 Subjects -> SOCIOLOGY (Total: 553 journals)
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- The social sciences as future forming
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Authors: Kenneth J. Gergen
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
The conception and practices of the social sciences are largely the product of a century past. We must now ask the question of whether these traditions adequately equip the sciences for dealing with the daunting global problems of today. Placed in particular question is the traditional focus of research on contemporaneous patterns, events, and conditions. In a world of rapid, globally rippling, and unpredictable change, the significance of such research is debatable. Given the perilous conditions of the world, a shift in the practices of social science is proposed, one that places in the vanguard of our pursuit, the active building of viable futures. Such a shift would favor practices of action research, generative theorizing, creating new forms of cultural life, and process-based education.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-03-16T10:33:45Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699231157624
- Possibilities and human reasoning
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Authors: PN Johnson-Laird
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
This article describes how human reasoning differs from standard logics. It tells the story of three sorts of inference, for example: the possibility of rain implies the possibility of no rain; a forecast of rain or snow implies the possibility of rain and the possibility of snow; and a forecast of frost does not imply a forecast of frost or snow or both. People accept these inferences, which each violate the semantics of standard logics. But, they are predictions from the theory that assertions refer to mental models of possibilities that each hold in default of knowledge to the contrary. The moral of the story is that inconsistencies in human reasoning, unlike those in standard logics, have only local consequences.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-02-18T05:44:12Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699231152731
- Basic understandings of possibility
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Authors: Roberto Poli
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Three basic acceptations of the possible are presented: the epistemological, the ontological, and the metaphysical. The latter two are presented in some details. They could be distinguished as the processual unfolding of conditions (the ontological reading) and the vision of the process as given and fully completed within each present moment (the metaphysical reading). The ontological dimension can be further distinguished into two different unfoldings of real processes: as the horizontal (temporal) accumulation of determinations and as the vertical (through strata of reality) emergence of both higher entities and higher determinations.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-01-31T07:06:37Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699231151373
- The pragmatic structure of indeterminacy: Mapping possibilities as context
for action-
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Authors: Roy F Baumeister, Jessica L Alquist
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Social psychology studies how situations cause behavior. Situations are partly defined by a matrix of possibilities (including probabilities and contingencies), and so human responses are caused not merely by realities but also by possibilities—even including some possibilities that never materialize. The human mind has complex abilities to recognize, imagine, and deal with possibilities. Two important dimensions of possibility, here labeled horizontal and vertical, differ as to how controllable the outcome is for any particular agent and where the value basis originates. Success/failure is an example of the vertical dimension and normally is only partly controllable, whereas open choice such as ordering off a menu is an example of the horizontal dimension. Possibilities and agency develop complex relationships to time: The future is defined by alternative possibilities whereas the past cannot be changed, though it can be re-imagined counterfactually and also reinterpreted. Last, we highlight the problem of how possibilities and probabilities combine. Statistical analysis of variance strategies offer three models of combination: independent and additive (like main effects), damping versus intensifying each other (as in spreading interactions), or reversing each other’s effects (as in crossover interactions).
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-01-31T07:03:57Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221150777
- Beyond the adjacent possible: On the irreducibility of human creativity to
biology and physics-
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Authors: Giovanni Emanuele Corazza
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
In this article, the problem of understanding multiple layers of complexity in our universe is addressed, with particular emphasis on explaining creative evolutions in the material, biological, and psycho-social layers. Perspectives from physics, biology, psychology, and philosophy are utilized in the discussion. Process philosophy is used to justify the theoretical foundation of the dynamic universal creativity process. The concepts of unified and final theories are discussed from a position that criticizes reductionism. The concept of the adjacent possible is reviewed as introduced by Kauffman to exclude the possibility that a theory from physics could be extended to explain the biological layer. In a similar way, the adjacent possible is shown to be useful but insufficient to explain the psycho-social layer of complexity, missing fundamental human abilities such as thinking of long-term futures, wisdom, and dynamic creativity leaps that use the impossible as an inspiration.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-01-31T07:01:37Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221145664
- How entrepreneurs turn the possible into the real—and sometimes
change the world-
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Authors: Robert A. Baron
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
The words possibility and opportunity are often viewed as synonyms. In the field of entrepreneurship, though, they have different meanings. Possibilities refer to what might be in the future but does not now exist. Opportunities refer to possibilities that can be developed into something real—new products, services, processes. Entrepreneurs evaluate opportunities in terms of their feasibility, potential for development, and whether people will want and use them if available; they then attempt to choose the ones highest on these dimensions. Several factors play a role in entrepreneurs’ success in identifying potentially valuable opportunities, including the findings of relevant research, entrepreneurs’ active search for opportunities, recognition of patterns among apparently unrelated factors, and in some instances, chance. When successful in creating something new and better than what currently exists, entrepreneurs can change human life and—sometimes—the world around us.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-01-27T10:19:30Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221145584
- Possibilities are quantum
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Authors: Federico Faggin
