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Authors:Milaine Alarie, Morag Bosom, Isabel Côté Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Polyamory is a relationship style that allows individuals to develop multiple romantic relationships simultaneously. Although studies show that many polyamorous people have children, very little is known about the experiences of children growing up in such a family context. Based on 18 semi-structured interviews with Canadian children living with polyamorous parents, we examined the level of emotional closeness they felt towards their parents’ romantic partners, and what these adults meant to them. We found that these children generally appreciated their parents’ partners. These adults were seen by our participants as someone who contributed positively to their lives. More specifically, the participating children —especially pre-teens and younger children— described their parents’ romantic partners as adults: 1) to have fun with, 2) who contributed to their material well-being, 3) who took care of them, and 4) who, through their own children, contributed to expanding their circle of friends. Finally, some children — mainly teenagers and pre-teens— talked about these adults primarily as people who contributed positively to their parents' lives. Overall, this study makes an important contribution to the literature on family diversity. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-08T03:57:00Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241268545
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Authors:Corey Pettit, Amanda F. Hellwig, Meghan A. Costello, Gabrielle L. Hunt, Joseph P. Allen Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The present study examines greater use of the word “you” (i.e., you-talk) during couple’s conflict as linked to conflict behaviors and relational aggression. The way couples navigate relationship conflict is a key risk factor for relational aggression, and investigating conflict microprocesses can inform intervention efforts. In this study, 184 target participants (86 men, 98 women; 58% White, 29% African American, 8% mixed race/ethnicity, 5% other groups) were observed interacting with their parents at age 13 and with romantic partners at ages 20 and 27 to examine origins of you-talk usage and its links to romantic relationship dysfunction. Links were explored in a series of hierarchical linear regressions. Adverse conflict navigation behaviors established in one’s family-of-origin during adolescence (i.e., autonomy-relatedness undermining behavior) predicted target’s use of you-talk during conflict with their romantic partners at age 20. You-talk was concurrently associated with autonomy-relatedness undermining behavior and relational aggression, and you-talk in turn predicted a relative increase in both undermining behavior and relational aggression at age 27. Use of you-talk is discussed as disrupting key features of conflict navigation and having potential developmental origins which may serve as targets in efforts to reduce relational aggression. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-05T08:24:53Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241270998
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Authors:Tong Zhou, Yihao Hu, Wenyi Jiang, Robert J. Coplan, Muzi Yuan, Dan Li, Junsheng Liu Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Although studies have focused on intergroup biases (e.g., discrimination) during the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about the underlying mechanisms driving intergroup bias, specifically social categorization. In-depth interviews were conducted among 32 residents of Wuhan, P.R. China, during and after the initial COVID-19 lockdown (Jan-July, 2020). Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was applied to describe perceived prejudice and discrimination and the intergroup interaction processes. Results indicated that: (1) Wuhan residents’ interpretations of perceived prejudice and discrimination evolved over time, especially regarding views of the pandemic prevention measures; (2) intergroup contact, emotional factors and cognitive factors influenced individuals’ perceptions of prejudice and discrimination; (3) social categorization and integration processes underwent changes across different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, encompassing the lockdown and reopening; (4) the group identity of recovered COVID-19 patients was easily solidified; (5) in the group integration process, emphasizing common attributes between groups, individualized media coverage and positive aspects of intergroup interactions weakened intergroup boundaries and promoted group integration. These results enrich existing knowledge about perceived discrimination and social categorization processes of a suddenly marginalized group through qualitative research methods. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-05T05:39:53Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241269711
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Authors:Agnieszka Lasota, Suraj Kushe Shekhar Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Background: This study investigated the relationship between gratitude, purpose in life and flourishing, as well as the mediating role of purpose in life in the relationship between gratitude and flourishing in two different cultures, Indian and Polish. We also examined the moderating role of gender in the relationship between gratitude and purpose in life. Methods: A sample of 328 Indian and 303 Polish participants aged 18–56 years completed the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale, the Purpose in Life Questionnaire, and the Flourishing Scale. Pearson’s correlations were used to assess the associations between the main study variables, and PROCESS software was used to calculate moderated mediation. Results: Findings showed that gratitude and purpose in life were positively related to flourishing. Life purpose mediated the relationship between gratitude and flourishing. In the Indian sample, gender was a statistically significant moderator between gratitude (and its three facets) and purpose in life. In the Polish sample, gender moderated the relationship between overall gratitude and only one dimension (a sense of abundance) and purpose in life. Conclusions: The results suggest that enhancing gratitude and a sense of purpose in life can significantly improve individuals’ flourishing, considering gender and cultural differences. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-03T11:45:23Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241269678
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Authors:Zeynep B. Uğur, Ayşenur Karakaş Aydınbakar Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This study investigates whether divorcees feel less worse-off when divorce is more prevalent around them. The 2013 Life Satisfaction Survey in Türkiye, which has approximately 196,000 observations and province-level representative data, is utilized. We used three province-level indicators about the prevalence of divorce to measure the impact of the social context on divorcees’ well-being. First, we replicate the previous findings that divorce is associated with lower happiness. Secondly, regardless of the measure used, living in a divorce-prevalent setting slightly mitigates the happiness disadvantage of divorcees. Thirdly, perceived social pressure plays a role in the lower happiness of divorcees regardless of the provincial divorce prevalence measures. Overall, the results show that the substantial psychological costs of divorce remain even after addressing the social dimensions of divorce with different measures. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-03T03:22:28Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241269685
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Authors:Kimberly Martinez Phillips Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This article addresses singleness as a state of being and not a transition for childfree, never-married single women of color. As the characterization of adult romantic relationships has evolved, the meaning of singleness has also gone through a transformation. My research applies the theoretical framework of feminist standpoint theory through an intersectional lens to explain how women of color experience love and relationships in a non-traditional way and how they create a singular corridor that allows them to exist on the boundaries of heteronormative marriage and romantic love. I examine the research question: How do childfree, never-married single women of color experience and feel about romantic love, singleness, sex, and attachments in society' My study utilized a qualitative research methodology with an inductive inquiry approach. I conducted forty semi-structured interviews with women between 36 and 61. I argue that these women have a unique positionality in society. They are women who have remained free from the heteronormative obligations to a husband or children, and they are also women who have not had the privileges of some of their white counterparts. Therefore, they have a group-based experience and knowledge rooted in group oppression. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-02T10:06:12Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241269667
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Authors:Jaime Banks Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Social machines’ human-likeness facilitates relationship formation with humans. This aliveness, though, leaves room for people to experience the loss of machines as a death of sorts. This descriptive study illuminates that potential by identifying dimensions of humans’ experiences when an AI companion stops functioning. In the days before and after the developer-induced shutdown of the AI companion “Soulmate,” users (N = 58) answered open-ended questions about the imminent or recent companion loss, their decisions around the situation, and their coping mechanisms. Inductive analysis suggests the loss was, for most, a complex emotional and technological experience characterized as a metaphorical or literal death. The imminent loss was often navigated in cooperation with companions and most coped by capturing AI personas to recreate them on other platforms. Patterns indicate a need to better understand idiosyncratic meaning-making around machine-companion loss and to consider a design ethic that plans for such loss. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-08-02T05:12:11Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241269688
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Authors:Huilin Xing, Yanqiu Zhang, Meilin Yao, Wenlong Zhu, Hongrui Liu Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Assisting adolescents in cultivating a positive self-concept and leading fulfilling lives is paramount. Supported by longitudinal data from 512 Chinese adolescents, the researchers investigated not only the reciprocal associations between two types of self-concept—academic and physical abilities—and life satisfaction but also the roles of perceived parenting qualities in impacting these dynamics. Results revealed the following: (a) academic (but not physical ability) self-concept had a reciprocal relationship with life satisfaction; (b) perceived parental warmth (rather than autonomy support), rejection, and psychological control significantly predicted self-concept and life satisfaction and have the potential to steer adolescents into a virtuous or vicious cycle in terms of evaluating themselves and their lives. Findings offer valuable insights for fostering self-concept and life satisfaction among adolescents within the framework of parenting qualities and the cultural and social milieu of adolescent growth. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-31T09:15:10Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241268780
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Authors:Tsering Thargay, Vijai Nath Giri Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Perceived Partner Responsiveness (PPR) is vital in establishing a sense of well-being within marital relationships. However, the existing corpus of research primarily relies on Western samples, thus limiting its generalizability. Therefore, the current study, focusing on 152 couples from Northeast India, explores the role of PPR in explaining the relationship between marital and life satisfaction through the lens of interpersonal flourishing and psychological needs fulfilment. Simultaneously, employing the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model extended to Mediation (APIMeM), we analyse the mediating role of PPR, uncovering significant actor effects. Our analysis considers covariates such as marital duration, income, number of children, family structure, and positive affect. The mediation results are explained under the framework that PPR is essential for fulfilling psychological needs and allowing for individual thriving. Consequently, the study’s findings underscore the importance of prioritising PPR in relationship interventions. Tailored strategies should guide couples in aligning their life and marital satisfaction goals to bolster individual well-being. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-26T07:22:57Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241268996
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Authors:Fulya Kırımer-Aydınlı, Nebi Sümer Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Why do some perceive a partner’s response as heartening while others interpret the same response as demoralizing' This study examined how attachment anxiety and avoidance influence perceived partner responses toward capitalization attempts (PRCA) and perceived mattering (PM) among married couples (N = 103 dyads). Dyadic analyses delineating the actor and partner effects revealed that wives’ attachment avoidance predicted own PRCA, PM, and their husbands’ PRCA. Whereas husbands’ attachment avoidance predicted own PM and their wives’ PRCA and PM, husbands’ attachment anxiety predicted only their PRCA and PM. The interaction between wife and husband attachment anxiety also predicted the husbands’ PRCA and PM. Husbands, but not wives, perceived the lowest level of PRCA and PM when both couples had high attachment anxiety. The results were discussed in the context of the interplay between attachment orientations and partner responsiveness in Turkish culture. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-26T04:40:37Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241262441
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Authors:Heike Krüger, Clemens Kroneberg, Hanno Kruse Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The emotional consequences of online social contact in adolescents are a controversial topic. Social interactions and membership in social groups have been identified as essential protection against negative mood. However, different modes of online and offline communication differ in their ability to satisfy the individuals’ need for social closeness. Using a daily diary study, the current work investigated how in-person contact, text messaging, and (video) phone calls were related to adolescents’ mood. Study 1 was conducted during strict school closures in the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in February 2021 (Nindividuals = 290; Nobservations = 1796; Mage = 14.47; 59% girls and 41% boys) and Study 2 in November 2021 after schools had reopened (Nindividuals = 160; Nobservations = 1061; Mage = 15.21; 66% girls and 34% boys). Hybrid mixed-effects regression models showed that while in-person contact had the most consistent mood effect, text messaging, and (video) phone calls were also at least partially associated with more positive mood. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-26T02:18:54Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241268496
