outcome data; however, pre- to post-PD participants’ supportive beliefs regarding I-PBIS increased significantly. Participant-reported knowledge and use of I-PBIS also increased but did not reach significance. In addition, participants found the PD highly acceptable and useful in their work with students with VI and MD who engage in challenging behavior. Implications for increasing school staff support for and use of I-PBIS with students with VI and MD are discussed.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-11-10T07:15:07Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221135719
Knowledge and perception of clinical physiotherapy students about
physiotherapy management of stroke survivors with visual impairment
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  Authors: Uchenna Prosper Okonkwo, Daniel Okechukwu Daniel, Ifeoma Uchenna Onwuakagba, Emmanuel Chiebuka Okoye, Emeka Sylvester Igwe, Stanley Monday Maduagwu, Kenneth Umezulike Ani, Echezona Nelson Dominic Ekechukwu, Ifeoma Adaigwe Amaechi, Ifeoma Blessing Nwosu
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  It is evident from clinical practice that visual disorders are prevalent in stroke medicine and are involved in all stages. The visual disorder may form all or part of the initial presentation, and subsequently, visual problems may be a rehabilitation issue or affect the quality of life and activities of daily living (ADLs) after stroke. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and perception of the clinical students of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, about stroke survivors with visual impairment (SSVI) and the physiotherapy management of stroke survivors who are visually impaired. This study was a cross-sectional survey involving 136 respondents who were selected from the 270 clinical students of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation at Nnamdi Azikiwe University. A 25-item questionnaire was administered to assess their level of knowledge and perception of SSVI as well as the physiotherapy management methods involved. Descriptive statistics of tables, mean, and standard deviation were used to summarize participants’ responses. The Spearman rank-order correlation was used to test for correlations. Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess sex differences. Alpha was set at .05. There was a high level of knowledge and high perception (94.1% and 91.9%) of physiotherapy management of SSVI among the clinical physiotherapy students. The level of the study did not significantly influence the knowledge (p = .386) and perception (p = .686) of the visually impaired stroke survivor. There was a significant (p = .008) relationship between age and knowledge of stroke survivors. No significant gender difference was observed in all results. The student’s age and gender did not influence their knowledge or perception of physiotherapy management for SSVI, the student’s level of study did influence the two variables.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-11-10T07:12:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221131737
EchoRead Programme: Learning echolocation skills through self-paced
professional development during the COVID-19 pandemic
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  Authors: Leah Read, Lil Deverell
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Echolocation is used by people with low vision or blindness to support their navigation. Internationally, Orientation and Mobility (O&M) Specialists have learned echolocation skills and how to teach them to clients, through formal workshops with a subject matter expert. However, COVID-19 has limited access to these in-person professional development opportunities. This study investigated whether an O&M professional could learn echolocation skills in a self-paced programme with only the support of a lay assistant. We developed the EchoRead Programme to equip an individual O&M Specialist to learn basic echolocation skills in 4 hours. This auto-ethnographical perspective describes how the draft programme was trialled by one trainee O&M Specialist in her home and local neighbourhood. She developed sufficient skills to complete most of the seated, standing, and walking tasks in the programme, but needed more support developing tongue-clicking and recognising driveways when shorelining fences. She found it was important to use learning environments that were graduated in physical and audio complexity. The EchoRead Programme was then trialled and revised by an experienced O&M Specialist, beginning at home, then exploring a range of venues available within a 5 km radius – the roaming range allowed during COVID lockdown. The resulting EchoRead Programme can equip O&M professionals to be self-directed in learning early echolocation skills, using online and locally available resources. This programme could be especially useful for vision professionals and their clients, who have limited access to in-person learning opportunities with colleagues or peers because of geographical isolation, low resources, or a global pandemic.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-10-31T01:15:21Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221131735
Assessing people with visual impairments’ access to information,
awareness and satisfaction with high-tech assistive technology
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  Authors: Isabelle Liang, Ben Spencer, Meike Scheller, Michael J Proulx, Karin Petrini
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Assistive technology (AT) devices are designed to help people with visual impairments (PVIs) perform activities that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. Devices specifically designed to assist PVIs by attempting to restore sight or substitute it for another sense have a very low uptake rate. This study, conducted in England, aimed to investigate why this is the case by assessing accessibility to knowledge, awareness, and satisfaction with AT in general and with sensory restoration and substitution devices in particular. From a sample of 25 PVIs, ranging from 21 to 68 years old, results showed that participants knew where to find AT information; however, health care providers were not the main source of this information. Participants reported good awareness of different ATs, and of technologies they would not use, but reported poor awareness of specific sensory substitution and restoration devices. Only three participants reported using AT, each with different devices and varying levels of satisfaction. The results from this study suggest a possible breakdown in communication between health care providers and PVIs, and dissociation between reported AT awareness and reported access to AT information. Moreover, awareness of sensory restoration and substitution devices is poor, which may explain the limited use of such technology.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-10-27T12:56:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221131746
An extended usability and UX evaluation of a mobile application for the
navigation of individuals with blindness and visual impairments indoors:
An evaluation approach combined with training sessions
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  Authors: Paraskevi Theodorou, Kleomenis Tsiligkos, Apostolos Meliones, Andreas Tsigris
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Navigating indoor spaces is especially challenging for individuals with blindness and visual impairments. Although many solutions currently exist, the acceptance of most of them is extremely poor due to their technical limitations and the complete lack of taking into consideration factors, such as usability and the perceived experience among others, which influence adoption rates. To alleviate this problem, we created BlindMuseumTourer, a state-of-the-art indoor navigation smartphone application that tracks and navigates the user inside the spaces of a museum. At the same time, it provides services for narration and description of the exhibits. The proposed system consists of an Android application that leverages the sensors found on smartphones and utilizes a novel pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) mechanism that optionally takes input from the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons specially mounted on the exhibits. This article presents the extended Usability and User Experience evaluation of BlindMuseumTourer and the findings carried out with 30 participants having varying degrees of blindness. Throughout this process, we received feedback for improving both the available functionality and the specialized user-centred training sessions in which blind users are first exposed to our application’s functionality. The methodology of this evaluation employs standardized questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, and the results indicate an overall positive attitude from the users. In the future, we intend to extend the number and type of indoor spaces supported by our application.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-10-26T07:18:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221131739
The types of physical activities children with visual impairment
participate in and the reasons why
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  Authors: Talitha Clements, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie, Janet Richmond
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Australian children with visual impairment (VI) are underrepresented in studies exploring engagement in physical activities. Existing research documents that children with VI do not meet recommendations for physical activity guidelines which negatively impacts their physical and mental health. To improve participation, information is needed on what physical activities children with VI participate in and why. The objective of this study was to explore what physical activities children with VI participate in and why how they first got involved in them. A larger study was designed to explore multiple aspects of physical activity participation. This article presents findings relevant to what activities Western Australian children with VI participate in and factors which initiated participation. Findings were collected through a survey returned by 38 families and interviews with 22 families including parents and children with VI. School physical education, swimming, play equipment, and walking were the activities with the highest number of participants. Parent factors which motivated participation were having strong values/beliefs which supported engagement, modelling participation in activities, and seeking specific benefits/outcomes. Child factors which motivated participation included impact of their VI and the child’s choice/interest. External factors included advertisements and accessibility of information. Many Australian children with VI and their parents are motivated to engage in physical activities, with initial participation commonly catalysed by external factors.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-10-19T01:00:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221131741
Evaluating validity and reliability of the Arabic-version low-vision
quality-of-life questionnaire
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  Authors: Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, Saleh Ali Alribai, Khaled Humod Almutiri, Esam Saad Almutleb, Ali Ahmad Abusharha