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Creative possibilities require imagination, intuition, vision, creativity, comprehension, and inventiveness, properties that are associated with human consciousness and free will. New developments in quantum information theory have allowed to recently postulate with high confidence that consciousness and free will are properties of quantum systems in pure quantum states. This new development allows saying that possibilities emerge from the quantum level of reality since a classical world is deterministic, that is, algorithmic and predictable, and thus incapable of real creativity. Only a creative agent like a human being could imagine real possibilities in a near-infinite combinatorial sea of patterns, and then figure out some intelligent way to realize them. Even if nature were aimlessly creating random patterns someone should have the comprehension to recognize a creative possibility among them. But comprehension is a non-algorithmic property that requires consciousness.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2023-01-27T10:04:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221142510
- Political plasticity and possibilities for political change
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Authors: Fathali M. Moghaddam
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
This brief paper explores possibilities for change in political behavior through what I term “political plasticity.” Revolutions provide a suitable context in which to critically examine political plasticity, particularly when the revolutionaries who come to power attempt to bring about radical political changes. The examples of the Bolsheviks who attempted to implement collectivization after the 1917 revolution in Russia, and the Shi’a Muslim fundamentalists, who attempted to create a healthy dictatorial society under velayat-e-faghih after the 1979 revolution in Iran, are used to illustrate limitations to political plasticity, shedding light on possibilities for changes in political behavior.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-12-20T01:20:21Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221135332
- Surprise! Why enactivism and predictive processing are parting ways: The
case of improvisation-
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Authors: Shaun Gallagher
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Can we explain how the various factors of knowledge, skill, habit, environmental constraints and affordances interact or integrate in improvisational performance' In attempting to explain how this integration takes place, I’ll consider two possible approaches: predictive processing (PP) and enactivism. I’ll argue that PP, which, on a neuroscientific view, conceives of the mind as set up to avoid surprise, will not be able to explain improvisation if it remains true to its own principles. In contrast, I’ll argue, enactivism, as a form of embodied cognition that takes the explanatory unit to be the brain-body environment, can offer a better explanation of improvisation. I’ll also argue that the notion of habit is central to this account.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-12-20T01:18:45Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221132691
- Possibilities enhanced and constrained: Where dynamic semiosis works
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Authors: Jaan Valsiner
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
The newly established field of possibility studies is set to solve complex theoretical problems created by the future-based setup of the notion of possibility. Irreversible time sets strict limits upon the uses of the concept of possibility and calls for its conceptualization in terms of cultural psychology of dynamic semiosis. Use of signs work in two parallel ways—organizing the present experience and catalyzing future possibilities. Negotiation of the constraint borders for the future is the main function of possibilities discourse. Hence investigation into possibilities requires coordination of intentionality of the actor with imagination about the future.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-11-19T01:08:21Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221128499
- Possibility studies: A manifesto
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Authors: Vlad P. Glăveanu
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-11-19T01:06:01Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221127580
- Another future
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Authors: Andrew Pickering
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
This essay discusses the macrodynamics of cultural change. Drawing on the history of science, I offer an analysis of revolutionary transformation in terms of the waxing and waning of traditions of practice, in which marginal traditions become mainstream and vice versa. I apply this model to the Anthropocene, identifying dualist traditions of mastery and domination as currently mainstream and nondualist traditions of acting-with, exemplified by indigenous approaches to the environment and by cybernetics, as marginal. My concern is with the growth and unification of the latter as a path to another future, and I point to the need for the establishment of symbiotic relations between them, which has yet to come to pass.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-11-16T10:36:45Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221128225
- Psychological history and predicting the future
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Authors: Martin Seligman
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
The central hypothesis of new work on Agency is that when people believe they can achieve their goals, progress occurs. When they do not have this mindset, stagnation occurs. This seems to be true for the Greco-Roman Epoch, Ancient China, Biblical time, and Europe from 400 CE to 1800. New quantitative methods for measuring progress and for measuring the frequency of agentic words allow for rigorous collaboration between psychologists and historians. These same methods may contribute to predicting the future.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-11-16T10:33:45Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221128224
- Diverging roads: Democracy, anocracy, autocracy, dictatorship'
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Authors: Robert J. Sternberg, Christian Fischer
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Some nations of the world have fallen into autocracy or outright dictatorship. Others are democracies, anocracies (quasi-democracies with features of both democracies and autocracies), or pseudo-democracies (autocracies pretending to be democracies). Some of these nations still can prevent themselves from falling into the dictatorship trap. They have a choice, but what will they do' This article discusses the current state of governance in the world, how autocrats emerge, and what can be done—especially in our educational systems—to prevent their emergence. Strengthening democracy, which, according to Freedom House, has been on a steady long-term decline, must be a priority for schooling of young people today.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-11-16T10:31:05Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221128220
- Design research and the study of the possible
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Authors: Nathan Crilly
Abstract: Possibility Studies & Society, Ahead of Print.
Design research has much to contribute to and much to gain from the emerging field of possibility studies. In this short essay, I discuss these opportunities with respect to four topics: (1) processes of mediation and representation, (2) systems perspectives on creative work, (3) methodological options for investigation, and (4) educational challenges that should be addressed. Considering design research’s contributions to each of these topics raises interesting questions that possibility studies might address as it develops. Conversely, possibility studies is already raising issues that design research should also attend to.
Citation: Possibility Studies & Society
PubDate: 2022-11-16T10:25:03Z
DOI: 10.1177/27538699221128218
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