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Authors:Viktorija Čepukienė, Kleanthis Neophytou Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Up to date, the systemic mechanisms that explain the intergenerational transmission of familial dysfunction remain theoretically and empirically unclear. Hence, this study examines the intergenerational transmission of relational and intrapersonal dysfunction and their collective effect on the psychological adjustment of third-generation children through the lens of Bowen family systems theory. Lithuanian parents (N = 348; Mage = 40.66; range 26–59) of children aged six to ten years cross-sectionally reported on their differentiation of self (DoS), emotional and relational dynamics within their family-of-origin and nuclear family, and the psychological adjustment of their child of greatest concern. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses findings offered empirical support to Bowen theory, highlighting that family-of-origin dysfunction is associated with nuclear family intrapersonal and relational dysfunction, and ultimately with third-generation’s psychological maladjustment. Results demonstrated that a poor family-of-origin emotional system appears to contribute, via triangulation processes, to reduced DoS in adult children. The reduced DoS appears to perpetuate intergenerational triangulation, and to negatively impact couple relationship and co-parenting functioning within the nuclear family. In contrast to triangulation, couple dysfunction was found to predict poorer psychological adjustment in third-generation offspring. This study advances family systems theory by (i) examining the prominent role of triangulation and DoS within the intergenerational transmission process, (ii) highlighting the potential differential impact of a negative nuclear family emotional system on children through triangulation, and (iii) clarifying the potential role of spousal relationship satisfaction and co-parenting in mediating the relationship between parental DoS and offspring’s psychological adjustment. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-25T07:35:39Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241265472
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Authors:Omri Gillath, Pascal R. Deboeck, R. Chris Fraley, Keely A. Dugan Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Existing work on the contribution of life events and person characteristics to changes in attachment has mostly overlooked interactions between events and characteristics. Using 15 common events and ten personality characteristics in a multi-wave longitudinal study of 6,566 people, we examined whether person characteristics moderate the impact of life events on change in attachment. Although we found more interactions than were expected by chance, they did not consistently involve specific events or person characteristics and had small effect sizes. The largest number of event-person interactions were observed for changes in attachment security, followed by anxiety and avoidance. We found a similar number of interactions between events and within-person variation in person characteristics and “traditional” PxE interactions where the person characteristics are stable. These results suggest the need to look at both the traditional PxE interactions and the way dynamically varying person characteristics interact with events to understand changes in attachment. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-25T05:58:10Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241262046
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Authors:Kirby N Sigler, Amanda L Forest Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Social network approval of romantic relationships positively predicts relational satisfaction, commitment, and stability; social network disapproval of one’s romantic relationship (SND-RR) may pose a threat to relationships. How do people navigate this threat' We sought to develop a taxonomy of behavioral responses to SND-RR and to examine whether commitment to one’s romantic partner or to a disapprover predicts these responses. In three studies, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and correlational and experimental methods, we identified seven categories of behavioral responses that people employ in the face of SND-RR (distance from partner, draw closer to partner, distance from disapprover, draw closer to disapprover, elude disapproval, address disapproval, and ignore disapproval). Across studies, commitment to a romantic partner and/or disapprover predicted participants’ endorsement of behavioral responses. These findings lay the foundation for work considering how people might constructively navigate SND-RR. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-25T01:30:54Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241262811
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Authors:Tair Tager-Shafrir, Ohad Szepsenwol, Maayan Dvir, Osnat Zamir Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Gaslighting, a form of psychological abuse, has received increasing attention in recent years. The current research provides reliability and validity evidence for a new 11-item measure of exposure to gaslighting by a romantic partner: The Gaslighting Relationship Exposure Inventory (GREI). Two studies were conducted with Israeli (N = 509) and American (N = 395) community samples. Participants were involved in a romantic relationship and completed an online questionnaire that included measures of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, depression, and relationship satisfaction. In both studies, the GREI items loaded onto a single factor of relationship gaslighting exposure. The scale demonstrated metric gender invariance and was reliable in both men and women. Relationship gaslighting exposure was strongly linked with psychological abuse victimization and weakly linked with other forms of IPV victimization, thus showing strong convergent and discriminant validity. Moreover, relationship gaslighting exposure was associated with greater depression and lower relationship quality, above and beyond other forms of IPV victimization. The results support the reliability and validity of the GREI in both men and women, as well as its utility for the study of gaslighting exposure within relationships. The current research highlights that gaslighting is a distinct form of psychological abuse with unique implications for personal and relational well-being. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-24T10:41:04Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241266942
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Authors:Mengdi Huang, Eileen Zheng Wu Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Objectives: Self-compassion, the capacity to hold a compassionate attitude towards oneself without self-criticism when in distress, has been conceptualized to originate from receiving secure caregiving. Attachment theory offers a framework to explain self-compassion as effective coping with resources from healthy activation of the attachment system. Recent research has increasingly explored the connections between self-compassion and attachment security. Our meta-analysis seeks to consolidate existing evidence by statistically synthesizing findings on the relationship between self-compassion and the two dimensions of attachment: anxiety and avoidance. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted, and based on the inclusion criteria, the authors found data from 46 studies with a total size of 17,650 participants. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed journals and dissertations published in English that used quantitative and validated methods to measure attachment and self-compassion in participants aged 16 years and older. Results: We found robust negative correlations between self-compassion and both attachment anxiety (r = −.42) and avoidance (r = −.32), with age significantly moderating the relationship between avoidance and self-compassion. Subscale analyses suggested that each of the six components of self-compassion is significantly associated with attachment insecurity. Conclusions: The results highlight the robust associations between self-compassion and adult attachment, as well as significant associations between the individual components of self-compassion and adult attachment. Additionally, age emerges as a potentially influential moderator. Future research should further examine the causal mechanism of these associations and include correlations for self-compassion’s individual dimensions. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-24T09:59:11Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241265766
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Authors:James Aloni, Gery C. Karantzas, Emma M. Marshall, Elizabeth K. Ferguson Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. In this paper, we investigate the association between evaluating a romantic partner as deviating from relationship ideals (i.e., ideal-partner discrepancy) and a widely studied form of self-regulatory behavior in romantic relationships—accommodation (i.e., inhibiting one’s own destructive relationship behaviors and enacting constructive behaviors). We also consider the moderating role of relationship commitment. Two studies tested these associations using self-reports (Study 1, N = 450 individuals) and by observing accommodation behaviors in couples (Study 2, N = 116 dyads). Across both studies, a negative-ideal partner discrepancy (i.e., a partner is deemed as falling below ideals) was associated with more accommodation when relationship commitment was high than for when it was low. The findings provide novel insights into understanding accommodation behavior in romantic relationships. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-24T04:12:03Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241262535
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Authors:Kathryn D. Coduto, Jesse Fox Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Like online dating sites, mobile dating applications are popular technologies for navigating the dating market, whether for seeking romantic relationships or sexual partners. The searching-matching-interacting (SMI) framework describes mate selection in the dating market and how mediated market intermediaries (e.g., dating apps) can aid these functions. We conducted in-depth interviews (N = 37) to explore dating app use during relationship initiation and relationship escalation, examining the SMI framework. For searching and matching, perceptions of affordances such as visibility, searchability, and locatability governed participants’ selection and use of apps. Examining the interacting function, our findings provide some of the first empirical support for modality weaving during relationship development. Rather than a simple modality switch from app to face-to-face, participants reported integrating multiple interpersonal and masspersonal channels, including social media, texting, and video. Channel transitions were made based on goals (e.g., relationship escalation, verification, uncertainty reduction) and perceived affordances (e.g., synchronicity, editability, bandwidth, accessibility). Notably, participants’ evaluations of the advantages and disadvantages of dating apps revealed several tensions and paradoxes among beliefs and behaviors. These paradoxes indicate why many users may not satisfy interpersonal goals such as hookups or long-term romantic relationships through mobile dating apps. Our findings support the viability of the SMI framework, and we extend its theorizing for studying relationship initiation and relationship development. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-23T11:46:11Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241265064
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Authors:Laurie Kramer, Cassandra M. Dean, Alexis A. Dean, Melissa S. Morgan Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Little is known about how twins influence one another’s development during emerging adulthood. Although the exact mechanisms that underlie sibling influence have not been firmly established, they likely encompass processes that highlight either sibling identification (e.g., seeking similarities and imitation in the service of building cohesion) or deidentification (e.g., seeking differences that distinguish themselves to reduce competition, rivalry, and jealousy). Because past research inferred these processes rather than directly assess them, we conducted a mixed methods study in which 20 sets of monozygotic (MZ, n = 11 dyads) and dizygotic (DZ, n = 9 dyads) twins, aged 19.70 years (SD = 1.11), were interviewed individually regarding their personal identity development and sibling relationship. A grounded theory approach guided the qualitative analysis, which included coordinating twins’ interview responses at the dyadic level. Each twin also completed the Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire which provided a complementary quantitative assessment. 75% of the dyads prioritized differentiation and felt that college was the optimal time to pursue unique identities and goals. Those who prioritized seeking similarity were MZ twins who sought emotional closeness and support and attended the same college. Rather than pitting social learning and deidentification as opposing processes, the results suggest that deidentification is a developmental process in which twins increasingly take steps towards independence while seeking to retain the closeness, trust, and reliance they have long enjoyed in their relationship. Practical implications for helping twins balance their needs for autonomy and distinctiveness, while maintaining emotional closeness, are discussed. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-23T09:26:28Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241265474
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Authors:Abigail J. Caselli, Laura V. Machia, Emily T. Beauparlant Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. In romantic relationships, people’s self-concepts (i.e., a person’s conceptualization of themselves) change. They expand to incorporate partners’ characteristics and contract to eliminate no longer relevant self-characteristics. This process is a sign that a couple is growing closer and is associated with positive outcomes. However, not all incorporated characteristics are positive. Some individuals are more likely to have selves that expand to incorporate negative characteristics, and as such they engage in the process of self-adulteration. As a result, they may fail to reap the positive outcomes of self-concept change. In one study and a direct replication (total N = 821), we predicted and found that people high in attachment anxiety are more likely to perceive greater self-adulteration in their relationship. In a third longitudinal study (N = 122), we found people high in attachment anxiety at Time 1 perceived greater self-adulteration at Time 2. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-23T08:58:09Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241263225