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Low-vision quality-of-life questionnaire (LVQOL) has not been developed in the Arabic language, and none has been translated into Arabic. This study would demonstrate the effectiveness of the translated questionnaire. The English LVQOL was translated into Arabic (ARB-LVQOL) through five stages. A total of 52 low vision and 30 normally sighted individuals participated in this study. The internal consistency reliability, item-total correlation reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminative validity, and respondent burden of the ARB-LVQOL were calculated. The translation team recommended that the ARB-LVQOL replicated the meaning of the LVQOL. The cultural differences were also noted during the translation process. Cronbach’s coefficient was α = 0.90 in both low vision (LV) and simulated groups. The item-total correlation ranged from 0.50 to 0.70 in both groups. The intra-class correlation coefficient indicated good test–retest reliability (LV group, ranged 0.82–0.93; control group ranged 0.83–0.94). The factor analysis, using varimax rotation, of the ARB-VQOL identified seven factors. A moderate to a strong relationship between the score of each domain with the total index score was observed, indicating an adequate convergent validity. The ARB-LVQOL discriminated between normally sighted and simulated low-vision participants and also to some extent between the simulated and real low-vision individuals. The respondent burden was less than 15 min in most responses. The ARB-LVQOL was found to relate well with patients’ visual functions and some patients’ characteristics, providing further evidence of the validity of ARB-LVQOL. The ARB-LVQOL showed psychometric properties analogous to the English version. The ARB-LVQOL could be used in clinical settings and research in adults with low vision in Arabic populations.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-10-14T07:31:34Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221125643
Role of Japanese schools for the blind in the era of inclusion
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  Authors: Hisae Miyauchi, Erika Matsuda
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This study investigated the different activities and distinctive roles undertaken by the 67 schools for the blind across Japan. A qualitative content analysis based on primary sources, including annual reports published by the Association of Principals of Schools for the Blind from 2011 to 2020 was conducted. From the identified activities, two themes: “activities targeted to individuals with visual impairment” and “activities targeted to environment of individuals with visual impairment,” with nine total categories emerged. Several findings of this study corroborated those from previous research. However, this research elucidates how Japanese schools for the blind approach crucial elements needed in ensuring equal access to education and social participation for all students with visual impairment (VI) including those in mainstream classrooms. The findings highlight the complexity of the debate surrounding segregated schools in this era of inclusion and calls on policy makers and school administrators to adopt a more nuanced understanding of the roles these schools play in supporting inclusive education.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-10-05T06:13:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221124429
Impact of neighbourhood walkability on weekly walking minutes among adults
with visual impairments: A preliminary study
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  Authors: M Ally Keene, Justin A Haegele, Xihe Zhu
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Weekly and consistent physical activity can help minimize the risk of preventable disease and improve mental health and cognitive function among adults. Despite these benefits, adults with visual impairments tend to not meet physical activity recommendations. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine how neighbourhood walk score (walkability) is associated with weekly walking minutes in adults with visual impairments. Participants were recruited from two visual impairment–related listservs in the United States. A total of 88 participants (aged 22–85 years; 78% female) were included. Participants completed an online survey including demographic, walking duration, and zip code questions. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine whether there were significant associations between walkability and weekly walking minutes. Walkability scores were not significantly related to walking minutes per week (p = .84), but age was negatively associated with walking minutes per week (β = −.16), holding other factors constant. Neighbourhood walkability was not significantly associated with walking minutes per week among adults with visual impairments in this study. As these adults age, the amount of walking decreased. Future research in this line of inquiry should expand to include other variables that may influence the relationship between walkability and walking minutes per week and examine the barriers to physical activity among individuals with visual impairments.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-09-28T12:15:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221127121
Parents of children who are deafblind face challenges in fostering
collaboration within individualized education program teams
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  Authors: Lanya Lynn McKittrick
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Although active parent involvement is mandated as part of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), parents continue to report dissatisfaction with Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings. Despite increases in parent participation policy since the adoption of IDEA, the parent–professional partnership originally envisioned by lawmakers is arguably not consistent with practice. This is evident for all families with children who represent the 13 disability categories covered under the auspice of IDEA; however, because deafblindness is a low-incidence disability with a heterogeneous population, this study focuses on families with children who are deafblind. Parents of children who are deafblind have unique challenges before, during, and after IEP meetings. Professional knowledge about deafblindness is often lacking, thereby requiring families to gain and share knowledge on their own. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to gain an understanding of what leads parents to develop advocacy strategies, and how parents view collaboration. Fourteen mothers of children who are deafblind were interviewed about the unique and essential perspectives that they have concerning IEP team meetings and collaboration. The following questions were posed:RQ: What experiences lead parents of children who are deafblind to develop and use collaborative skills with their child’s IEP team'The challenges parents experience falls into two distinct themes: (a) challenges associated with the deafblind population in schools and (b) challenges with the IEP process. Parent views on collaboration are also discussed. Educators who read this study will better understand the unique experiences of parents of children who are deafblind in IEP meetings.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-09-28T12:13:31Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221127103
Availability, awareness, and utilization of assistive technologies among
students with visual impairment: The case of Haramaya University, Ethiopia
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  Authors: Gezie Ketema Dabi, Dawit Negassa Golga
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The purpose of this study was to explore the availability, awareness, and utilization of assistive technologies among students with visual impairment (SVIs) in higher education institutions in Ethiopia by taking one of the oldest universities in the country as a case. To this end, the study employed instrumental case study design. Five undergraduate SVIs, two special needs educators, an AT service-delivery facilitator, and the resource center coordinator were purposively selected from Haramaya University. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and an observation checklist. The collected data were analyzed by using thematic analysis method and three overarching themes were generated inductively: knowledge and understanding about assistive technologies, availability and access to assistive technology devices and services, and utilization and management of assistive technologies. The study findings show that a lack of awareness among SVIs, instructors, and practitioners in the field; an improper organizational arrangement that dichotomize and diverge student disability services provision from trained professionals in the area; and the absence of policies and guidelines for managing assistive technologies had a negative impact on the availability and utilization of assistive technologies in the University. Thus, it is recommend that the University management, special needs educators, and other concerned stakeholders devise a means to equitably avail assistive technology devices and services for SVIs in the University accompanied by a planned training on its utilization and a coordinated management for sustainability of service delivery.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-09-23T10:13:12Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221124420
Visual spatial learning disabilities and braille instruction
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  Authors: Debbie Mendoza
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Braille reading consists of three basic components: tactile sensitivity, memorization of dot placement, and positional perception or detection of the location of the dots within the braille cell. Difficulty in any of those three areas leads to trouble decoding words. The presence of a visual spatial learning disability greatly decreases a student’s ability to determine positional perception. Multi-sensory reading strategies have proven effective for sighted readers who have learning disabilities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of multi-sensory strategies when used with a braille reader with a visual spatial learning disability. In this study, they were proven effective. Strategies used with this student will be shared.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-09-16T12:28:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221124422
The psychosocial experiences of girls with visual impairment about the
ideal spouse and marriage
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  Authors: Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, Zahra Amoogholi
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Mate choice is one of the biggest psychological, social, and emotional changes in the life of every human being. This issue is associated with challenges and problems for people especially blind and visual impairment (VI) people. Although marriage leads to many changes and transformations in the life of blind and VI people, it is essential for meeting psychological, social, emotional, and sexual needs. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the psychosocial experiences of VI girls about the ideal husband and marriage. This qualitative study was conducted with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The data were collected through targeted interviews with 20 single girls with VI who were members of the White Cane Society of Tehran in 2021. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Four main themes were extracted from the participants’ experiences, including “experience of love and freedom,” “criteria for selecting an ideal spouse,” “fear and worry about the marriage,” and “stigma and strict public judgments.” Following the findings of the study, it can be argued that paying attention to the experience of girls with VI can shed light on their criteria for mate choice and marriage and clarify their needs and demands. This perspective helps mental health professionals and rehabilitation counseling experts to meet their needs through social welfare planning and family awareness programs.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-09-15T12:58:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221124427
Impact of Charles Bonnet Syndrome on visually impaired older adults’
ability to engage in physical activity: A scoping review
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  Authors: Katharine Fisher, Caroline Sanders, Emma Stanmore
