Hybrid journal * Containing 4 Open Access article(s) in this issue * ISSN (Print) 0144-333X - ISSN (Online) 1758-6720 Published by Emerald[362 journals]
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Authors:Phiwokazi Qoza Abstract: This article concerns itself with generating a means of understanding platform-mediated work in South Africa through how it is organized on OnlyFans. It explores how Black South African youth are using digital platforms to negotiate their labour market participation in a country that has one of the highest unemployment rates in the world. This paper is derived from fieldwork conducted between 2022 and 2023 in pursuance of a doctorate, in African Feminist Studies, at the University of Cape Town. The methods, such as in-depth semi-structured interviews, employed fall within Qualitative Research. Data were analysed through the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) – which is theoretically grounded in Hermeneutics (the interpretation) and Phenomenology (of experience). The findings highlight the work done to create content and the social media integration that goes into building a following, marketing content, cultivating relationships with subscribers and managing online presence across social media platforms. This interrelated process requires both entrepreneurial acumen and digital marketplace literacies because platform or Gig economies shift managerial responsibilities of developing performance areas to the workers. The paper contrasts the promise of autonomy and empowerment with the realities of competition and algorithmic control by highlighting the importance of reputation management, the complexities of trust, and the persistent need to balance platform work with other jobs and domestic responsibilities. Finally, the article considers the potential for delayed gratification through residual income generation on OnlyFans. It posits the possibility of the revenue payable to creators accumulating beyond initial distribution challenges the overarching theme of income insecurity within platforms, because the services platform labourers offer can have more than one utility value, when their labouring circulates beyond the point of initial sale to the established audience, further drawing in new audiences who consume the labouring in perpetuity and accruing residuals that can enrich platform labourers in an uncertain future date. The stigma that is, unfortunately, attached to sex work likely influenced who was willing to participate in this research and the extent to which participants were willing to share certain aspects of their experiences. Participants’ decisions to use pseudonyms across digital sexual spaces and to selectively disclose their OnlyFans work to their interpersonal networks highlight the sensitivity of the topic and the potential for social desirability bias in their responses. They might have been hesitant to fully disclose negative experiences or the full extent of risks they face due to fear of judgement or repercussions. The research highlights the need for Digital Marketplace Literacies to inform regulation. Cultivating these literacies could potentially help workers connect their precarity to platform affordances. The research challenges the notion of absolute precarity by raising the existence of continuous income generation through residuals. The research criticizes how platforms provide economic opportunities, particularly for marginalized youth who bear the burdens of social reproduction but face systemic exclusion from the formal economy, whilst also making platform labourers adhere to stringent terms and conditions, algorithmic management and constant pressure to labour online and offline. To date, there is no research on how the emergence and growth of OnlyFans is occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. This article seeks to fill that gap in by exploring the lived experiences of OnlyFans creators domiciled in South Africa, who create content and distribute it across digital sexual spaces, to understand how the opportunities and risks that have been associated with platform and Gig economies manifest in this context. It elaborates on how OnlyFans content creators establish themselves against the institutional cultures of Gig and platform economies which embed informal labour dynamics into a landscape that is further structured by rigid terms of service. To do so, they must balance the risks, such as hypervisibility, algorithmic management and unpaid labour, posed with the opportunities, such as flexibility, autonomy and residual income, presented by the digital sexual spaces marketplace. The overall positive appraisal of OnlyFans, as a preferred employer, is directly linked to how segmented the South African labour market is. That is, economic opportunities presented by platforms make it difficult for participants to associate their precarity with platform affordances. Thus, there is need to cultivate digital marketplace literacies in ways that can inform regulating the labour market as it shifts between informality and formality and transforms due to hybridization. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0614 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Lukman Raimi Abstract: This study reviews the literature on shadow and gig economy models to highlight their effects on entrepreneurship and business development in emerging markets. In particular, it examines how these models create opportunities for income generation and employment while operating outside formal regulatory frameworks and also assesses the regulatory and socio-economic factors that influence their success. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) following the PRISMA protocol, 33 relevant and impactful articles published between 2000 and 2024 were analysed. The study synthesises findings on shadow and gig economy practices to answer key research questions about their role in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation. The results reveal three key findings. First, the models of the gig and shadow economies encourage economic participation and entrepreneurial innovation, especially among underrepresented groups, but they also present difficulties like job insecurity and unofficial working conditions. The success of these models is also greatly influenced by socio-economic and regulatory factors, with adaptive frameworks enhancing worker protection and innovation. Third, measures like collective efforts, investments in digital infrastructure and flexible regulations are essential for both economic models to grow sustainably. Policymakers and stakeholders should create clear regulatory frameworks that protect workers’ rights while promoting business innovation. Investments in technology, digital infrastructure and inclusive skills development can improve participation and productivity. Collaborative initiatives are critical for mitigating risks and ensuring ethical practices in the shadow and gig economies. Unlike previous conceptual and theoretical studies, this study offers new perspectives through a clear conceptual framework that explains the dual role in entrepreneurship and business development. It also provides useful information for scholars and policymakers in emerging markets. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0638 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Maurizio Avola, Rosalia Giuga Abstract: This article aims to apply the theoretical framework of Inequality of Educational Opportunities (IEO) to the participation in international mobility programmes such as Erasmus (International Credit Mobility – ICM) of Italian university students. In particular, we aim to verify if the probability of experiencing ICM is associated with the students’ social class of origin, on one side, and with certain geographical dimensions of inequality – namely, macro-area of residence before university enrolment, macro-area of university attended, previous experience of internal mobility – on the other. The analytical strategy of this article is based on the assumption of the intergenerational transmission of social inequalities as defined by the Origin-Education-Destination (OED) triangle proposed by Blau and Duncan (1967). To answer our research questions and verify our hypotheses, we run a set of logit models using a wide representative dataset of Italian graduates, where the dependent variable is the participation in international mobility programmes during university. Our analysis clearly shows that participation in international mobility programmes during university is positively associated with the students’ social class of origin. Moreover, the results highlight a significant impact of all the dimensions of geographical inequality considered on the probability of experiencing ICM. Lastly, the disadvantage related to social origin and those associated to geographical dimensions appear to accumulate. Differently to the traditional approach to ICM, this article introduces an original dimension of IEO by showing that geographical location—both of residence and study—can play a relevant role in shaping students’ opportunities to participate in international mobility programmes. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0630 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Borbála Kovács, Jeremy Morris, Anne Sophie Grauslund Abstract: The purpose of this study is to use ethnographic immersion in low-discretion bureaucratic contexts to explore how performative communication affects welfare bureaucracy outcomes in two European contexts. Comparative ethnographic study of face-to-face welfare bureaucratic encounters between frontline workers and new parents claiming and/or receiving universal family entitlements in Denmark and Romania, using a most-different comparative design. Irrespective of discretion, “successful” bureaucratic interactions are judged based on demeanour (performative agency). This judgement carries over to general dispositions towards the welfare state. A performative taxonomy of welfare bureaucrats involved in the delivery of universal and contributory family services and benefits helps explain perceived outcomes of face-to-face frontline welfare encounters. The paper also argues for moving beyond logocentrism in ethnographic studies of street-level welfare work towards a more encompassing understanding of language. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0520 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Oxana Krutova Abstract: As a result of the ageing population, the pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the energy crisis, the labour market has experienced unprecedented expressions of external and internal change. In working life, nothing is the same, especially regarding the mobility of the workforce, the forms of work organisation and the employees’ influence and well-being. Considering these factors, in this article, we aim to investigate the connections between part-time work, well-being and the attractiveness of work for employees from the perspective of organisational restructuring. The data for this study were based on the European Working Conditions Survey from 1991 to 2015. Since its launch in 1990, the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) has provided an overview of working conditions in Europe. The data for Finland contained 5,646 respondents. A gneralised linear model (GLM) was used with the Gaussian family for odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The results showed that workers in restructured organisations are less satisfied with working conditions than workers in organisations without restructuring. These associations were even higher if the number of hours (OR 1.15, CI 1.06, 1.24), salary (OR 1.14, CI 1.06, 1.23) and the amount of influence over your work (OR 1.15, CI 1.07, 1.24) have changed during the last 12 months. These associations were slightly lower in the models, and they were additionally adjusted for the existence of part-time work. In restructured organisations, part-time work seems to be associated with worsening job satisfaction but improving employee well-being. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-01-2025-0004 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:M.B. Saikrishna Abstract: This study explores the lived experiences of gig economy workers balancing unpaid caregiving responsibilities and gig work, examining how these responsibilities serve as a key source of role conflict and emotional strain. It highlights the flexibility paradox, where the promised autonomy of gig work amplifies scheduling tensions, role overload, and coping mechanisms. Using a qualitative interpretative phenomenological approach and the Gioia methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 gig workers engaged in unpaid care responsibilities. The study applies Role Strain Theory, integrating algorithmic-mediated role strain, to analyse how platform algorithms exacerbate role conflicts and caregiving strain. The study reveals a persistent flexibility paradox, where gig work’s promised autonomy amplifies role conflict and emotional strain. Participants reported physical exhaustion, scheduling pressures, and cognitive overload due to unpredictable gig work demands and caregiving responsibilities. Despite limited institutional support, workers employed adaptive coping mechanisms, such as micro-tasking and time prioritization, often at the cost of well-being and financial stability. This research bridges the gap between gig work and unpaid care literature, extending the Role Strain Theory by contextualizing it within algorithmic labour dynamics. It challenges the dominant assumption that gig work inherently provides flexibility and offers practical and policy-driven recommendations to create equitable support systems for gig workers managing caregiving duties. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0627 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Mustafa Cabir Altıntaş Abstract: Assyrians in Türkiye position their existence on a religious basis and perform their rituals in daily life accordingly. The paper aims to examine Assyrian practices ranging from marriage to child rearing, family practices and education. However, the family has played an important role in social policy via shaping the Assyrian society in social sharing areas, religion and education institutions, and communication channels. The paper aims to fill the gap in the literature and to serve as a source for future studies. The paper used interview and observation techniques from qualitative methods. Data were collected through semi-structured and open-ended interviews with 15 people through 8 Assyrian families living in the Idil district of Sirnak province. The collected data were analyzed by the thematic analysis method. The paper investigates how the religion shapes Assyrian culture, worldview and social policy, family relations, the importance of the family and its role in the mechanism of producing the daily system, and how the process of transferring family relations to future generations works. Additionally, the impact of religious education on understanding family relationships and shaping this process was also explored. The Assyrian family plays a key role in building, passing down, preserving and sustaining religious identity, education and social values. The scarcity of studies investigating family relationships shaped by worldviews and religious education within the scope of Assyrianism studies makes this research important. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0478 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Ganesh Prasad Niraula, Shreekrishna Kharel, Bhawani Prasad Mainali Abstract: The research aims to examine the relationship between training and development practices and employee engagement, with perceived organizational support (POS) as a moderating variable. This study utilized the cross-sectional research design and a positivist epistemology, based on cross-sectional data collected from 404 bank employees across 10 commercial banks, with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Smart-PLS) was used to evaluate the proposed model and hypotheses, while construct reliability and validity were confirmed through convergent and discriminant validity. The results reveal that training effectiveness, managerial support and job alignment are significantly associated with employee engagement. Additionally, perceived organizational support (POS) has a minimal yet significant moderating effect on the relationships between training effectiveness, managerial support and job alignment with employee engagement. This study empirically examines the moderating role of perceived organizational support (POS) in the relationship between training and development practices and employee engagement in the banking sector. The findings offer valuable insights for bank management, indicating that strategic training and development initiatives, along with efforts to enhance POS, can significantly boost employee engagement. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0642 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Hira Amin, Logan Cochrane, Nouf Al-Kaabi Abstract: There have been significant ruptures in family formation and dynamics in the Arabian Gulf. Scholars usually outline the following key determinants: educational reform and the labour market, particularly for women; urbanization; technology uptake; migration, and population demographics; as well as globalization general. Few studies explore the impact of rapid development on the faith and family nexus. This study is based on a bottom-up, granular approach using semi-structured, photo-voice interviews with thirty young male and female Qataris aged between 18 and 35 from diverse backgrounds. It aims to explore shifts in Qatari youth in terms of their identities, worldviews and aspirations and the role of Islam, family and society in this process. Young Qataris, along with their parents, are rethinking and reconceptualising Qatari traditions including the Islamic faith, in the context of the modern, globalising world. This includes nuanced changes, such as demarcating the boundaries between what is considered unacceptable under religious law (haram) and what is considered unacceptable in Qatari Arab customs (aib), as well as critically reflecting on sources of authority, particularly imported paradigms from the West, leading to novel – not necessarily liberal – imaginations for future pathways. The family unit is one of the key sites where this is happening. The World Values Survey labels Qatar as one of the most traditional societies in the world, marked by strong family ties and religious adherence. A qualitative perspective, however, adds depth and sheds light on the subtle and concrete signals of change. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0473 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Olga Breskaya Abstract: The study aims to examine the relationship between the Parental Religious Socialization Index (PRSI) and individual autonomy concerning religious freedom, comparing the role of family agency with that of broader social networks. How does religious upbringing shape the experiences of young Nones in societies with differing secularization paths, such as Italy and Russia' To explore this question, the PRSI is introduced and tested for validity on a sample of university students (N = 1810, including 645 Nones). The findings suggest that country of origin plays a role in how Nones perceive the significance of the PRSI, with Russian Nones displaying slightly higher levels of endorsement. Regarding religious freedom, Italian Nones showed the strongest support for the freedom to choose one’s religious or non-religious identity and to speak openly about religious matters. In contrast, Russian Nones prioritized the values of human dignity, the search for individual truth and the pursuit of personal spiritual fulfillment. Additionally, for Russian Nones, the PRSI is associated with the support of the idea of human dignity as connected to religious freedom, and in the Italian case, the stronger association is found between the PRSI and frequency of worship. Social networks appear to play a more significant role than the child–parent relations in shaping more autonomous positions in religious matters in both samples. The results are discussed in comparison with groups adhering to majority religions. The results highlight certain limitations, particularly the absence of longitudinal data to track long-term trends in religious socialization and the lack of control for parents’ religious backgrounds, which could provide a more nuanced understanding of intergenerational religious shifts. Another limitation is the overrepresentation of women (more than 70% of respondents), which may influence responses on topics such as gender and religious leadership. These findings have important implications for social institutions, particularly in creating pluralistic spaces that foster the development and respect of “diverse sensibilities” and encouraging dialogue between secular and religious worldviews (Breskaya et al., 2024). In particular, religious education classrooms – where social justice, morality, respect for difference, and religious equality are central aims – play a crucial role in equipping young people with “a language to articulate their perspectives or a grammar to enter into meaningful conversation with others” (Strhan and Shillitoe, 2022, p. 271). Our study suggests that at least two key factors are crucial in addressing the research question of this study: (1) the perceived importance of child-family communication and the specific ways in which secular or religious worldviews are transmitted at home, and (2) the role of the social milieu and broader social networks in filling gaps in the formation of individual choices and autonomy in matters of religion. Current studies on Nones highlight the need for a more detailed examination of their sociodemographic, political, economic and spiritual-religious characteristics. Our research suggests that it is particularly important to explore the extent to which Nones’ choices regarding (non)religion are deliberate and autonomous, as well as the kinds of experiences they bring to young people. Our findings raise important questions about what is actually transmitted through religious upbringing – is it primarily religious family identity, a break from previous religious affiliations, or the development of individual autonomy in shaping one’s spiritual experiences and worldview' Furthermore, what role does the family play in fostering individuals – whether spiritual, religious or secular – who value personal choice and autonomy' Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0510 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Sonya Sharma Abstract: Sociologists of religion continue to prioritise parent–child socialisation in research on families and religion. In doing so, other kinds of family relationships that also influence faith practices can go unnoticed. I therefore propose a lateral reading of religion and intimate ties between siblings, specifically adult sisters. Research on this group is limited with much of sibling research focusing on younger cohorts. Explorations of faith and intimacy among sisters are also scant. Drawing on 23 biographical interviews with adult women who were based in the UK, identified as sisters, in a sister relationship and as a practicing Muslim or Christian, I examine intersections of faith and intimacy. I employ a feminist standpoint and lived religion approach along with conceptualisations of practices of intimacy from family sociologists to analyse adult sister experiences. Overlapping themes of religion and intimacy between sisters are discussed which reveal faith as a source of intimate connection, sisters as everyday sources of support and care, religion as part of the everyday fabric of sister relations and that sisters’ differing religious identities can offer a lens onto society’s changing relationship to religion. In offering a lateral vantage point, I foreground the co-constitutive shaping of faith and intimacy among adult sisters which contributes to sociological knowledge on families and religion. Consideration of religion and intimacy among adult sister relationships also raises important points for social policy on care especially in mid and late adulthood. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-09-2024-0422 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Getrude Dadirai Gwenzi Abstract: Adults with care experience often struggle to make sense of their family relationships owing to adverse childhood experiences (ACES). This study analysed motifs of faith and spirituality in how care leavers made sense of the concept of “family” in their lives. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 45 adult care leavers Harare, Zimbabwe. A thematic analysis brought out recurring ideas of faith and spirituality that influenced participants’ family constructions. The Church played a functional role in care leavers’ lives providing support and care. Faith-based residential care facilities engaged in group spiritual practices, such as going to Church together, praying and worshiping together, which fall within the contemporary concept of “family practices” and allowed care leavers to view unrelated caregivers as “family” based on shared experiences. Finally having faith in God was described as an anchoring force when dealing with the hardships of adulthood in the absence of biological family and state support. These findings have implications for social policy around the role of faith-based institutions in child welfare. The investigation of the role of faith and spirituality in care-experienced lives is an emerging area of study. This study explores the role of faith and spirituality in care leavers interpersonal lives, which contributes to studies of care leavers’ personal lives. As a marginalized group of young people, their voices are crucial in informing social policy around their care after leaving public state care. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-09-2024-0438 Issue No:Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print (2025)