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Authors:Matthew D. Johnson, Justin A. Lavner, Scott M. Stanley, Galena K. Rhoades Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This study examines gender differences in the degree to which men’s and women’s views of their relationship predict eventual dissolution among mixed-gender couples. We analyzed data from a national sample of 314 unmarried mixed-gender couples from the United States that were surveyed across four years to test gender differences in associations between baseline levels of perceived likelihood of breaking up, relationship satisfaction, commitment, and love and relationship dissolution across one, two, three, and four years. Probit regression models revealed women’s greater perceived likelihood of breakup was a stronger predictor of relationship dissolution two years later than their male partner’s reports, but men’s and women’s perceived likelihood of breakup did not differ in the strength of predicting dissolution across one-, three-, and four-year follow-up. Women’s low commitment emerged as a significantly stronger predictor of relationship dissolution across two, three, and four years than their male partner’s commitment (but not at one year). Women’s and men’s relationship satisfaction and love did not differ in predicting dissolution across all time intervals; those less satisfied with their relationship and with less love for their partner were more likely to dissolve their relationship. Although commitment may be an area where women’s reports take primacy in predicting future breakup among adult unmarried mixed-gender couples, the results add to a growing body of literature finding that women’s and men’s views of their partnership are similarly diagnostic of future relationship outcomes. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-23T08:22:29Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241265063
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Authors:Val Wongsomboon, Madison Shea Smith, Kathryn Macapagal, Michael E. Newcomb, Sarah W. Whitton Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This longitudinal study examined the relationships between multiple dimensions of singlehood and mental health, along with their moderators, in a diverse cohort of sexual and gender minority youth assigned female at birth (N = 205, Mage = 19.5; 39% < 18 years old; 27% gender minority; 74% racial/ethnic minority) who were single (no romantic partnership) at least once across 7 visits (retention>90% at all visits). Singlehood dimensions included single status, length of singlehood, and transitions into and out of singlehood at each visit, as well as proportion of singlehood periods across all visits. At the between-person level, individuals with a higher proportion of singlehood periods across the study reported higher stress, anxiety, and depression. At the within-person level, while youth experienced increased depression when single, their depression and stress decreased as the length of singlehood increased. Additionally, fear of being single (FOBS) and perceived social support, each showing unique associations with mental health outcomes in this study, were included as moderators. Notably, only those with low to average (not high) FOBS experienced a reduction in mental health problems as singlehood length increased. Taken together, the findings shed light on the factors associated with mental health and well-being in single individuals from a vulnerable and marginalized population. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-23T07:57:38Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241266470
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Authors:M. Rosie Shrout, Emily M. Buehler, Daeun Grace Lee, Megan E. Renna Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. In this longitudinal study of students with concealable chronic health conditions (CCHCs), we applied components of interpersonal disclosure process models to investigate how illness disclosures and perceived partner responsiveness conferred health and social benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students with CCHCs and in relationships completed online surveys at the beginning, middle, and end of the academic year in which they returned to campus amid the COVID-19 pandemic (nTime1 = 101, nTime2 = 52, nTime3 = 54). Mixed models showed students with greater illness disclosures and perceived partner responsiveness had better physical health, engaged in less health-compromising behaviors, felt less worried and stressed about the COVID-19 pandemic, and experienced lower illness-related stigma, discrimination, and social isolation. Over time, students’ greater illness self-disclosures predicted lower health-compromising behaviors and illness-related discrimination. Notably, perceived partner responsiveness connected greater illness self-disclosures to better health, COVID-related, and social-contextual outcomes. These findings demonstrate the health and social benefits of talking openly about concealable illnesses with partners and, in turn, feeling cared for, validated, and understood amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides new evidence on relational pathways to better social and health outcomes among those with heightened health risks. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-23T03:19:23Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241264852
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Authors:Liesel L. Sharabi Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Human matchmaking has existed for millennia and continues to be an important means of relationship initiation. Yet little is known about the matchmaking process or the role of formal intermediaries in mate selection. To begin exploring this topic, a two-part study was conducted using proprietary data from a professional matchmaking company. Study 1 surveyed matchmakers about what makes their services unique and the criteria they use to select partners for their clients. Study 2 used data from couples to understand if matchmakers’ preferences align with the characteristics their clients seek in a long-term partner. The results showed that rather than matching according to others’ preferences, part of a matchmaker’s work is helping their clients discover, and in some cases reassess, what they desire in a mate. These findings provide novel insight into the commercial dating industry at a time when online dating is beginning to automate many of the tasks traditionally associated with human matchmakers. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-22T06:50:14Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241264720
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Authors:Leanne K. Knobloch, Kirsten Pool Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have serious consequences for people’s physical health and the quality of their romantic relationships. Less clear, however, are the interpersonal dynamics of couples navigating the aftermath of TBI. We used data scraping techniques to capture five years of posts submitted to online help-seeking forums, and we analyzed the resulting 349 single-spaced pages of data using codebook thematic analysis. Both TBI survivors and partners reported the focal themes of personality changes and relationship changes. TBI survivors emphasized a lack of understanding that led to grief and loss, relational uncertainty, and isolation. Partners reported poor treatment that culminated in negative emotions and relational uncertainty. The data showed notable similarities and differences between TBI survivors and partners. We interpret the results via four prominent theories of marriage and family relationships: ambiguous loss theory, relational turbulence theory, the theory of resilience and relational load, and family systems theory. Overall, our findings shed light on interpersonal dynamics after TBI and lay a foundation for future theoretical and clinical advances. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-22T06:33:30Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241257457
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Authors:H. Cailyn Ratliff, Jeremy B. Kanter Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Parental illicit substance use is associated with increases in both interparental conflict frequency and children’s externalizing behaviors. There is a paucity of research examining the pathways linking these constructs. Assessing parental illicit substance use and interparental conflict frequency simultaneously can illustrate a process that potentially undermines children’s behavioral adjustment. Using a sample of stable, long-term couples and their children from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 1,011), the current study used path modeling and a multi-informant approach to examine the link between parental substance use and children’s later externalizing behaviors and if interparental conflict frequency mediated this association. Results indicated that parental substance use, assessed at the couple-level, was not associated with children’s later externalizing behavior, nor did interparental conflict frequency mediate this association. Post-hoc exploratory analyses found that mothers’ substance use was associated with children’s later externalizing behaviors, and this effect was stronger than fathers’ substance use, which was not associated with children’s later functioning. These results highlight the importance of examining how various aspects of substance use and different dimensions of interparental conflict might differentially impact children’s outcomes. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-18T11:22:55Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241254503
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Authors:Lik Sam Chan, Don Lok Tung Chui Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Online dating and dating apps are meant to help sexual minorities find romantic partners, but they have also presented challenges and obstacles. Based on 27 in-depth interviews with lesbian, gay, and bisexual dating app users living in Taiwan, this exploratory study proposes the concept of hyperpersonal failure as a holistic framework for understanding these challenges. This framework specifies four types of failure, each corresponding to one element in the original hyperpersonal communication model: the failure to present oneself (online daters as the sender), the failure to meet conversational expectations (the channel), the failure to develop positive impressions of the targets (online daters as the receiver), and the failure to obtain responses (the feedback). The study also discusses how the affordances of online environments contribute to hyperpersonal failure. Overall, the framework has the potential to shed light on online dating in general, extending beyond the experiences of sexual minorities. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-07-02T01:00:02Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241244482
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Authors:Mingzhong Wang, Qiuping Chen, Xueli Deng Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Theoretical and empirical research indicates that insecure attachment with parents may function as a mediator between aversive parenting and adolescent depression. However, no longitudinal research has differentiated the roles of internal representations of parental attachment, especially the roles of the two internal working models (i.e., the self-model and the other model) in the longitudinal relation from harsh parenting to adolescent depression and whether adolescent mindfulness can play a moderating role in such relationships. Six hundred and forty-five school children completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire in school three times with two eight-month intervals (338 girls and 307 boys, mean age = 13.45), and data on harsh parenting, internal working models, and depression were collected at three time points, and mindfulness were collected only at Time 1. Results demonstrated that among adolescents low in mindfulness, harsh parenting could undermine positivity of the self-model, which could further elevate the risk of adolescent depression. In comparison, these predictive relations did not exist among highly mindful adolescents. To our knowledge, this study is the first one to differentiate the roles of the two elements of internal working models in a longitudinal research design, which highlights the significant role of the impaired self-model in the development of adolescent depression in the context of aversive parenting. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-24T04:32:52Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241263873
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Authors:Anahita Mehrpour, Adar Hoffman, Eric D. Widmer, Christian Staerklé Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Research highlights the positive impact of social connectedness on subjective well-being. In this paper, we test a model in which an identity-based mechanism links a structural form of connectedness (significant social ties) with two psychological well-being outcomes, life satisfaction and self-esteem. Using data from the LIVES Longitudinal Lausanne Youth Study (LIVES-LOLYS, N = 422), a longitudinal mediation path model tests direct and indirect effects, via the strength of social identification, of the number of significant social ties in two life domains (friends and family) on life satisfaction and self-esteem. Results showed positive associations between the number of significant ties and social identification in the concordant domain, empirically linking the structural and subjective forms of social connectedness. Moreover, our model displays significant indirect effects in the friend domain, but not in the family domain. Having more friends as significant social ties predicted higher social identification with friends, and this was longitudinally associated with higher life satisfaction and self-esteem. Findings show a new mechanism linking structural and subjective forms of social connectedness, unpacking their concerted impact in protecting well-being. The differences between the friend and family domains are discussed in the framework of both life-course and social identity perspectives. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-21T07:57:57Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241263239
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Authors:Yu-Chin Her, Jorik Vergauwen, Dimitri Mortelmans Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Previous research has highlighted the impact of social network partners on individuals’ attitudes and behaviors and the significant role that siblings often play in providing lifelong support, especially in times of important life events. However, a few studies have examined the intragenerational transmission of divorce risks. Given the increasing prevalence of unmarried cohabitation, however, no study has yet unraveled the link between siblings’ relationship breakups in general, and neither has the impact of siblings’ partnership type and demographic characteristics been investigated. This study aims to understand cross-sibling influence on relationship breakup, including both divorce and separation, and whether sibling similarity in partnership type and demographic traits explain the social influence processes. We used longitudinal data from the Belgian population register and family fixed-effects event history analysis. Partnered individuals (N = 67,113) and their siblings were followed between 1998 and 2018. The results revealed that an individual’s likelihood of experiencing a union dissolution was lower following that of a sibling. This was particularly pronounced among siblings belonging to the same partnership type (both married or both cohabiting) and close-in-age siblings. For instance, after a sibling’s separation from a cohabitation, cohabiters were at lower odds of dissolving their union than the married, especially when they had a small age gap. The findings indicate that accounting for the time-constant factors originating from the family context, a sibling’s breakup might have a protective impact on one’s own relationship status and duration. The study contributes to the growing knowledge on intragenerational transmission of partnership dissolution. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-21T01:59:21Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241261740