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition associated with sight loss, characterised by vivid, spontaneous visual hallucinations. Currently, it is unclear whether CBS presents challenges to participation in physical activities, in addition to barriers attributed to sight loss alone. The purpose of this scoping review was to establish the extent of the literature, and gaps in the knowledge base, concerning the impact of CBS on older adults’ engagement in physical activities. Review conduct was informed by Arksey and O’Malley and Levac et al.’s scoping review methodologies. Six academic databases were searched during May 2021, yielding 2709 results: eight articles met eligibility criteria. Two additional sources were located via a reference check of included papers and stakeholder consultation. Quantitative cross-sectional studies (n = 3) indicate that CBS may interfere with the ability to move around, while qualitative sources (case report/series n = 6; autobiography n = 1) show that sudden presentation of hallucinations in a person’s pathway, or threatening content, may jeopardise safety while walking. Moving to avoid a hallucination could present a fall risk if attention is diverted from environmental hazards. One case report stated that CBS did not affect personal care activities. Due to a limited evidence base, further empirical research is needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding about how CBS affects older adults’ participation in physical activities.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-08-24T07:23:31Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221112800
Increased quantity and diversity of patient referrals following the
introduction of a novel vision rehabilitation model
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  Authors: Aidan Pucchio, Karen Eden, Julia Foster, Wilma Hopman, Mark Bona
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Despite effective vision rehabilitation (VR) interventions, no gold standard model of care delivery has been established. The institution of the South East Ontario Vision Rehabilitation Service (SOVRS) introduced a centralized intake, an occupational therapist as a systems navigator, and improved communication pathways between low vision services in order to optimize regional VR care. The aim of this study is to compare the SOVRS model of VR to a traditional, hospital-based pre-SOVRS-implementation model using referral data.A single-site (Vision Rehabilitation Clinic at Kingston Health Sciences Center), retrospective medical chart review was performed. Data were gathered from the electronic medical records of patients who received a low vision assessment at the pre-SOVRS-implementation clinic (2017) and the SOVRS clinics (2019).A total of 245 charts were reviewed over the two study periods. There were no significant differences in the age, gender, or diagnoses causing vision loss between 2017 and 2019. One hundred nine incoming referrals were received in 2017, with 136 in 2019, representing a 25% increase in incoming referrals (p
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-08-18T11:45:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221117646
Facebook usage and quality of life of individuals with visual impairments
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  Authors: Gkatzola Aikaterini, Konstantinos Papadopoulos
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of Facebook usage on the quality of life of individuals with visual impairment while also investigating the impact of Facebook communication in comparison with face-to-face communication on quality of life. Ninety-two adult users of Facebook with visual impairment, of whom 46 lived in Greece and 46 lived abroad, participated in this study. Regarding Facebook usage, a questionnaire which investigated the frequency of various aspects of Facebook activity and Facebook communication as well as face-to-face communication was used in this study. Regarding quality of life, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, a single-item happiness scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory were employed to evaluate three different indicators of quality of life. Participants’ quality of life was relatively high. Findings showed that face-to-face communication with friends was a significant predictor of quality of life, while neither Facebook communication nor Facebook usage correlated with any of the indicators of quality of life investigated.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:25:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221117644
Echovis – A collection of human echolocation tests performed by blind
and sighted individuals: A pilot study
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  Authors: Michał Bujacz, Aleksandra Królak, Grzegorz Górski, Krzysztof Matysik, Piotr Witek
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The article presents research on the echolocation skills of blind and sighted individuals gathered for the purpose of development of an echolocation training app. The goal of the research was to determine the influence of the environment type, reverberation, clicking patterns, and the average differences between the two tested groups. Ten blind and 10 sighted subjects were tested in various echolocation tasks – stationary, moving, indoor and outdoor, using mechanical clickers, and artificially generated clicks. Ten blind children also took part in the static indoor tests. The tests were repeated using binaural recordings and spatially rendered virtual audio. The following parameters and dependencies between them were analyzed: correctness of the obstacle localization, certainty of answer, type of environment and clicker sound, and frequency and number of clicks. It was found that the number of clicks influenced the correctness and certainty of the answer in case of obstacle direction determination, but not the distance. Better results were obtained in outdoor environments and in an empty room, what implies that reverberation has a positive influence on echolocation. The expected success rates in tested echolocation tasks provided a comparison of the echolocation abilities of blind and sighted subjects and set a benchmark for future tests.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-08-12T09:01:39Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221116728
Orientation and mobility for children with visual impairments during
COVID-19: Creative and collaborative curriculum and instruction
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  Authors: Justin T Kaiser, Danene Fast, Jasamyn Nichols DeGrant
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This research explored the instructional practices and strategies used by orientation and mobility (O&M) specialists in March and April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Access and Engagement survey from the American Foundation for the Blind included open-ended responses from 318 O&M specialists. The authors used thematic analysis to examine the main themes regarding instructional practices consistent throughout the responses. This article focused on the themes of collaboration between families and professionals and the creative instructional strategies used for adaptive O&M lessons. Parents took on a more active role and professionals found creative ways to make instruction useful in most cases. There were fundamental changes to the content and structure of O&M lessons when they were moved from in-person to online instruction. Creative and collaborative practices were used to adapt for the absence of the travel environment. Virtual instruction in O&M will continue to be used in certain circumstances when in-person services are not possible, but we need to better explore how to ensure it is safe and effective.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-08-06T09:46:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221112796
Safe access to road crossings and the issue of quiet vehicles in relation
to pedestrians with a vision impairment: A literature review
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  Authors: Letitia Peat, Nancy Higgins
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This New Zealand study explored the research literature about quiet motor vehicles, like electric and hybrid cars, and the safety of pedestrians with vision impairment when making road-crossing decisions through an integrative literature review. A search of four research databases, two public library databases, and the New Zealand and the United States’ Departments of Transport online resources, as well as three relevant journals was conducted using key words. A rapid critical appraisal tool was used to assess whether the 38 found articles were valid and important, provided any answers to the research questions, and met the study’s inclusion criteria. A thematic analysis of 25 studies, which were included in this study, was completed to answer the following research questions: (1) What does the current literature say, as a whole, about the potential effects of ‘quiet vehicles’ on road-crossing procedures for pedestrians with a vision impairment' and (2) what remedies may exist to alleviate these effects, including possible changes to orientation and mobility (O&M) practice' Five emerging themes were found in the research: (1) crossing the road as a pedestrian with a vision impairment with quiet cars; (2) O&M instruction needs to change; (3) environmental access to road crossings; (4) developing and adapting technology and car sounds; and (5) rights of people with a vision impairment, policy, and legislation. The literature also confirmed that road crossings, when quiet vehicles are present, are dangerous for pedestrians with a vision impairment because such pedestrians rely on vehicular sounds for safe crossings. However, the review concluded that further research is needed in order to answer the research questions in this study. There were no studies about road-crossing procedures and quiet cars, and little research about possible remedies and O&M practice.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-07-29T05:18:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221111282
The changing role of teachers of students with visual impairments in North
America during the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic
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  Authors: Tiffany Wild, Tina S Herzberg, Michelle Hicks
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Schools abruptly closed throughout in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although legal requirements remained unchanged, service delivery models and how teachers of students with visual impairments supported their students changed. Teachers of students with visual impairments answered a series of questions about how district policies impacted their work, what materials they could not access and the subsequent impact on their students, and changes in their caseloads during the initial shutdown of schools. Four overall themes emerged from the data: (1) district policies often impeded the work of teachers of students with visual impairments; (2) teachers did not have the materials needed to ensure that their students could access instruction; (3) teachers were concerned that they could not locate some of their students; and (4) teachers experienced changes in their direct and consultative caseloads due to a variety of factors. The work of teachers of students with visual impairments was dramatically impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As the shutdown continued, district policies changed and often impeded their efforts to support students on their caseload. In addition, many teachers struggled to locate all of their students and lacked the basic supplies to ensure instruction was accessible. However, teachers of students with visual impairments were creative and provided instruction that incorporated online resources and readily available home materials, collaborated with colleagues, and engaged the community in order to support their students. The experiences of teachers and lessons learned during the pandemic can be used to advocate for policy that protects the rights of students with visual impairments to an education during future unanticipated events such as a pandemic or inclement weather.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-07-21T12:35:01Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221109079