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Authors:Hafte Gebreselassie Gebrihet, Yibrah Hagos Gebresilassie Abstract: This study examines the drivers of rural-urban disparities in household food insecurity in war-affected settings, offering critical insights into targeted policy interventions. Using cross-sectional data from 1,800 rural and urban households in Tigray, this study applied the Food Insecurity Access Scale (FIAS) and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) to measure food insecurity. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition technique was also used to identify the factors underlying rural–urban disparities. The findings revealed that armed conflict exacerbated food insecurity, affecting 73% of households based on FIES estimates, with prevalence rates of 34.33% in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The decomposition analysis attributed 67% (FIAS) and 56% (FIES) of rural–urban disparities to factors such as household age, education level, access to humanitarian aid and employment status. However, gender, marital status, household size, dependency ratio and war-induced damage intensified the rural–urban gap. Addressing rural–urban disparities in food insecurity presents an opportunity to design targeted, context-specific interventions that enhance equity and effectiveness. This study underscores the urgent need for inclusive food security policies that address the distinct challenges experienced by rural and urban households in conflict-affected regions. This study offers a novel analysis of rural–urban food insecurity disparities in a post-conflict context, highlighting the key role of household characteristics. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0624 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 13/14 (2025)
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Authors:Sara Recchi, Anne-Iris Romens, Gemma Scalise Abstract: Building on Mary Daly’s typology of care policies, this article explores whether and to what extent remote work in post-pandemic times is still considered a tool to cope with the limits of care measures, despite the exit from the emergency phase. We argue that in countries characterised by a familialistic care regime, such as Italy, there is a risk that the adoption of remote work may be distorted by limited conciliation tools and care provisions and fosters gender inequalities. The article is based on a case study on Milan, which is an interesting context for multiple reasons. Italy is characterised by limited conciliation tools, weak childcare provisions and significant gender inequalities in the labour market, but in Milan female employment is well above the national average and remote work is more widespread. The research is qualitatively driven, as it is built upon interviews with remote workers, HR managers and union officials. These data are completed with a survey that involved 285 remote workers. Remote work continues to be used by parents as a substitute tool to compensate for underdeveloped public care services and employment-related provisions. Moreover, this practice affects gender inequalities, as women are more inclined to perform their tasks remotely overtime and in spaces not dedicated to work. While several studies have stressed the impact of remote work on work-life balance and the unequal gender distribution of care work during the pandemic, there is little knowledge about what is happening in the post-pandemic period. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0497 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 13/14 (2025)
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Authors:Maurizio Busacca Abstract: This study examines the digitalisation of active labour market policies in Italy’s Veneto region, exploring how organisations navigate institutional pressures for digital adoption in a fragmented welfare system. A multi-site ethnographic approach was employed, involving 400 h of observation and 96 semi-structured interviews across public employment services, municipal social services, social enterprises, and for-profit organisations. Organisations exhibit varied responses to digitalisation pressures based on their institutional logics. Public employment services emerge as aligned organisations, integrating market and social welfare logics. Social enterprises represent contested organisations, grappling with conflicting demands. For-profit enterprises align with the dominant organisation type, prioritising market logic. Municipal social services exemplify estranged organisations, resisting market-driven digitalisation. The study’s focus on the Veneto region may limit generalisability to other contexts. Future research could explore comparative studies across different welfare state regimes. Findings underscore the need for a coordinated approach to welfare state digitalisation in fragmented institutional contexts, considering varied organisational responses and potential consequences for service quality and accessibility. This study contributes to the literature on institutional logics by demonstrating how fragmented institutional fields lead to heterogeneous organisational responses to digitalisation pressures. It extends understanding of the challenges in implementing digital technologies in welfare contexts, highlighting the complex interplay between institutional logics, organisational types, and technological change. Citation: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy PubDate: 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0506 Issue No:Vol. 45, No. 13/14 (2025)
Hybrid journal * Containing 4 
Open Access article(s) in this issue *