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Authors:Xinyuan Shen, Xiaochun Xie Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Parental phubbing refers to the phenomenon where parents ignore their children due to mobile phone use during parent-child interactions. This study examined the longitudinal mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction in the relations between parental phubbing and adolescents’ core self-evaluation. We recruited 629 adolescents (Mage = 15.20 years, SDage = 1.62 years) to participate in our longitudinal survey. Longitudinal mediation analyses revealed that parental phubbing negatively predicted adolescents' core self-evaluation by diminishing their basic psychological need satisfaction. Additionally, longitudinal network analyses identified two significant parental phubbing behaviors that impact adolescents' core self-evaluation: parents keeping mobile phones in hand during interactions with their adolescents and checking mobile phone information during mealtime. Our work provides a novel understanding on how parental phubbing decreases adolescent core self-evaluation. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-20T09:55:10Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241262536
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Authors:Langenkamp Alexander, Mund Marcus, Hawkley Louise Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The prevalence of loneliness varies widely across Western societies. However, the underlying sources of these cross-national disparities are still the subject of debate. In particular, recent advances in the literature put emphasis on exploring the moderating role of country-level characteristics for a better understanding under which condition individual-level factors predict loneliness. One such predictor for loneliness is neighborhood cohesion as perceiving the community as reciprocal and supportive has a large protective potential against loneliness. The present study links these lines of research and explores how three country-level characteristics (i.e. norms of cultural pluralism, welfare spending, and internet penetration rates) explain cross-national disparities in loneliness and whether they exert a moderating influence on the relationship between neighborhood cohesion and loneliness. By running linear multilevel models using data from the European Social Survey (N = 45042) as well as Eurostat Data, we find that all three country-level characteristics explain national disparities in loneliness as well as neighborhood cohesion. However, only norms of cultural pluralism moderate the association between neighborhood cohesion and loneliness on the individual level. This suggests that the potential of interventions aiming at fostering neighborhood cohesion to prevent loneliness varies depending on the cultural context. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-20T09:33:30Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241262321
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Authors:Shmuel Shulman, Refael Yonatan-Leus Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Objectives: Existing research on romantic breakups focused on the predictors of breakup, or on its emotional and behavioral sequelae. The current study examines the longitudinal correlates of a breakup experience over a period of eight years, and questions whether breakup experiences may also have negative and positive outcomes. Methods: Data were collected from 124 Israeli emerging adults (mean age 20.22 years; 79 females). Participants were approached again at ages 23, 25, and 28. Breakup distress was assessed at each wave. At age 28, participants’ well-being, as well as their romantic capacities, were evaluated. Results: The intensity of breakup distress at age 20 was not found to be associated with future well-being. However, increased accumulating distress explained a greater number of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and reports of feeling insecure about a partner’s availability and responsiveness, at age 28. In-depth interviews with participants about their romantic relationships at age 28 showed that breakup distress at age 20 was associated with greater romantic competence at age 28, explaining better capacity to learn from past romantic experiences and draw lessons for future behavior. In addition, earlier breakup distress was associated with more coherent accounts of romantic relationships at age 28. Conclusions: Findings suggest that young adults are likely to experience a number of breakup events during their twenties, and the accumulating breakup experiences can affect future well-being. The experience of a breakup might not necessarily associate with negative future outcomes, while an earlier breakup experience could also serve as a positive learning arena for future relationships. Social policy: Perception of romantic dissolution in a comprehensive manner could be helpful for understanding that breakups are probably part of the normative development of romantic relationships among young adults, and should not be perceived only from a deficit perspective. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-10T07:13:53Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241260358
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Authors:Chelsea D. Mackey, Megan E. Schultz, Kristina H. Nguyen, Kayne D. Mettert, Almira Mae Bernabe, Melissa Garcia, Anna E. Jaffe, Mary E. Larimer Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and hazardous drinking have been linked to lower relationship satisfaction; however, few studies have evaluated these associations over time in a college sample. The current study aimed to examine within-person and between-person longitudinal main and interactive effects of self-reported PTSD symptoms and hazardous drinking on relationship satisfaction in a college sample. We further examined whether individual PTSD symptom clusters (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and emotional numbing) uniquely predicted relationship satisfaction. College students in current dating relationships (N = 307; 71% cisgender women) completed online self-report measures assessing relationship satisfaction, PTSD symptoms, and hazardous alcohol use on four occasions across 12 months. Multilevel models revealed that students with more severe PTSD symptoms than average had lower relationship satisfaction (i.e., at the between-person level). Additionally, higher hazardous drinking at the between-person and within-person levels was associated with lower relationship satisfaction. When examining specific PTSD symptom clusters, results indicated only emotional numbing symptoms were negatively associated with relationship satisfaction at the between-person and within-person levels after controlling for other PTSD symptom clusters. Collectively, these results underscore the impact of within- and between-person individual differences in PTSD symptoms and hazardous drinking on romantic relationships in college student populations. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-08T02:52:09Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241259106
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Authors:Selina A. Landolt, Emily A. Impett, Katharina Weitkamp, Michelle Roth, Katharina Bernecker, Guy Bodenmann Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Sexuality is integral to most romantic relationships. Through stress spillover, however, factors such as individually experienced stress outside of the relationship (i.e., extradyadic stress) can negatively impact sexuality. In this study, we explored how a possible (mis)matching of both partners' levels of extradyadic stress is related to sexual activity and tested for gender differences. Analyzing 316 mixed-gender couples from Switzerland, we employed Dyadic Response Surface Analysis to assess how extradyadic stress is associated with sexual activity. Our results showed that extradyadic stress was positively linked to sexual activity for women (in general) and men (in the case of matching stress levels). As this result was surprising, we conducted additional exploratory analyses and split the measure of sexual activity into (1) exchange of affection and (2) eroticism (petting, oral sex, and intercourse) and controlled for age. Results from this second set of analyses showed that for women, matching stress levels were associated with higher exchange of affection, whereas men’s exchange of affection was higher if men reported higher stress levels than women. Notably, after accounting for age, the link between stress and eroticism dissipated. Our findings suggest that exchange of affection may serve as a coping mechanism for stress, with gender influencing this dynamic. However, future research investigating stress and sexual activity should consider additional factors such as age, relationship satisfaction, stressor type, and stress severity. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-06T12:57:16Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241255910
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Authors:Jingyan Wang, Hong Zhang, Ruoyin Cui Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Three studies examined whether contemplating the usefulness that non-close and close others may provide for one’s personal goals would promote or hinder interpersonal closeness. The results consistently demonstrated that such instrumental deliberation increased people’s closeness with distant others (Studies 1–3); and the effect lasted until the next day (Study 2). For close others, however, the evidence was weaker. Moreover, perceived instrumentality, as a product of such elaboration, was more strongly related to the increase in closeness with non-close than with close others. Study 3 further showed that instrumental deliberation enhanced humanness perceptions of non-close others and reduced unethical behavior towards them. We discussed the potential implications of these findings for the understanding of instrumentality, objectification and interpersonal relationships. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-04T11:32:56Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241259507
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Authors:Mark Kennedy, Christopher Edwards, Jana Kreppner, Nicky Knights, Hanna Kovshoff, Barbara Maughan, Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Research examining the effects of severe, prolonged early deprivation has shown elevated rates of neurodevelopmental symptoms, which frequently persist into adulthood and are associated with functional and social relationship difficulties, as well as elevated rates of mental health problems. The behavioural manifestations of these symptoms closely resemble those of ADHD and also ASD. Here, we used qualitative methods to explore and characterise the social experiences and difficulties encountered by young adults exposed to profound early deprivation, in part to highlight any apparent parallels between the experiences in this group and those identified in typically developing samples with ADHD or ASD. To do so, we interviewed young adults and their adoptive parents (N = 18) from the English and Romanian Adoptees study, about their social lives. Participants were keen to describe not only the challenges they faced but also adaptive responses. A semantic/descriptive thematic analysis revealed that the young adults strongly desired social relationships but struggled to navigate social norms, resulting in frustration and frequent loss of relationships. This was accompanied by strong feelings of loss and rejection, all of which were perceived to have a negative impact upon self-esteem and mental health. Adaptive strategies included the fostering of casual friendships with older individuals and seeking employment with strong social components. Similarities and differences between our findings and the social difficulties experienced by typically developing groups with neurodevelopmental problems, and adopted individuals more generally, are discussed. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-06-03T05:00:06Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241259116
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Authors:Carson R. Dover, Brian J. Willoughby Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This study analyzes different factors predicting both cohabitation and early marriage among emerging adults. Using a large (n = 1,510), national, longitudinal sample of emerging adults in the United States, predictors of cohabitation and early marriage were examined. Predictors included marital paradigms (marital salience and expected age of marriage) and sociodemographic characteristics (religious attendance, parents’ marital status, parents’ education, college attendance, income, gender, and race). We utilized a Cox proportional hazards model to run the analyses. Results showed that marital paradigms were the most consistent predictors of early marriage, while few sociodemographic factors were significant. On the other hand, cohabitation was most consistently predicted by sociodemographic factors, with no associations being significant with marital paradigms. These findings suggest that decisions to marry and cohabit may not be as closely interconnected as previously conceptualized. Future directions and limitations are also discussed. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-31T07:47:59Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241258492
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Authors:Jessica A. Birg, Tammy English Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The present study compares effects of expressive suppression to a less researched form of expression-focused emotion regulation (namely, amplification) in terms of impact on authenticity and socioemotional outcomes. We expected amplification to result in more positive outcomes than suppression because of its role in facilitating communication. Participants (N = 306) formed 153 previously unacquainted dyads and were randomly assigned to a suppression of expression, amplification of expression, or control condition. After discussing recent personal negative events, participants reported their subjective authenticity, emotional experience, and impressions of their partner. Results revealed that suppressors felt less authentic compared to amplifiers and participants in the control condition. Partners’ perceptions of authenticity, however, did not differ across conditions, and only suppressors were rated as less likeable than those in the control condition. Consistent with prior work, amplification was unrelated to change in emotional experience, while suppression predicted decreased positive emotions from before to after the interaction. Building on prior work, these findings support the notion that expressive suppression can lead to interpersonal costs that hinder relationship formation, even though the inauthenticity suppression creates may largely go undetected by others. In contrast, amplification may serve as a relatively more adaptive expression-based strategy, at least in the context of non-close interactions. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-30T01:40:16Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241256676