Impact of COVID-19 on services for students with visual impairment:
Experiences and lessons from the field
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  Authors: Silvia M Correa-Torres, Anitha Muthukumaran
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  With schools under intense pressure to deliver high-quality instruction during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, education in the 2020–2021 school year was different than typical, especially for students with disabilities including those who are visually impaired (VI). Schools all over the world struggled to figure out the best ways to provide services for students and meet their needs, from fully online learning to hybrid education and in-person school. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the experiences of professionals who work with students with VI during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifteen educators of students with VI participated in this study. Participants were asked to share their experiences when providing services to students who are VI during the first 9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings for this study identified four major themes as follows: (1) changes in delivery of services; (2) challenges in teaching and learning; (3) opportunities for teaching and learning; and (4) learnings to apply in the future. Recommendations for professionals working with students who are VI highlighting the importance of professional development training on technologies and maintaining strong connection with families will be discussed. Suggestions for personnel preparation programs and school districts on how to support pre-service and in-service educators of students with VI will also be addressed.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-07-18T10:46:27Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221109082
Creating tactile graphics in school settings: A survey of training
experience, competence, challenges, and future support needs
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  Authors: Jinseok Park, Sunggye Hong
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This study investigated training experience, self-reported competence, challenges, and future support needs of Teachers of Students With Visual Impairments (TVIs) in creating tactile graphics. The researchers developed an online survey to gain information about what training the teachers previously experienced, how competent they perceived in tactile graphic creation skills, and their challenges and support needs. Almost half of the participants had no training experience in creating tactile graphics. Participants with training responded that attending conference or workshop sessions and searching online resources were relatively more helpful. The participants with more than 3 days of training experiences self-rated their competencies than those with less training. As a lack of time and resources was identified as challenges, we suggest using online tactile graphics supporting TVIs to save time and efforts for creation work across various subject areas. Supporting the needs in three-dimensional printing requires more training experiences in hardware/software skills and collaborations with experts to create realistic hands-on materials for learning of students with visual impairments.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-07-15T10:21:14Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221109080
Comparison of social intelligence among adolescents with visual impairment
regarding varying demographic factors
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  Authors: Shaista Majid, Hina Noor, Shamaila Mahmud, Saima Shaheen
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Social intelligence (SI) helps the visually impaired adolescents (VIAs) to adjust in social environment by maintaining healthy interpersonal relationship. The purpose of the study was to explore differences in SI of VIAs and varying demographic factors. For this purpose, sample of 385 VIAs (204 males, 181 females) of age range 11 to 19 years, was taken from two divisions of Punjab, that is, Rawalpindi and Lahore, Pakistan. Translated Urdu version of Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS) containing 21 items was used to get responses on Likert-type scale from 1 (describes me extremely poorly) to 7 (describes me extremely well). The tool was found to be reliable for the given population as alpha reliability of Urdu-translated TSIS was 0.91 and test–retest reliability was 0.748. Mean, frequencies, and percentages were used to summarize the results. Multiple comparison analysis was computed to assess significant differences regarding gender, socioeconomic status (SES), education, and SI of VIAs. Results revealed that there was no significant difference in SI among VIAs across gender. In addition, significant difference was indicated in SI among VIAs belonging to different SES. VIAs belonging to high SES revealed to have high level of SI. Furthermore, there was significant difference in parents’ education and SI of VIAs. It was recommended that social intervention training programs might help to create awareness and development of skills and capabilities related to SI.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-07-13T10:05:36Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221109084
External factors and their effect on the learning of English as a foreign
language among students with visual impairments
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  Authors: Revital Nagar, Miri Krisi
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This qualitative study addressed the external factors that influence the experience of learning English as a foreign language among students who are visually impaired (VI). Overall, 28 university students with VI were interviewed about their experience of learning a foreign language (English) both in high school and in university. Three themes, representing external factors, emerged from the interviews: parents, peers, and English teachers. Findings showed that behavioural, academic, and parental expectations, and a stable and caring home setting, fostered participants’ success in learning a foreign language. Furthermore, the study illustrated the importance of friends in aiding the success of individuals with VI, both socially and academically. Differences in the school atmosphere and culture regarding the inclusion of students with VI acted as either a promoting or impeding factor in motivating students with VI to succeed in their foreign language learning.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-27T12:19:02Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221104899
Intersectionality and access to visual rehabilitation services:
Experiences of people with low vision, a qualitative study
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  Authors: María del Pilar Oviedo-Cáceres, Samuel Arias-Valencia, Andrea Hernández-Quirama, Myriam Ruiz-Rodríguez, Laura Guisasola-Valencia
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Low vision is a condition of visual impairment, generated by an underlying pathology that affects visual functioning and the development of daily activities. In the field of visual impairment, the developments in the analysis of access to rehabilitation services are scarce and incipient. The study approaches the understanding of the experiences of people with low vision in Medellín, Colombia, in their search for visual rehabilitation services. Ethnographic collective case study was conducted. Intersectionality was adopted to explore people’s experiences with low vision management health services. Five women and four men with low vision who attended the healthcare center participated in the study. Twenty-nine interviews and 16 participant observation exercises were carried out. Three categories emerged in the study: (1) I had never heard of low vision services; (2) Interaction with the health system: A path of struggles; and (3) Barriers that are exacerbated by the intersection of multiple identities and systems of oppression. The Colombian health system acts as an axis of structural oppression that interacts with the economic condition, educational level, and geographical location to generate greater difficulties for the identification of low vision management options, which also interact with the multiple and dynamic identities of each subject.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-23T07:04:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221104902
Orientation and mobility for children with visual impairments during
COVID-19: Responses from O&M professionals to a disruption of traditional
services
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  Authors: Danene Fast, Justin T Kaiser
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  After lockdowns and school closings associated with COVID-19 began throughout the United States and Canada in March 2020, this research was completed to explore how the pandemic affected access to orientation and mobility (O&M) services. Using qualititave responses from a mixed methodology study, this article reports the findings from 318 individuals, including both O&M specialists and dually certified teachers of students with visual impairments (TVIs) and O&M specialists. Four major themes emerged through data analysis, including (1) prioritization of O&M goals for students with visual impairments, (2) personal factors affecting access to O&M training, (3) access to O&M services through virtual learning, and (4) creative approaches to O&M instruction during the pandemic. Within these themes, professionals, students, and families alike were asked to assume roles that went beyond traditional expectations. Questions and concerns that professionals in the field need to consider when looking at the future of O&M services were raised as part of this research, including a number of ideas for future studies.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-23T07:02:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221104898
Vision impairment: To register or not to register' That is the
question
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  Authors: Cirta Tooth, Peter Cackett
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  For patients to enjoy the benefits of vision impairment registration, they need to be certified by an ophthalmologist. There have been concerns about barriers and a lack of awareness of benefits and certification criteria among ophthalmologists leading to under-registration. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the certification process in terms of potential barriers, clinical decision-making, and understanding of current guidelines and registration benefits.Ophthalmologists completed a survey on understanding registration benefits and barriers for certification (n = 22) and a survey on clinical decision-making in certification (n = 21). Furthermore, visual function and registration data were collected at a hospital Low Vision Clinic in Edinburgh from all new referrals (n = 89) over a 4-month period from August to November 2020. Our study showed that the main barriers for vision impairment certification were insufficient awareness of registration benefits, uncertainty of when to certify, and a lack of time in clinic. Ophthalmologists were more confident about certification of ocular versus neurological visual impairment. In terms of clinical decision-making, the ophthalmologists’ survey placed most importance on visual-field assessments, followed by visual acuity. Very little importance was placed on contrast sensitivity. Our findings suggest that ophthalmologists would benefit from more education into the benefits of registration and more guidance when registering patients with neurological conditions affecting functional vision in particular. It may be beneficial to highlight the role of contrast sensitivity during the certification process to ophthalmologists.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-16T10:35:57Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221102833
Evaluating the usability of 3D thematic maps: A survey with visually
impaired students
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  Authors: Alkistis Zacharigiorga-Sourdi, Margarita Kokla, Eleni Tomai
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The pilot survey presented herein explores the possibilities given by three-dimensional (3D)-printed maps to students with visual impairment (VI) for learning the spatial distribution of geographic phenomena. The main research questions are: (a) whether students with VI can perceive two phenomena depicted on the same 3D-printed map and (b) whether they perform better when interacting with individual tactile maps for each spatial phenomenon than when interacting with a single 3D-printed map displaying the two spatial phenomena simultaneously. Our analysis indicates that 3D-printed maps can be a valuable alternative for the education of students with VI even when they represent two spatial phenomena simultaneously.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-08T12:28:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099157
Assessing the impact of auditory media on Braille reading and writing
skills: The case of elementary school students who are blind in Sudan
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  Authors: Hisham E Bilal Salih, Toshibumi Kakizawa
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This study explores the impact of using auditory media in school curricula on the braille-related skills of students who are blind at a Sudanese school. Three sets of braille-related skills (6-dot braille writing, Arabic alphabet writing, and Arabic text reading) were used to evaluate and compare the students’ ability to read braille versus listening to text via audio media. The purpose of testing full cells of braille writing was to determine writing speed while that of testing braille writing of the Arabic alphabet was to examine students’ accuracy and proficiency in writing. Arabic text reading was tested to determine braille-reading speed. The three braille-related skills were evaluated for a total of 34 students in two groups (Group 1: grades 3 and 4; Group 2: grades 5–8), but the listening speed test was only administered to the second group. T-tests were used to compare the results for the braille-related tests with those for the listening speed test to determine whether braille-related skills were affected by the use of auditory media when accessing school curricula in the early grades of elementary school. The statistical results indicated there were significant differences between the two groups in 6-dot writing and Arabic text reading, whereas there was no significant difference in Arabic alphabet writing. As mastery of braille is an integrated process that requires instruction towards the parallel development of all braille-related skills, the ratio of instructional time devoted to listening compared to that devoted to braille may require adjustment.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-08T12:26:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099156
Identifying psychosocial challenges and introducing coping strategies for
people with albinism
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  Authors: Mahya Zamani Varkaneh, Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, Mohammad Reza Sheikhi
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Albinism refers to a group of genetic disorders that, following genetic mutations, lead to impaired melanin production, resulting in skin allergies and visual impairment in affected people. Visual impairment brings not only physical limitations and challenges but also many social problems, including psychosocial challenges, leading to different experiences in the lives of these people. To this end, using a qualitative content analysis approach, the present study aimed to identify psychosocial challenges and introduce coping strategies for people with albinism living in Tehran in 2021. The participants were people with albinism aged 20 to 40 years in Tehran. The participants were selected from among members of the Iranian Albinism Association (AMAL) using purposive sampling. The data were saturated through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants in the research sample. The collected data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Analysis of the participants’ experiences revealed three main themes: (1) The challenges and difficulties of living with albinism, (2) welfare, specialized facilities, and support seeking, and (3) strategies for coping with psychosocial challenges. According to the findings, albinism, due to its limitations, brings many bitter and painful experiences in education, job finding, and marriage for affected patients. The condition is also associated with some limitations such as visual impairment affecting various aspects of the patient’s life and different developmental periods. Each person may have different interpretations of their challenges and thus seek unique strategies for coping with the challenges. The findings of this study can have some implications for mental health professionals and managers of relevant institutions and to become aware of the nature and complications of albinism, the challenges faced by people with albinism, and the special needs of these people. Findings from this study can be used to identify the relationship between albinism, the challenges of living with albinism, and the special needs of these individuals, by mental health professionals, related institutions, and psychosocial environments.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-08T12:24:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099155
Smart traffic lights for people with visual impairments: A literature
overview and a proposed implementation
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  Authors: Paraskevi Theodorou, Apostolos Meliones, Costas Filios
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Attempting to establish aids for individuals who are visually impaired has urged many cities to seek solutions for improving their quality of life. Namely, cities have installed sound-emitting devices into traffic lights as well as sidewalks that assist their navigation. Moreover, as cities are always striving to move forward and achieve innovations concerning navigation for disabled individuals, smart traffic lights, capable of synchronizing in real-time according to traffic and individual mobility conditions, are already being installed around the world. This is in line with the adoption of the smart city concept, which involves a set of methodologies and indicators that regulate how cities perform regarding the promotion of citizens’ quality of life. Another important principle is the techno-economic aspect indicating the need for low-cost careful planning to produce cost-efficient solutions, while additional important issues are maintenance, power efficiency, and the means to coordinate numerous devices to facilitate operation in a timely and reliable manner. In this article, we present an overview of the existing solutions for the navigation of people who are blind and visually impaired along with a requirement analysis performed on the feedback received from interviews with members of the Lighthouse for the Blind of Greece both of which lead to the proposal of a new implementation that pushes the state of the art.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-08T12:21:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099154
Oral health and knowledge of sighted children and children with visual
impairment and their parents’ role in it: A comparative study
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  Authors: Soraia Ramos Cunha, Maria de Fátima Bizarra
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Aim:The present study aims to evaluate oral health knowledge and habits of children with visual impairment by comparison with their sighted counterparts and also evaluates parental knowledge and involvement in children’s oral hygiene routines.Methods:This observational and transversal study included the participation of 68 children (34 were visually impaired and 34 were sighted), from seven schools from Lisbon. The participants with visual impairment were age and gender-matched with their sighted counterparts to minimize variations in the analysis. In all, 52.9% of children were male, with average age of 11.15 (±3.413) years [6; 18]. The children and parents completed one survey each. Children were submitted to an oral examination to evaluate oral health.Results:Participants with visual impairment showed a non-significant increase in the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (dmft), gingival, and oral hygiene indexes. Both groups’ gingival state was mostly classified as excellent, and oral hygiene was mainly classified as excellent/good. More children with visual impairment (85.7%) needed help with teeth brushing (p = .046) and were more likely to miss dentist check-ups more often (p = .025). Also, sighted children and their parents demonstrated more knowledge about oral health.Conclusion:Children with visual impairment and their parents showed less favorable results, justifying the need to promote oral health education to this demographic.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-08T12:19:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099152
Physical activity and functional body image in youth with and without
visual impairments
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  Authors: Katriana Belknap, Melanie Perreault, Lauren Lieberman, Pamela Beach
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Recent research has found a positive relationship between functional body image and physical activity in typically developing youth; however, functional body image has not been studied in youth with visual impairments. Youth with visual impairments tend to have a lower body image and engage in less physical activity than their sighted peers. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in functional body image between youth with and without visual impairments and the relationship between functional body image and physical activity in youth with visual impairments. Twenty youth with visual impairments and 20 youth without disabilities completed the embodied image scale and the organized sport (OS) and active physical recreation (AR) activity categories of the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, which measures five dimensions of activity participation. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed that participants with visual impairments had lower functional satisfaction (p = .006) and marginally lower functional investment (p = .059) than participants without disabilities. The correlation analysis revealed several significant positive relationships: functional values with AR where (r = .472), functional satisfaction with AR intensity (r = .459) and AR enjoyment (r = .501), and functional investment with AR (r = .554) and OS enjoyment (r = .655). There were significant negative relationships between functional investment and AR diversity (r = −.475) and intensity (r = −.501). This suggests that youth with visual impairments have lower satisfaction and investment in their functional body image; however, those who enjoyed OS and AR activities tended to be more satisfied and invest more in their functional body image.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-08T04:25:04Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099151
Prevalence, causes, and impact of self-reported vision impairment among
older people in China: Findings from the China health and retirement
longitudinal study
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  Authors: Ali Sohail, Jinfeng Du, Babar Nawaz Abbasi, Adebukola Kabir Taiwo