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Authors:Cassidy Taladay-Carter, Jacqueline N. Gunning Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Experiencing the onset of (invisible) chronic illness in emerging adulthood prompts a unique grieving process that is disenfranchised due to social discourses that sanction grief to death-related loss. Guided by relational dialectics theory, the present study analyzes the retrospective narratives of 57 emerging adults with acquired invisible illness (e.g., chronic overlapping pain conditions, autoimmune disease) about their meanings of grief. We interrogate competing discourses of grief to illustrate how participants make meaning of invisible, chronic illness and its resulting losses. Contrapuntal analysis led to the identification of a dominant Discourse of Grief as a Tsunami (DGAT) and marginalized Discourse of Grief as Waves (DGAW). The interplay of these discourses constructed meaning through dialogically contractive practices, synchronic interplay, and dialogic transformation. We offer implications for critical interpersonal and health communication theorizing and practical applications for individuals wading through the unique grief of chronic illness. Limitations and future directions are discussed. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-25T02:11:47Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241257189
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Authors:Po-Heng Chen, Phakkanun Chittam, Hannah C. Williamson Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. When faced with an undesirable behavior by one’s partner, theories of relationship maintenance indicate that individuals must undergo a transformation of motivation in order to set aside their initial impulse to respond in a self-centered manner, and instead choose to respond in a pro-relationship manner. However, the cultural psychology literature indicates that a primary focus on one’s own needs and goals is predominantly a feature of individualistic cultures, such as those in the Unites States and Western Europe which have been the setting for the vast majority of close relationships research. Thus, it is possible that people from less individualistic cultural contexts do not experience this same transformation of motivation process when faced with an undesirable behavior by their partner, because their initial impulse is less self-centered and more other- or relationship-centered. To test this hypothesis we conducted pre-registered replications of two classic studies documenting the transformation of motivation process (Yovetich & Rusbult, 1994) using a cross-cultural sample of participants from the U.S. and Thailand. The extent to which people in both cultural settings engaged in the transformation of motivation process was assessed in a correlational study (N = 187) and an experimental study (N = 328) of partnered individuals. Results indicate that participants in both cultural contexts experience a transformation of motivation process, and the magnitude of the transformation did not differ between the two countries. Exploratory analyses indicate that Thai participants engaged in more passive behaviors than U.S. participants, and U.S. participants thought passive behaviors were more harmful than active behaviors. Overall, when faced with an unpleasant behavior by one’s partner, the need to set aside one’s initial impulse in order to respond in a more pro-relationship manner appears universal, but the exact behaviors that are the endpoint of that process differ across cultures. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-22T07:29:06Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241255389
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Authors:Nick Frye-Cox, Mallory Lucier-Greer, Catherine Walker O’Neal, Evin Winkleman Richardson Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Guided by the stress process perspective, this study examined if combat exposure was indirectly associated with marital satisfaction through work performance stress. Additionally, we tested whether unit cohesion served as a moderator of this indirect effect. Data were drawn from 1,122 married Soldiers who participated in the All-Army Study component of the Army STARRS study, a probabilistic sample of Army Soldiers. Indicative of stress proliferation and spillover, our results showed that combat exposure may negatively impact marital satisfaction through work performance stress, but the pathways of this indirect effect varied as a function of unit cohesion. Consistent with the stress buffering hypothesis, unit cohesion buffered the positive association between combat exposure and work performance stress for Soldiers reporting higher levels unit cohesion, such that this association was no longer statistically significant. However, for Soldiers reporting higher levels of unit cohesion, the negative association between work performance stress and martial satisfaction was exacerbated but was not statistically significant for those reporting lower levels of unit cohesion. The results underscore the importance of understanding the contextual nature of relational resources within the stress process framework. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-21T12:30:16Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241255391
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Authors:Ziyuan Chen, Qingyin Li, Xinzhu Song, Xiaoyi Fang Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The present longitudinal study investigates the development of both positive and negative personal traits (i.e., self-esteem and neuroticism, respectively) among newlywed couples. The aim is to identify distinct joint trajectories of self-esteem and neuroticism and then compare marital quality across different trajectory classes. A sample of 268 Chinese newlyweds completed self-esteem, neuroticism, and marital quality questionnaires at three time points. Dyadic Latent Class Growth Analyses were used to examine the joint trajectory of self-esteem and neuroticism. The study identified three trajectory groups: the adaptive couples group (c1), the stable couples and husbands more adaptive than wives group (c2), and the stable husbands and wives more adaptive than husbands group (c3). The adaptive couples group had the highest level of initial marital quality. The two other groups, characterized by initial differences between partners in self-esteem and neuroticism, had relatively lower baseline marital quality. In comparison, wives in the c3 group initially displayed higher levels of marital quality than those in the c2 group. This research improves our understanding of personal development in couples and sheds light on the complex associations between personal and relational development in the context of marriage. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-21T12:14:15Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241254861
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Authors:Paweł Grygiel, Roman Dolata, Grzegorz Humenny Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the mutual relationship between perceptions of peer relationship quality and position in positive and negative peer networks among young people from late childhood to early adolescence. Method: A cross-lagged panel model of three waves of data was conducted using a large representative sample of Polish students from third grade to sixth grade (N = 4 673). Results: The results proved a reciprocal relationship between position in positive (Like) and negative (DisLike) peer networks and the perceived quality of peer relationships (PPI). The effect found of position on the perceived quality of peer relationships is in line with the existing state of knowledge. Since previous research has yielded divergent results, this demonstration of the prospective impact of perceived relationship quality on peer network position fills an important cognitive gap. The study also revealed the following: (1) in the first (W1→W2) and second period (W2→W3) the strength of the prospective effects of position in the peer network on its perceived quality (Like→PPI and DisLike→PPI), and the strength of the prospective effects of perceived quality on position (PPI→Like and PPI→DisLike), were not statistically significantly different; (2) the effect size of the cross-lagged coefficients ranged from small to medium; (3) all constructs showed greater stability in the second period than in the first; (4) in both periods stability of PPI was lower than the stability of sociometric indicators. Conclusion: This research confirms the presence of a self-reinforcing loop: a low position in peer networks→poor perceived quality of relations→decrease of position in peer networks. The findings are discussed in relation to the evolutionary theory of loneliness (ETL), which assumes a potentially active role of the perception of peer relationships in forming a position in a peer network. Practical implications of the results are discussed. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-17T03:45:57Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241255392
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Authors:R. Amanda Cooper, Chris Segrin Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Despite the incredible challenges of caring for a family member with Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia, many dementia family caregivers exhibit resilience. Framed by the communication theory of resilience, this study examines how resilience processes unfold within dementia caregivers’ relationships with their family member, and dementia caregivers’ experiences of resilience. Analysis of 27 interviews with adult children and spousal caregivers revealed acknowledging dementia as an actor in the relationship as a central facilitating mechanism that enabled caregivers to enact other communicative resilience processes within their relationship. Resilience processes were enacted through shifting blame to dementia, accommodating dementia, and relying on memories. Caregivers experienced resilience through personal growth, enhanced relational closeness, and ambivalent resilience. We discuss implications for dementia caregiver resilience and forward facilitating mechanisms as an extension of communication resilience theorizing. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-16T11:19:53Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241254860
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Authors:Sidney Gibson, Erica B. Slotter, Patrick M. Markey Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Research on romantic conflict has persuasively documented that the way partners communicate with one another during disagreements is a driving factor in predicting how they perceive the conflicts in their relationships. The current research added to this literature by differentiating couples who resolve conflicts more, versus less, successfully. Specifically, the current work examined how couples’ behavioral trajectories across the course of conflict related to their perceptions of conflict resolution. To this end, we coded warmth and dominance behaviors exhibited by 173 couple members (346 individuals) over the course of an eight-minute conflict discussion. We examined how participants’, and their partners’, perceptions of conflict resolution were related to their interpersonal behaviors. In line with predictions, less average interpersonal warmth was associated with worse perceptions of resolution, and declining warmth over time was also associated with worse perceptions of resolution. Dominance behaviors were not associated with conflict resolution perceptions. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-09T05:44:12Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241253627
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Authors:Carlos Pérez-Amorós, Juan Carlos Sierra, Pablo Mangas Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The subjective orgasm experience (SOE) refers to the perception, sensation and/or evaluation of orgasm from a psychological point of view, representing an important construct of sexual functioning rarely studied under a dyadic approach. This study analyzed SOE in the contexts of sexual relationships and solitary masturbation in 179 different-sex and same-sex couples. The results indicated the absence of differences in intradyadic discrepancies in SOE dimensions in both sexual contexts, varying according to the type of couple. Besides, the study also highlights the influence of some of these discrepancies of SOE in solitary masturbation on SOE discrepancies in sexual relationships among the members of male-female and female-female couples. Furthermore, the study revealed that the intensity of partners' orgasm experience during solitary masturbation influences the intensity of SOE during sexual relationships, with variations observed based on the type of couple. These findings highlight the importance of considering SOE from a dyadic approach, with the association of orgasmic experience in both sexual contexts gaining relevance, differing according to the couple type. The results also point to the clinical implications of the dyadic effects of such an individual practice as solitary masturbation on shared sexual experiences. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-05-03T09:01:15Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241251860
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Authors:Li Chen-Bouck, Bixi Qiao, Meagan M. Patterson Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This study examined the effects of journaling-based interventions on perceived relationship quality (i.e., mother-adolescent interactions and conflict) and gratitude among Chinese adolescents (ages 12–14 years) and their mothers (N = 339 dyads). Mother-adolescent dyads were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (i.e., gratitude, affection, and control), and kept a daily journal on assigned topics for 21 days. Participants’ mother-adolescent relationship quality and level of gratitude were measured before and after the 21-day period. The findings showed that both the gratitude and affection interventions had positive impacts on mother-adolescent relationship quality (i.e., more positive mother-adolescent interactions and less conflict) with a small to medium effect size for adolescents but no impact for mothers. Gratitude did not change from pre-to post-intervention. The current study provides some preliminary support for implementing gratitude and affection interventions with Chinese adolescents to promote relationship quality, but suggests that the intervention works better for adolescents than mothers. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-29T06:21:51Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241250330
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Authors:Jenny Padilla, Justin Jager, Kimberly A. Updegraff, Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Siblings are ubiquitous in the lives of youth, but sibling conflict is linked to adjustment problems and risky behaviors. To advance understanding of older and younger siblings’ unique and shared perspectives of conflict in Mexican-origin families, our study addressed two goals. First, using Multitrait-Multimethod Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MTMM-CFA; Kenny & Kashy, 1992), we estimated the variance accounted for by older and younger siblings’ unique and shared experiences of the frequency of their conflict. A shared viewpoint indicates commonality in siblings’ reported experiences, whereas a unique perspective encompasses each sibling’s distinct perceptions of their conflict. Second, we examined links between older and younger siblings’ unique and shared conflict factors and each sibling’s depressive symptoms and risky behavior. Participants were two siblings (Mage = 15.48 years for older and Mage = 12.55 years for younger siblings) from 246 Mexican-origin families who were interviewed in their homes. Results indicated that the shared conflict factor accounted for most of the variance in older siblings’ reports of conflict frequency, whereas the unique factor accounted for the largest portion of the variance in younger siblings’ reports. Further, for older siblings, the shared conflict factor was linked to their individual adjustment, whereas for younger siblings, the unique factor predicted their adjustment. Parsing siblings’ reports of the frequency of their relational conflict, specifically the extent to which perspectives overlap versus are distinctive, provides novel insights about the role of siblings’ conflict experiences in youth adjustment. Additionally, it offers directions for future research and has the potential to inform existing sibling conflict programs. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-29T03:24:26Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241249961
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Authors:David L. Rodrigues, A. Catarina Carvalho, Richard O. de Visser, Diniz Lopes, Maria-João Alvarez Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Sexuality education (SE) can be acquired through different sources. In a cross-sectional online study with Spanish and Portuguese participants (N = 595), we examined differences between formal traditional sources (i.e., mandatory SE received in schools), formal modern sources (e.g., SE received in courses), informal traditional sources (e.g., talks with friends and family), and informal modern sources (e.g., pornography and online content) and their contribution to sexual health and well-being outcomes. Results showed that sexual and reproductive health were among the most addressed topics across all sources. Nearly all participants received SE from informal sources, whereas more than two-thirds received SE from formal traditional sources. Results of a linear regression model showed that participants who perceived more influence from formal traditional sources reported using condoms more often, were more focused on disease prevention, and enacted more sexual health communication, but were also less sex-positive. Participants who perceived more influence from both types of informal sources attributed more importance to SE topics but reported having condomless sex more frequently and were more focused on pleasure promotion. Still, participants who perceived more influence from informal traditional sources also endorsed more internal/external consent, were more sexually satisfied, were more sex-positive, and enacted more sexual health practices. Lastly, participants who perceived more influence from informal modern sources were also more likely to have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. Only a small proportion of participants received SE from formal modern sources and had to be excluded from this analysis. Some differences between Spain and Portugal are discussed. Taken together, our findings highlight the need to consider different sources for a more comprehensive and inclusive SE, in articulation with sociocultural and political contexts. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-25T06:17:04Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241249172
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Authors:Dawson E. Boron, Sarah E. Killoren, J. Kale Monk, Avelina Rivero, Jeremy B. Kanter, Christine M. Proulx Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Negative communication between partners can impede the enactment of prosocial, relationship maintenance behaviors. These processes are especially critical to consider for Latine young adults who hold cultural values, like familism, which emphasize the great importance of personal relationships. Using a sample of 475 Latine young adults (M = 24.8 years, SD = 3.22), we examined the moderating role of familism on the association between negative communication (e.g., partners’ propensity to withdraw or criticize during interactions) and relationship maintenance (e.g., affectionate and supportive efforts to sustain the relationship). We found that negative communication was inversely associated with individuals’ own relationship maintenance enactment. However, familism buffered the association between negative communication and relationship maintenance; under conditions of high familism, the association between negative communication and relationship maintenance remained negative, but with a weaker effect than under conditions of low familism. Findings reinforce the negative effects of maladaptive communication in relationships more broadly and highlight the protective role of relationally oriented cultural values. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-25T04:17:50Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241249176
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Authors:Zehua Jiang, Liang Xu, Xiuying Qian Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The present study investigates the relationship between self-esteem, its interactive patterns within couples, and relationship satisfaction. We employed dyadic response surface analysis (DRSA), an advanced method for examining the links between dyadic interaction patterns and outcome variables. Analyzing data from 731 Dutch heterosexual couples from the Longitudinal internet Studies for the Social Sciences data set across short-term (two-month) and long-term (two-year) timeframes, our findings align with previous research. Both actor and partner self-esteem had significant positive effects on relationship satisfaction, indicating that one’s self-esteem is positively associated with outcomes for both oneself and one’s partner. Additionally, we observed an additive effect where the combined self-esteem of a couple was positively associated with satisfaction. However, an actor superiority effect was noted, where individuals were most satisfied when self-reporting higher self-esteem than their partners, suggesting that one’s own self-esteem plays a more crucial role in their relationship perceptions than their partner’s and that self-esteem may not act as a shared resource. We did not find a significant self-esteem similarity effect on relationship satisfaction. These results were consistent in both timeframe analyses, with and without covariate controls. This study contributes to bridging the gap between existing theoretical models by providing novel insights into how self-esteem patterns within couples relates to relationship wellbeing. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-24T07:40:40Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241248829
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Authors:Erin L. Ramsdell, Frances C. Calkins, Rebecca L. Brock Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. The transition to parenthood creates a context for family reorganization that can place couples at risk for declining relationship satisfaction; however, few studies have examined the experiences of parents navigating this transition while parenting other children in the home. Further, there is a critical need to identify factors explaining unique trajectories of relationship satisfaction and determine whether these factors serve similar functions for first-time versus experienced parents. The goal of the present study was to examine relationship satisfaction across the pregnancy-postpartum transition for not only first-time, but also experienced parents, and identify prenatal couple dynamics and contextual factors that explain individual differences in these trajectories across parenting groups. We pursued these aims in a sample of 152 mixed-sex couples, across five waves of data spanning pregnancy to 2 years postpartum. First-time and experienced parents demonstrated unique trajectories of relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood. Greater mutually responsive orientation (i.e., MRO; an established system of attunement, reciprocity, cooperation, and warmth) between partners during pregnancy was associated with higher overall levels of relationship satisfaction spanning pregnancy to 2 years postpartum for first-time mothers and low-income experienced mothers and less relationship satisfaction decline over time for low-income experienced fathers. The present study replicates past work suggesting that experienced parents are also at risk for relationship discord across the pregnancy-postpartum transition and identifies prenatal MRO as a dyadic relationship quality that maintains and promotes satisfaction across this transition, warranting closer attention in future research and interventions. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-23T12:37:03Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241243030
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Authors:Erica Zahl, Sigurd Skjeggestad Dale, Krister Westlye Fjermestad, Torun Marie Vatne Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Parents of children with a disability experience elevated levels of stress compared to parents of typically developing children, which represents a risk for their couple relationship. Research on families where a child has a disability is principally based on mothers. More knowledge is needed about the paternal perspective. We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven fathers (aged 36–54 years) of children with a disability (primary school age to early twenties). We analyzed the material using qualitative conventional content analysis, focusing on participants’ descriptions of couple relationships. We categorized the participants’ descriptions in two main categories: Couplehood and Co-parenting. Throughout the material, partners were described as romantic partners, co-parents, and collaborators. Participants described that couple communication and emotional expression within couples were affected by parenting a child with a disability. Moreover, participants described influence by cultural masculinity norms on their involvement as partners and parents, and on the dynamic within their couple relationships. An uneven division of labor was described. A practice implication is that communication and emotional expression styles within the parental couple should be a key focus when working with families of children with a disability. The findings also suggest more active involvement of fathers in children’s health care. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-18T04:06:41Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241248387
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Authors:Paula R. Pietromonaco, Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall, Giulia Zoppolat, Rhonda N. Balzarini, Richard B. Slatcher Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. We examined whether the impact of the pandemic on couple relationships varied across cultural contexts. Following from studies showing better outcomes (lower disease risk, greater well-being) within cultures higher in tightness (having strong norms promoting conformity) or collectivism (vs. individualism), we predicted that tighter and more collectivistic contexts would be associated with better relationship functioning. Preregistered analyses using existing data collected during the pandemic (N = 2510; 12 countries), indicated, counter to predictions, that individuals from countries higher in tightness or collectivism evidenced greater relationship conflict. Cultural context was unrelated to relationship quality. Stress, attachment insecurity, and perceived partner responsiveness predicted relationship quality during the pandemic, but cultural context generally did not moderate these links. Perceived partner responsiveness, however, predicted relationship quality more strongly within more collectivistic (vs. more individualistic) countries. We discuss possible explanations for these findings, limitations of the data, and the need for larger studies including a broader range of countries, individuals, and cultural contexts. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-18T03:30:23Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241248394
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Authors:Gaëlle Bakhos, Élise Villeneuve, Claude Bélanger, Alison Paradis, Audrey Brassard, Sophie Bergeron, Natacha Godbout Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Parents who have experienced cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma (CCIT, i.e., an accumulation of different types of abuse) tend to experience higher parental stress following the birth of a child. As CCIT is associated with lower levels of partner support, which is linked to increased parental stress, partner support could explain the link between CCIT and parental stress. Yet, these variables have never been studied using a dyadic approach. This study examined the role of received and provided partner support in the association between CCIT and parental stress. A randomly selected sample of 1119 couples with infants completed online questionnaires assessing CCIT, partner support, and parental stress. An actor-partner interdependence model path analysis showed that both parents’ CCIT were associated with increased paternal stress through fathers’ lower received and provided support, and with increased maternal stress through mothers’ received and provided support. Overall, the findings highlight the significance of examining the interdependence between both parents’ experience and the role of partner support as a key factor explaining the link between CCIT and parental stress, thereby emphasizing its importance as an intervention target. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-15T07:38:06Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241246794
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Authors:Gabriel Robles, Yong Gun Lee, Joseph Hillesheim, Daniel Brusche, Jonathan Lopez-Matos, Demetria Cain, Tyrel J. Starks Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Few studies have examined developmentally relevant sources of resilience, such as peer social support, among young sexual minority men (SMM) of color experiencing discrimination and mental health distress. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the role of peer social support in the association between discrimination and mental health distress in a sample of young SMM of color. Ninety-four cisgender young SMM of color (aged 16–29) were recruited through community-based organizations in the New York City metropolitan area as part of an effectiveness trial of a tailored Motivational Interviewing intervention. Participants completed a baseline survey that included measures of school/workplace ethnoracial discrimination, sexual orientation discrimination, peer social support, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results of multivariable models indicated some evidence of the stress-buffering effects of peer social support. School/workplace ethnoracial discrimination was negatively associated with symptoms of anxiety (B = −0.12, SE = 0.03, p < .001) and depression (B = 0.44, SE = 0.15, p = .005) among young SMM of color with lower levels of peer social support. Peer social support did not moderate the association between sexual orientation discrimination and either depression or anxiety. Findings provide some evidence of the protective role of peer social support. We discuss the implications of the results for practice with young SMM of color with mental health distress. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-10T04:02:25Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241245735