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This article investigated the prevalence, causes, and impact of self-reported vision impairment among older people in China. A total of 12,910 participants aged ⩾50 years were included in this study from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) over the periods of 2011, 2013, and 2015. All data were reported by participants via a self-reported questionnaire. Distance vision was assessed by asking if they could see the face of a person on the other side of the street. Near vision was assessed by asking if they could read ordinary newspaper. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The analysis method included the χ2 – square distribution test and multiple regression analysis. This article first found that prevalence of self-reported vision impairment was much higher in rural than in urban areas; in urban areas, females had a greater chance of being affected than males, and for both sexes, it increases with increasing age. Second, some factors found are significantly associated with increased vision impairment rates, include increasing age, female gender, rural residents, elementary-level education, unmarried individuals, and non-agricultural occupations. Third, the leading cause of vision impairment was a refractive error and the most common causes of vision impairment include cataracts and glaucoma. Fourth, vision impairment was significantly associated with falls and depressive symptoms and has a negative effect on the quality of life of older Chinese. The article concluded that older people with self-reported vision impairment were relatively low and it is majorly caused by refractive error. Older people with distance vision impairment and near vision impairment were more likely to report falls and depressive symptoms in the future. In line with these findings, a couple of policy recommendations for further research were made.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-06T09:09:22Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099160
Long-term trends in incidence and prevalence of severe sight impairment
due to diabetes in South East Scotland before and after implementation of
diabetic retinopathy screening
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  Authors: Martin J Anderson, David J Chinn, Caroline J Styles
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The study set out to examine the impact of the introduction of a national diabetic retinopathy screening programme in Scotland in 2006 on incidence and trends in severe sight impairment (SSI) certification due to diabetes over three decades.We analysed SSI certification due to diabetic eye disease in Fife, Scotland, between 2010 and 2019 and compared it to previously published estimates from 1990 onwards. Population estimates of the general population and those with diabetes were obtained from the National Records of Scotland and the National Diabetes Register, NHS SCI Diabetes, respectively. Mean annual incidence of SSI in the population with diabetes, 1990–2019, before and after the introduction of diabetic retinopathy screening was compared using a Mann–Whitney U Test.Mean incidence in 2007–2019 was 19.8/100,000 and was significantly less than the period before the systematic screening, 1990–2006 (57.5/100,000, p
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-06-03T01:23:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221099147
Determining the genital hygiene behaviours of visually impaired women
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  Authors: Havva Özdemir, Ayşe Kılıç Uçar
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Genital hygiene is one of the most important factors in the protection of women’s reproductive health. Thus, detailed knowledge of the genital hygiene behaviours of visually impaired women is crucial for preventive and curative health services. This descriptive study was conducted to determine the genital hygiene behaviours of visually impaired women. The study was conducted with 90 visually impaired women who were members of the ‘Altı Nokta Körler’ association. A data collection form was developed within the scope of the study. The data were collected through the face-to-face interview method between October 2018 and June 2019. The results show that the ratios of women who think that self-care and genital hygiene behaviours are affected by their visual impairment are 18.9% and 21.1%, respectively. Of those who think that visual impairment affects their self-care, 76.5% need someone else to notice their lack of self-care, and the remaining women notice this lack through their bodily reactions, such as bad odours and dirt. It was found that more than half of the women (58.9%) had a vaginal shower only after sexual intercourse. Among women, 35.6% of them thought that visual impairment was an obstacle to gynaecological examination. The regular gynaecological examination rates of these women were only 8.9%. It was found that the majority of women (78.9%) experienced abnormal vaginal discharge, but only 23.9% applied to a health institution. Visually impaired women have similar deficient genital hygiene behaviours to non-disabled women. In addition, visually impaired women face difficulties in maintaining personal and genital hygiene and in receiving health services.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-05-18T05:37:25Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221091302
Individual differences in spontaneous facial expressions in people with
visual impairment and blindness
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  Authors: Hyung Nam Kim, Sam Jotham Sutharson
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  People can visualize their spontaneous and voluntary emotions via facial expressions, which play a critical role in social interactions. However, less is known about mechanisms of spontaneous emotion expressions, especially in adults with visual impairment and blindness. Nineteen adults with visual impairment and blindness participated in interviews where the spontaneous facial expressions were observed and analyzed via the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). We found a set of Action Units, primarily engaged in expressing the spontaneous emotions, which were likely to be affected by participants’ different characteristics. The results of this study could serve as evidence to suggest that adults with visual impairment and blindness show individual differences in spontaneous facial expressions of emotions.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-04-12T10:56:25Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211070927
New Zealand O&M instructors’ perspectives about, and experience in, the
use of tactile maps with people with vision impairment
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  Authors: Jill Baldwin, Nancy Higgins
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This qualitative study explored the perspectives and experience of New Zealand O&M instructors in the use of tactile maps with people with vision impairment. In-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured interviews were used to gather information from four participants, who were qualified O&M instructors. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Three inter-related themes emerged from the data that effected the O&M’s tactile map usage: (1) the tactile map and the O&M instructor, (2) student needs and experiences, and (3) time and resources. Microcapsule and thermoform maps were the least used map medium, with collage map techniques used frequently by half of the participants. The most preferred tactile maps were ready-made tactile map kits, and instructors drawing directly on the students’ hand or back. Tactile maps were used mostly by the participants to meet the orientation needs of motivated students, who were blind, had no visual memory, or did not use their vision for orientation purposes. Tactile maps were considered a vital orientation tool when the participants were teaching such students, and the participants did not believe Global Positioning System (GPS) applications would fully replace tactile maps. However, in general, the participants revealed that tactile maps were used infrequently as an orientation tool in New Zealand because of caseload makeup, limited time, and limited resources. In order to increase the use of tactile maps, tactile map resources may need to be more readily available. In addition, further research is needed about the characteristics of people with a vision impairment, who benefit from tactile maps, along with the effect of tactile maps usage on an O&M instructor’s caseload and time, so that O&M instructors can plan accordingly and people with a vision impairment can continue to benefit from this important orientation tool.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-04-05T09:30:21Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221088019
Characteristics of individual low-vision rehabilitation counseling among
older adults: A qualitative 2-year follow-up study
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  Authors: Heidi Johanna Siira, Helvi Aulikki Kyngäs, Aura Aino Kaarina Falck
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Visual impairments (VI) burden particularly the aging population globally. To ensure healthy aging despite disability, the health care systems must provide effective low-vision rehabilitation services (LVR) for those in need. Low-vision rehabilitation counseling (LVRC) requires specialized multidisciplinary teamwork and has not been studied in detail among the elderly. This study aims to provide a comprehensive picture of individual LVRC actions and introduce a LVRC classification to use for attempts to improve the LVRC processes. This study employed a qualitative follow-up design. Data describing the individual LVRC processes in a prospective cohort of elderly patients with VI (n = 39) were collected individually over 2 years during the years 2016–2019. The data were analyzed through deductive content analysis. The analyzed LVRC provided assistive devices, services, and home modifications, but problems related to independent movement in the living environment, psychosocial burdens, adaptation to disability, and learning new compensatory skills received less attention. To ensure effective LVRC, the multiprofessional team providing the rehabilitation should emphasize goal-setting and continuous assessment. LVRC should be seen as a process of adaptation, adherence, and learning. LVRC should support and promote older adults to participate and function to their full potential in the modern society, which includes utilizing digital technologies.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-04-05T09:26:41Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221085852
Female gender: A significant barrier to access cataract surgery in rural
Gurugram, Haryana, India
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  Authors: Neeraj Sharma, Chetna Sharma
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The goal of this study is to determine whether the female gender is a barrier for the access to cataract surgery in the rural population of Gurugram district, Haryana, India.The data of consecutive 100 male and 100 female patients operated for cataract surgery at Department of Ophthalmology, University-affiliated hospital were studied. Data pertaining to age of the patients, visual acuity of the operated and better eye, maturity of the cataract at time of surgery, type of cataract surgery opted were analysed. Visual impairment was considered when visual acuity of the better eye was less than 6/18 (0.32).Two types of cataract surgery were offered to the patients: manual small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) and phacoemulsification. Independent t-tailed test was used to analyse data to ascertain female gender as a barrier to access cataract surgery.The findings indicate that the difference in age at the time of surgery between men and women was not statistically significant (p = .327). The analysis of visual impairment in the operated eye of men and women was also not statistically significant (p = .173). However, the analysis of visual impairment in the better eye was strongly suggestive of gender bias with statistically significant results (p = .001). In total, 71% male and 56% female patients opted for phacoemulsification surgery, whereas 44% women and 29% men chose less-expensive manual SICS surgery.The study indicates that females had severe visual impairment in the better eye at the time of surgery and also opted for a less-expensive option indicating less financial freedom and decision-making power.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-04-05T09:23:35Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221085848