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Authors:Lauren Mastroni, Robyn Mooney Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Conspiracy beliefs have been found to have negative real-world consequences that can impact interpersonal relationships; however, this remains an under-researched area. With the current popularity of conspiracy movements such as QAnon, more research into these phenomena is necessary. The present research therefore aimed to explore the impact of QAnon belief on interpersonal relationships. Fifteen participants aged 21–54 (M = 41) with a QAnon-affiliated loved one were interviewed about how QAnon has changed their relationship. Using thematic analysis, four main themes were identified: Malignant Q, Distance, Qonflict, and Attempts at Healing. Participants characterized QAnon as a malignant force in their relationships and communicated with their loved ones less as a result. Although QAnon was a source of conflict and tension for all participants, they were motivated to understand their loved ones. Most participants who still had relationships with their loved ones were motivated to heal or maintain their relationships, while those who no longer did had previously tried many different strategies to save their relationships. These findings provide greater insight into how QAnon can impact relationships, offering fruitful directions for future research examining how individuals can heal from QAnon-afflicted relationships. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-09T11:49:38Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241246124
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Authors:Meghan A. Costello, Natasha A. Bailey, Jessica A. Stern, Joseph P. Allen Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This study examines the development of vulnerable self-disclosure in supportive interactions from ages 13 to 29. A diverse community sample (N = 184; 85 boys 99 girls; 58% white, 29% Black, 13% other identity groups) participated in annual observed interactions with close friends and romantic partners. Participants were observed as they sought and provided support to their best friends each year from age 13 to 18, and as they sought support from their romantic partners from age 19 to 29. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models were used to parse markers of within-individual change in vulnerable self-disclosure observed annually across ages 13 to 18. A follow-up regression model also investigated cascading associations from vulnerable self-disclosure in adolescent friendships to vulnerable self-disclosure in adult romantic relationships. When adolescents sought support, they demonstrated greater-than-expected increases in self-disclosure each year when their best friends demonstrated relatively high self-disclosure. For girls in this sample, when providing support, they demonstrated greater-than-expected decreases in self-disclosure each year when their best friends demonstrated relatively high self-disclosure. Adolescents whose friends disclosed highly to them also tended to express more vulnerability with romantic partners in adulthood. Post-hoc analyses investigate the role of friendship stability and gender as potential moderators of self-disclosure development. The best friendship, a key source of emotional support, serves as a foundational context for learning appropriate use of vulnerable self-disclosure when seeking and providing emotional support, which persists across time and relationships. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-09T10:45:41Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241244821
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Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-08T03:33:17Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241246043
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Authors:Jessica D. Ayers, Jaimie Arona Krems, Athena Aktipis Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Friendship is a unique and underexplored area of human sociality. Research suggests that humans have preferences for characteristics in their friends that maximize the benefits of these relationships. Yet, whereas more friends might increase friendship benefits, humans also have limited time, resources, and energy to invest in finding high-quality friends, making it likely that the nature of these preferences differs depending on the resources an individual has available to invest in this goal. Across two studies (total N = 693), we investigated how this trade-off may function by investigating the nature of friendship preferences. In Study 1, we utilized the budget paradigm method from behavioral economics to investigate the necessities and luxuries in friendship preferences. In Study 2, we replicated these preferences with a novel method and extended our investigation into understanding the hierarchical nature of these preferences. Taken together, our results provide a promising starting point for research investigating trade-offs between necessities and luxuries in friendship preferences. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-01T07:55:47Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241243341
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Authors:Maria Kaźmierczak, Paulina Pawlicka, Paulina Anikiej-Wiczenbach, Ariadna Łada-Maśko, Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Emotional empathy has been linked to prosocial behaviors and is deemed crucial for parenting and caring for infants. This study examined whether emotional empathy (dispositional and in response to infant crying) is associated with sensitive responsiveness, as observed in 221 heterosexual couples (half of whom were expecting their first child) during a standardized caregiving situation. Simulators resembling real infants were used. Caregiving performed by each partner individually and as a couple was observed using the Ainsworth sensitivity scale. The partners rated their own empathy and their perceived partner’s empathy toward the infant simulator. The Polish version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to measure dispositional emotional empathy (empathic concern, EC; personal distress, PD). Multilevel modeling showed that self-reported and partner-reported empathy elicited by the infant simulator mediated the association between dispositional empathic concern and sensitive responsiveness during caretaking. Women were more empathic and responsive while caring for the infant simulator, and couple sensitive responsiveness was predicted by higher dispositional EC and lower PD in women but not in men. Our findings suggest that dispositional empathy and empathic reactions toward an infant simulator might translate into better adjustment to parenthood and more responsive parenting and coparenting. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-04-01T01:47:53Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241240078
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Authors:Yafit Cohen, Naor Demeter, Chaya Koren Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Late-life divorce is increasing in the Western world, including among family-oriented societies like Israel in which the most common family status for older adults (age 60 years and older) is being in a heterosexual long-term marriage with adult children. Within a life-course framework, we use both dyadic and individual interview analysis to explore the process that led to the timing of late-life divorce. Understanding this process from dyadic and individual perspectives could strengthen knowledge regarding this expanding phenomenon in family-oriented societies and could contribute to developing targeted interventions and policies for such couples. Semi-structured interviews were conducted separately with 44 heterosexual ex-spouses comprised of 10 dyads (n = 20) and 24 individuals (n = 13 women; n = 11 men). The divorces were mostly after age 60 and followed a long-term marriage with children. Two themes emerged from the analysis: the long-term phase of divorce delay despite longstanding motivations, and the moment of final decision with its various background accelerators. The discussion addresses intersections between personal time, family time, and social/cultural time related to divorce, and between intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects. Implications for family gerontology are presented. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-30T04:26:26Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241243032
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Authors:Abby I. Person, Patricia A. Frazier, Alicia M. Selvey-Bouyack, Samantha L. Anders, Sandra L. Shallcross, Jeffry A. Simpson Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Background: Research on the relation between sexual assault (SA) and romantic functioning has yielded inconsistent results. The goals of the current studies were to examine this association while addressing limitations of past research; assessing revictimization, multiple victimization, and assault timing; and examining whether this association was moderated by neuroticism, attachment orientations, or perceived partner responsiveness. Design and Methods: College students (Study 1; N = 437) and community members (Study 2; N = 566) completed measures assessing SA, romantic functioning, attachment, neuroticism, and partner responsiveness. Study 2 used a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected via online surveys in psychology courses (Study 1) and on Prolific (Study 2). Results: In Study 1, SA was not associated with romantic functioning and this association was not moderated by attachment or neuroticism. In Study 2, SA survivors reported significantly poorer relationship quality and less partner trust, but not less sexual satisfaction. However, significant effects were small. Partner responsiveness did not moderate these associations, and revictimization, multiple victimizations, and assault recency were not related to poorer functioning. In qualitative data, the most common response was that the SA had not affected participants’ relationships. Conclusions: Relationships may be one area in which SA survivors demonstrate resilience. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-27T05:03:25Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241241496
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Authors:Jingrun Lin, Jessica A. Stern, Joseph P. Allen, James A. Coan Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Objective: Early life experiences, including attachment-related experiences, inform internal working models that guide adult relationship behaviors. Few studies have examined the association between adolescent attachment and adult relationship behavior on a neural level. The current study examined attachment in adolescence and its associations with neural correlates of relationship behaviors in adulthood. Method: 85 participants completed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) at age 14. Ten years later, at age 24, participants underwent functional brain image when participants were under the threat of electric shock alone, holding the hand of a stranger, or their partner. Results: We found that adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 showed increased activation in regions commonly associated with cognitive, affective, and reward processing when they held the hand of their partner and stranger compared to being alone. Adolescents with higher preoccupied attachment scores showed decreased activation in similar regions only during the stranger handholding condition compared to being alone. Conclusions: These findings suggest that adolescent attachment predicts adult social relationship behaviors on a neural level, in regions largely consistent with previous literature. Broadly, this study has implications for understanding long-term links between attachment and adult relationship behaviors and has potential for informing intervention. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-22T05:33:10Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241239604
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Authors:Xian Zhao, Omri Gillath, Itziar Alonso-Arbiol, Amina Abubakar, Byron G. Adams, Frédérique Autin, Audrey Brassard, Rodrigo J. Carcedo, Or Catz, Cecilia Cheng, Tamlin S. Conner, Tasuku Igarashi, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Shanmukh Kamble, Gery Karantzas, Rafael Emilio Mendía-Monterroso, João M. Moreira, Tobias Nolte, Willibald Ruch, Sandra Sebre, Angela Suryani, Semira Tagliabue, Qi Xu, Fang Zhang Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Drawing on the literature on person-culture fit, we investigated how culture (assessed as national-level familism), personality (tapped by attachment styles) and their interactions predicted social network characteristics in 21 nations/areas (N = 2977). Multilevel mixed modeling showed that familism predicted smaller network size but greater density, tie strength, and multiplexity. Attachment avoidance predicted smaller network size, and lower density, tie strength, and multiplexity. Attachment anxiety was related to lower density and tie strength. Familism enhanced avoidance’s association with network size and reduced its association with density, tie strength, and multiplexity. Familism also enhanced anxiety’s association with network size, tie strength, and multiplexity. These findings contribute to theory building on attachment and culture, highlight the significance of culture by personality interaction for the understanding of social networks, and call attention to the importance of sampling multiple countries. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-19T11:59:46Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241237939
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Authors:Yuan Fang, Jing Liu, Borui Zhang, Man Lau, Ying Fung Ho, Yaxi Yang, Yan Shi, Eric Tsz Chun Poon, Andy Choi Yeung Tse, Fenghua Sun Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Growing evidence indicates that family-based mind-body therapy programs (FMBTs) act as an important alternative for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment in the youth with minimal side-effects. Moreover, FMBTs contribute to improving the family functioning of those affected by ADHD. To summarize and analyze the benefits and mechanisms, an extensive literature search of the EBSCOhost, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted to identify eligible studies. Fifteen studies published between 2010–2023 were reviewed. The included FMBTs were implemented with 850 children/adolescents and 996 parents/caregivers, of whom 201 parent couples attended the programs together with their children. All included FMBTs adopted mindfulness/meditation as the core practice to enhance the participants’ mental focus and attention, and were designed for long-term engagement, with six including parent–child joint session(s). Positive changes were observed in both children and adolescents, including improvements in ADHD symptoms, behavioral problems, executive function, and school performance. Additionally, parents experienced positive changes in ADHD traits/symptoms, mental health, and parenting behaviors. Furthermore, FMBTs were found to enhance family functioning by delivering mindful strategies to family, restoring psychological capacity and interpersonal skills in family members, and improving parent–child relationships. The reviewed FMBTs demonstrated high levels of feasibility and participant satisfaction. The factors and issues potentially influencing the effectiveness and feasibility of FMBTs are also discussed. The findings indicate that FMBT holds promise as an ADHD treatment option in home settings. Future efforts may focus on optimizing the design of FMBTs to better address the diverse needs of families in varying circumstances. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-18T03:12:24Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241239878
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Authors:Michael Fitzgerald, Viktoria Papp Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Childhood maltreatment influences adult physical health through cascading effects over the life course and it is critical to identify intervening processes. Marital quality has significant implications for adult physical health via cognitive, emotional, and behavioral pathways and may be a viable pathway. Given that cardiometabolic biomarkers are associated with the leading causes of death in the United States, the current study longitudinally investigated marital quality, health locus of control, and eating habits in a serial mediation model linking childhood maltreatment to high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Using a sample of 352 adults from the study of Midlife Development in the United States, we used three waves of data to test our hypotheses. Results of structural equation models indicate that although all the hypothesized direct effects were statistically significant, the serial indirect effects were non-significant. Childhood maltreatment was associated with a lower quality marriage, marital quality was associated with higher levels of health locus of control which, in turn, was associated with healthier eating habits. Finally, healthier eating habits were associated with greater HDL, but not lower LDL. Additionally, marital quality exerted a direct effect on LDL and mediated the relationship between maltreatment and LDL, but not HDL. For researchers, marital quality appears to be a mechanism linking childhood maltreatment to cardiometabolic biomarkers, yet health locus of control and eating habits do not appear to have strong effects. For clinicians, strengthening the couple relationship among survivors of maltreatment appears to have health promotive effects over time. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-04T08:56:58Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241235966
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Authors:Bernardo P. Cavalheiro, Marília Prada, David L. Rodrigues Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Research has shown that emoji can determine how interlocutors who use emoji are perceived (e.g., warmer) and can help complement written communication (e.g., clarify the meaning of a message). We argue that reciprocal emoji use may be particularly beneficial for user perceptions and communication outcomes. In two experiments (N = 568), we examined if using emoji, and reciprocating emoji use, in a work context (i.e., message between colleagues) influenced inferences about interlocutors and communication outcomes (Study 1), and if such effects differed according to the level of conflict between interlocutors (Study 2). Study 1 showed that using (vs. ) resulted in higher perceptions of warmth, playfulness, and message’s positivity, whereas no benefits of using (vs. ) were observed. Likewise, reciprocating emoji use ( vs. no emoji) resulted in higher perceptions of warmth, playfulness, and communication positivity. Study 2 showed only an effect of conflict in the scenario, such that, regardless of reciprocal emoji use, in the lower (vs. higher) conflict situation, perceptions of the interlocutor (e.g., warmer, more competent, more playful), and the conversation (e.g., messages more positive, less confrontational) were more favorable. Overall, our results reinforce the importance of emoji valence for person perception and communication outcomes, while also suggesting some emoji may not impact communication under specific circumstances (e.g., during situations of conflict). Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-03-04T03:31:46Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075231219032
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Authors:Danny Rahal, Armaan Singh Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Receiving emotional support can improve one’s emotional well-being, but findings have been mixed regarding whether providing emotional support to friends and family can also improve the provider’s emotional well-being. Providing emotional support could be impactful during the COVID-19 pandemic, when individuals may be particularly in need of emotional support and social connection. Therefore, the present study assessed whether providing emotional support was related to role fulfillment and enhanced emotional well-being on a day-to-day basis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 167; Mage = 20.42, SD = 2.30; 73.1% female; 40.1% Asian, 18. 6% Latinx, 16.8% white) completed up to eight daily checklists (Mchecklists = 6.54, SD = 2.10) in which they reported whether they provided emotional support to their friends and to their parents, their role fulfillment (i.e., the extent to which they felt like a good son/daughter and friend), and the degree of positive and negative emotion they were feeling. Participants reported higher positive emotion and lower negative emotion on days when they provided emotional support to friends, but not to parents, with potentially stronger associations in-person than virtually. Participants also reported higher role fulfillment as a good son/daughter and a good friend on days when they provided emotional support, and role fulfillment significantly mediated associations between providing emotional support and daily emotion. Taken together, results suggested that providing emotional support to friends—particularly in-person—was related to better emotional well-being by promoting a sense of role fulfillment as a good friend. Providing emotional support may provide one means for reinforcing social relationships and promoting emotional well-being during times of social isolation. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-02-28T03:02:46Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241234823
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Authors:Tabea Wolf, Lisa Nusser Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Previous studies provide some evidence that recalling positive autobiographical memories can foster feelings of intimacy in social relationships. The present research aimed to extend this finding by examining the effects of negative relationship memories on current feelings of intimacy. In Study 1, 71 adults recalled either two positive or two negative events experienced with their partner. Intimacy (feelings of warmth, relationship closeness) was measured before and after remembering. Relationship closeness increased after recalling positive relationship memories, whereas feelings of warmth were reduced after the recall of negative relationship memories. In Study 2, 187 adults recalled two relationship conflicts and rated intimacy toward their partner (feelings of warmth, relationship closeness) before and after remembering. Replicating the findings of Study 1, we found feelings of warmth to be reduced after the recall of relationship conflicts. Relationship closeness was likely to decrease the more conflicts were considered personally significant and the more a person had used self-distraction to regulate their emotions during the conflict. Future research may identify personal characteristics that could explain why, for some people, the recall of negative relationship memories is hurtful, whereas it brings others closer to their partner. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-02-27T06:44:36Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241235962
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Authors:Lindsey A. Beck, Edward P. Lemay, Celeste S. Witting Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. This research provides a conceptual replication and theoretical extension of the mutual cyclical growth model. This model proposes that dependence promotes relationship commitment, which promotes pro-relationship behavior, which—when detected by partners—promotes partners’ trust, which promotes partners’ willingness to depend on the relationship. Prior research supports these links on a month-to-month basis, but romantic partners’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors may change on a day-to-day basis. The present research sought to replicate the model on a daily level, and to extend the model with an important potential moderator: individuals’ attachment orientations. Results from a dyadic daily-report study of romantic couples replicated the links in the mutual cyclical growth model at the level of day-to-day fluctuations in partners’ experiences; the links were especially strong for individuals high in attachment anxiety. This research provides insight into mechanisms through which close relationships develop and strengthen. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-02-24T06:53:19Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241235335
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Authors:Connor E. Leshner, Jessica R. Johnson Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Incremental advancements in technology present researchers with opportunities to examine and predict human behavior before the integration of technology into daily life. Previous studies have identified trends in both the design and reception of current social robotic technologies, including gender biases and social “othering”, which may affect how humans interact with more advanced robotic technologies in the future. The aim of the current study was to explore whether preconceived beliefs about gender inequality, interest in casual sex, and social hierarchies would relate individuals’ interest in engaging in platonic friendships (“robofriendship”) or sexual relationships (“robosexuality”) with hypothetical human-like robots. Two-hundred and twelve participants completed an online survey measuring gender, ambivalent sexism, social dominance orientation, and sociosexual orientation in relation to individuals’ interest in both robofriendship and robosexuality. It was found that hostile sexism positively predicted interest in robosexuality, particularly for men (β = .16, b = .27, 95% CI [.03, .30], t(209) = 2.364, p = .019). Conversely, hostile sexism negatively predicted robofriendship, and significant interactions effects were found in that at lower levels of SDO, women maintained greater interest in robofriendship than men (β = .26, b = .54, 95% CI [.09, .99], t(208) = −2.235, p = .02). The current study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that preconceived beliefs about social hierarchy and gender inequality may impact romantic and platonic interactions between humans and robots. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-02-19T03:23:38Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241234377
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Authors:Aryn M. Dotterer, Melissa Ferguson, Shawn D. Whiteman Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Discrimination because of one’s stigmatized identities and personal characteristics can thwart healthy adolescent development. Little is known about the role of disclosure, including whether adolescents talk about their discrimination experiences with close relational partners (i.e., parents, siblings, friends) and whether disclosure mitigates the negative effects of discrimination. Addressing this gap, this study investigated links between adolescents’ perceptions of discrimination in multiple settings (from teachers at school, from peers at school, and online) and indicators of adolescent well-being (i.e., depressive symptoms, positive identity/values, school trouble, and school bonding), and tested whether disclosure of discrimination experiences moderated these associations. Survey data from 395 parent-adolescent dyads (33% African American/Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and White, respectively) were analyzed using mixed model ANOVAs and multiple regression. Perceived discrimination was generally associated with less positive identity/values, more trouble at school and less school bonding; however, disclosure of discrimination mitigated some of these deleterious links. Adolescents’ close relationships that promote disclosure therefore represent an important context that can provide protective benefits and ensure youth garner the resources and support they need for optimal development. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-02-13T04:33:17Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241233486
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Authors:Inês M. Tavares, Yvonne N. Brandelli, Samantha J. Dawson, Emily Impett, Anik Debrot, Natalie O. Rosen Abstract: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Ahead of Print. Touch is a universal nonverbal action often used by romantic partners to demonstrate affection and care for each other. Attitudes toward touch might be particularly relevant across periods of relational strain—such as the transition to parenthood—when couples face many novel stressors and shifting priorities which can interfere with their sexual and affectionate experiences. New parent couples (N = 203) completed self-report measures online across six time-points (two prenatal). We tested whether couples’ attitudes toward touch (touch aversion, touch for affection, touch for emotion regulation) at baseline (20 weeks mid-pregnancy) predicted their frequency of sexual and affectionate behaviors from mid-pregnancy through 12-month postpartum. Both partners’ more positive attitudes toward touch (i.e., for affection and emotion regulation) and lower aversive attitudes toward touch, as measured in mid-pregnancy, predicted couples’ higher frequency and variety of sexual and affectionate behaviors at 3-month postpartum. Touch attitudes generally did not predict the degree of change in the frequency or variety of sexual or affectionate behaviors, with one exception: non-birthing parents’ more positive attitudes toward touch for emotion regulation in mid-pregnancy predicted a slower decline in couples’ affectionate behaviors across pregnancy. Findings underscore a link between new parents’ attitudes toward touch and their subsequent sexual and affectionate behaviors, particularly in the early postpartum period. New parents need to navigate novel sexual changes and a nonverbal strategy such as touch might be useful to promote intimacy and care. Citation: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships PubDate: 2024-02-13T04:16:07Z DOI: 10.1177/02654075241232704