Regular classroom teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about inclusion of
students with visual impairment in government secondary schools of Wolaita
Zone
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  Authors: Paulos Dea, Sohayl Mohajer, Dawit Negassa
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  General education teachers’ self-efficacy is often identified as the main factor for the successful implementation of inclusion for students with visual impairment (SVI), yet limited research has been conducted in this area. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the general education teachers’ self-efficacy toward including SVI in the government secondary schools of Wolaita Zone. In this study, a mixed-methods approach with convergent design was employed. The target population included teachers, SVI, and principals. The sample consisting of 440 participants was selected using purposive and multistage sampling techniques. Data were collected using questionnaire, semi-structured interview, and focus group discussion (FGD). One-sample t-test and thematic analysis were used for analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The findings revealed that, in general, teachers showed positive self-efficacy in student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management of inclusion for SVI.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-04-01T06:59:14Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221086201
The effects of balance and core stability training on postural control in
people with visual impairment: A systematic review
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  Authors: Sarvin Salar, Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani, Lauren J Lieberman, Pamela S Beach, Melanie Perreault
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Visual impairment is one of the most common functional impairments that considerably affects the postural control process and the ability to maintain balance. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review concerning the effects of balance and core stability training on postural control in individuals who are visually impaired. This article comprehensively reviewed studies on balance in individuals who are blind from the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus from 2007 to 2021. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were people who were blind or visually impaired (acquired and congenital), men and women, all ages, and at least 6 weeks balance or core stability training program. Twelve articles were included in this review. Individuals with visual impairment and blindness from all ages were included in this study. According to this review, all balance and core stability protocols in this article have positive effects on balance and postural control for individuals with visual impairments. Therefore, balance and core stability intervention for at least 6 weeks is one of the more well-established protocols for improving balance and postural control in people with visual impairment and can have a positive impact in risk of falling regardless of age, gender, or severity of visual impairment.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-03-09T12:33:57Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221077215
Instructional strategies to support shared reading with learners who are
deafblind
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  Authors: Christopher Brum, Susan M Bruce
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The field of deafblindness has developed evidence-based practices in communication development and intervention, but very little research has been published on literacy. This study examined the survey responses of 84 participants from 25 states, and 10 follow-up interviews to learn more about emerging instructional ideas specific to shared story reading, also known as interactive reading. The thematic analysis resulted in eight themes and associated instructional strategies. Attentional and engagement strategies included unique considerations due to the impact of deafblindness on accessibility and meaning-making. Teachers, interveners, and parents used practices grounded in both the child-guided approach and systematic instructional approach. They shared vocabulary acquisition strategies, pointing to the link between vocabulary and comprehension. Drawing and writing strategies were used to create text and in extension activities. Touch and tactile strategies were used in preparing materials and during shared reading sessions. Participants applied a variety of comprehension strategies including repetition, prediction, and questioning. Across the survey and interview responses, it was evident that participants understood the role of integrating individually appropriate receptive and expressive communication modes/forms in shared reading activities.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-02-18T07:24:39Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196221077219
English language learners with visual impairments: An exploratory
literature review
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  Authors: Jessica E Schultz, Mackenzie E Savaiano
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  English language learners with visual impairments (ELLVIs) are a low incidence population with unique learning needs. The purpose of this review was to identify the existing literature specifically examining ELLVIs. As no literature review examining ELLVIs could be located, this review synthesizes what we know about the population and provides a starting point for future research. The authors reviewed all titles found across four databases (n = 658 articles) and included only articles addressing English language learners with visual impairments in educational contexts. A total of 24 articles were included in the review. The following four themes emerged: assessment, family perceptions, teacher perceptions, and instructional strategies. Findings are discussed generally and by theme. Assessment reports revealed common accommodations for English language proficiency tests, but decision-making criteria for whether ELLVIs participated in assessments were unclear. Parent/guardian perceptions largely revealed dissatisfaction with school communication. Teacher perception studies revealed a need for more training and support. Common instructional strategies were identified by researchers and teachers in the field, but only one article examined instructional strategies experimentally. Therefore, there is limited evidence of the efficacy of any particular instructional strategy. Analyzing the research, the results show the majority has been conducted by the same research teams. More research needs to be conducted across all themes. Commonly accepted/validated assessment accommodations are discussed, allowing practitioners to identify which accommodations they might be able to implement. In addition, this review alerts practitioners to common parental concerns. This review also uncovers commonly used instructional strategies although these are not necessarily research based within the population. Commonly used instructional strategies are discussed, which, although not evidence-based, identifies potential areas for future research.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-02-09T04:37:53Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211070928
A scoping review of longitudinal studies of children with vision
impairment
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  Authors: Carlijn Veldhorst, Mathijs Vervloed, Sabina Kef, Bert Steenbergen
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  In past comparative studies, children with vision impairment were often shown a developmental delay compared to sighted children in several developmental domains. Medical treatments of vision impairments and societal attitudes toward disabilities changed considerably. Besides, within the rehabilitation practices, a stronger integration of multiple perspectives and increased focus on social inclusion and participation in society is present. The main goal of this scoping review was to investigate what is known about the development in cognition, language and communication, motor, social–emotional, and adaptive skills development of children with vision impairment by longitudinal studies. Besides, the results of the past studies were related to a contemporary view on disability, the participation concept. This was done by applying the family of participation-related constructs (fPRC) framework to examine which factors were covered and which not. A systematic literature search was performed in Web of Science, PsycInfo, ERIC, and Medline. Studies were included if they have been published in peer-reviewed journals between 1994 and 2020 had a longitudinal design and examined the development of children with vision impairment with no additional impairments up to 18 years of age. From the 2698 identified studies, 32 studies were included. The most commonly assessed variables concerned cognition and language and communication development. To a lesser extent, studies examined adaptive skills, motor, and social–emotional development. The majority used vision status as a predictor variable for developmental outcomes. In terms of the fPRC framework, most studies included variables related to the factor activity competences. The factors preferences, sense of self, environment, and involvement were studied far less often. The review suggested a positive impact on developmental outcomes for including variables that can mediate the relation between vision status and developmental outcomes and variables that are related to the fPRC factors environment, sense of self, and preferences.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-25T12:24:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211072432
Accessible and engaging voices: Teaching English to adult second-language
learners with visual impairment using WhatsApp voice notes in India
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  Authors: Karthika J, Veena Selvam
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  This case study explored the possibility of using WhatsApp voice notes to teach English to adult learners with visual impairment. The study has documented in detail the challenges and advantages of learning and teaching English through WhatsApp.In this case study, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and integrated and analysed to understand feasibility of using WhatsApp to teach English to learners with visual impairment. Even though the case study was primarily qualitative, some quantitative data were also collected and analysed numerically. The numerical data were analysed using descriptive statistics and reported using numbers and in the form of tables and figures. Furthermore, non-numerical data were examined inductively and reported thematically.The advantage of using WhatsApp voice notes was that it provided a platform for the learners to converse in English and an opportunity to reflect on their own learning process and progress critically. It provided a collaborative learning experience independent of the conventional learning experience of a classroom. The study revealed that the learners with visual impairment were more engaged in the learning process and in improving their speaking skill when WhatsApp voice notes were used. The coding of messages and detailed analysis of message categories clearly revealed the social-emotional skills of each participant in the study. The message categories were adapted from Community of Inquiry Framework and message categories suggested by Naaman et al.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-25T12:21:37Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211070929
Relationship between the Children’s Visual Function Questionnaire and
psychophysical measures of visual acuity and chromaticity discrimination
in older visually impaired children
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  Authors: Marcia Caires Bestilleiro Lopes, Marcelo Fernandes Costa, Célia Regina Nakanami
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The Children’s Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ) is an instrument to measure the impact of visual impairment in children and their families. It can be used as a research tool to verify the effectiveness of treatment, therapy, and different methods for visual stimulation and rehabilitation. The aim of this study is to describe the relationship between General Health, General Vision Health, Personality, Family Impact, and Treatment – subscales of the CVFQ and psychophysical measures of visual acuity (VA) and chromaticity discrimination (CV). This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sensory Psychophysiology Laboratory – University of São Paulo in partnership with the Ambulatory of Visual Stimulation in the Sector of Low Vision and Visual Rehabilitation – Federal University of São Paulo. The children who participated in this study were divided into two groups: study group (SG), composed of 11 children with a diagnosis of visual impairment and mean age of 55.36 months (SD = 16.88), and control group (CG), composed of 8 children with normal vision and mean age of 64.87 months (SD = 13.22). Both groups underwent the application of CVFQ, were tested for VA using the Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) test, and CV using the Cambridge Colour Test program for children (CCT Kids). The result of applying the CVFQ to groups of children over 3 years, comparing SG and CG, differences were observed in the following subscales: General Vision Health (F = 10.00, p < .001); Competence (F = 7.03, p = .030); Personality (F = 6.48, p = .010); Total Quality of Life (F = 11.39, p = .010). These differences show a worse score for the SG. In the VA test using TAC, the data collected in groups of children over 3 years, comparing SG and CG, differences were observed in VA RE (F = 19.25, p < .001); VA LE (F = 25.99, p < .001); VA BE (F = 15.45, p < .001). These differences show worse scores for the SG. In the CV using the CCT Kids, the data collected in groups of children over 3 years, comparing SG and CG, no statistically significant differences for protan, tritan, and deutan groups were observed. For the SG, while for children over 3 years, correlations were found for General Vision Health, Competence, Family Impact, and General Quality of Life. We conclude that there are statistically significant differences when comparing the SG with the CG for the visual function of visual acuity and chromaticity discrimination, and we also demonstrated the sensitivity in the use of CVFQ in reflect VA and CV impairments.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-22T10:26:01Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211068708
Experiences of stressful situations and mindfulness training for persons
with visual impairment
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  Authors: May Britt Frøysa Lyngroth, Frøydis Gammelsæter
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The aim of this study was to explore what persons with visual impairment (VI) experienced as stressful in their daily lives and their experiences with using mindfulness training (MT) to cope with stressful situations. In order to explore this we conducted semi-structured interviews with six persons with VI after finishing an 8-week MT course. Systematic text condensation was used to analyze the interviews. This qualitative study found that the participants described three main areas of stress: (1) lack of access to information, (2) social expectations, and (3) navigating the body through one’s surroundings. The participants’ experiences with using MT to cope with stressful situations resulted in emotion-based and problem-based strategies: (1) breathing anchor, (2) awareness of and reflection upon thoughts and feelings, (3) most things are doable, (4) tackling the situation in a new way, and (5) haste makes waste. Our respondents described using MT for coping with stressful situations in all the three main areas of stress. Based upon this study we propose that there is good reason to offer MT as stress management for persons with VI, but further study is required to confirm the health-promoting benefits of MT for this group.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-11T04:14:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211067361
Experiences of families involving a parent with progressive deafblindness
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  Authors: Saskia Damen, Ilse van Zadelhoff, Corrie Tijsseling
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Usher syndrome is a progressive form of deafblindness, which can have significant psychological consequences. This study aimed to get insight in the perceived impact of Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) on families with a parent affected by this syndrome, and in the experiences of these families with social, professional, and peer support. Participants were 10 parents with USH2 living in the Netherlands, 10 of their co-parents, and 10 of their children. The parents filled in questionnaires and participated in a semi-structured interview. A photo-elicitation interview and a semi-structured interview were administered to the children. Interviews were transcribed and systematically coded, using thematic and open coding. Parents rated the family’s quality of life in general as satisfactory. Both negative and positive consequences were described of USH2 for the family. Parents without USH2 and their children stated to provide support to the parent with USH2, which was often described as self-evident. Some parents without USH2, however, described their family tasks as a burden. Some parents also reported that psychological problems of the parent with USH2 affected the well-being of other family members. Several parents and some children expressed that the syndrome was hardly discussed within the family. Unfulfilled family support needs were mentioned, a lack of involvement of family members in the professional support, as well as a lack of professional and peer support for children and partners. This study revealed that USH2 in a parent has impact on the entire family. Family-centred approaches are recommended for professionals who support parents with Usher syndrome.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-08T11:05:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211059751
A survey of mobile app use among university students with visual
impairment in India
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  Authors: Yogendra Pandey, Jaehoon Lee, Devender R Banda, Nora Griffin-Shirley, The Nguyen, Vitalis Othuon
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  Mobile phones/devices are an important part of our daily lives for sighted people and those with visual impairment (VI) in India. This study explores how Indian university students use and perceive mobile apps and identify the challenges in their usage. A paper-based survey was administered for 124 college students who were legally blind. The survey had items relating to sociodemographic information, use of mobile devices and apps, and the use of apps specifically designed for persons with VI. Results show that, on average, the participants with VI have been using a mobile device for more than 5 years. Many participants used Android devices and free apps. In addition, they found that the mobile apps were user-friendly and accessible. Results also found that Facebook and WhatsApp are more frequently used. Participants had a high level of self-efficacy and positive attitudes toward special apps for VI. Android devices are popular in India because of lower cost compared to iOS devices. Results are discussed, and implications for practice are provided.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-08T09:01:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211067358
Access to exercise for people with visual impairments during the
Coronavirus-19 pandemic
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  Authors: Mike Richardson, Karin Petrini, Michael J Proulx
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  People with blindness and visual impairments have reduced access to exercise compared to the general population during typical societal functioning. The Coronavirus-19 pandemic completely disrupted daily life for most individuals worldwide, and in the United Kingdom, a stay-at-home order was enforced. One of the sole reasons an individual could leave their home was for the purpose of daily exercise. Here, we examined how the UK national lockdown impacted access to exercise for people with blindness and visual impairment. We used a mixed methods design, collecting quantitative data from two established measures (the Exercise Barriers and Benefits Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and qualitative data from open-ended questions. We found that, during the initial stages of the lockdown, perceived barriers to exercise increased compared to pre-pandemic levels, driven by factors, such as the closure of exercise facilities and additional difficulties posed by social distancing. Interestingly, during the later stages of the UK Coronavirus-19 response, perceived barriers decreased to lower than pre-pandemic levels. Thematic analysis indicated that this may have been due to participants finding new online methods to exercise at home, in combination with the tentative reopening of facilities.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-07T09:53:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211067356
Postural control and risk of falling in people who are blind: The effect
and durability of perturbation and vestibular exercises
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  Authors: Yousof Moghadas Tabrizi, Mohammad Hani Mansori, Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani
  Abstract: British Journal of Visual Impairment, Ahead of Print.
  The aim of this study was to compare the effect and durability of perturbation and vestibular exercises on balance and the risk of falling in people with visual impairment (VI). Thirty-six men with VI were divided into three groups, including a control and two experimental (perturbation and vestibular) groups. The experimental groups performed perturbation and vestibular exercises for 4 weeks and three sessions per week. Biodex balance system was used to assess balance and falling risk before and after training interventions. To evaluate the effects within and between groups at three levels of measurement: pre-test, post-test, and durability effect between three groups, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way ANOVA were used. Repeated measures ANOVA test showed that both experimental groups showed significant improvements in static balance, dynamic balance, and falling risk. In comparison between the groups, the results showed that in the post-test and durability stages, there was a significant difference between the groups and the perturbation exercise group had a greater effect on the dependent variables. Due to the effectiveness of exercises, it is recommended that people with VI pay attention to balance-based perturbation exercises to strengthen the somatosensory system and vestibular exercises to strengthen the vestibular system.
  Citation: British Journal of Visual Impairment
  PubDate: 2022-01-07T09:51:17Z
  DOI: 10.1177/02646196211067355