 Subjects -> SOCIOLOGY (Total: 553 journals)
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- Bezinning op een kantelpunt in de geschiedenis van de Katholieke
Universiteit.
Authors: Jan Brabers
Abstract: Both the Catholic University in Nijmegen and the Calvinist Vrije Universiteit (VU) in Amsterdam underwent a transformation in the 1960s. In the course of the 1960s it became clear that the original objectives with which the Catholic University was founded, in 1923, were no longer valid. Changing times called for a new positioning. The ‘Schillebeeckx Committee’ devoted itself, from 1966 onwards, to rethinking ‘character and function’ of the Catholic University. The Committee was composed of six leading professors and six students. The intention was not to formulate new principles but to take into consideration a plurality of thoughts, ideas, and opinions about the identity of the university. The work of the Committee took much more time than planned. When the Committee finished its activities in 1971, nothing was the same as in 1966, when it had started. The Committee arrived at the conclusion that the process of de-confessionalisation was unstoppable, which was nothing to be sorry about. The contemporary student population, for example, was practically indifferent towards the Catholic identity of the university. Another conclusion was that the university should offer a permanent platform for a dialogue, or a confrontation, between faith and science. The primary goal of the university would be the same as before: the practice of universal science combined with a special concern for the meaning of science for humanity. In hindsight, the profound discussions within the ‘Schillebeeckx Committee’ would prove to be the first of a seemingly endless debate on the identity of the university.
PubDate: 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
- Meer dan een ornament
Authors: Ab Flipse
Abstract: Both the Calvinist Vrije Universiteit (VU) in Amsterdam and the Catholic University in Nijmegen underwent a transformation in the 1960s. Already around 1960 it was clear to both institutions that the changing times called for a new positioning. Various committees and study days were devoted to this issue. At the VU, it was mainly the ‘Kruyswijk Committee’ that, from 1965 onwards, devoted itself to reformulating the article of the statutory principles in which the identity of the university was laid down. There was no agreement in the committee as to how broadly or narrowly this identity should be formulated, and whether the original ideal of a ‘Christian science’ was still worth pursuing. Nevertheless, a formulation was sought in which various factions could recognize themselves. The formulation, so they emphasized, had to be more than an ‘ornament’: it had to give the university new impetus and appeal. Subsequently, two editorial committees, which produced the final formulation, gave the article an ecumenical and ‘horizontal’ character. Despite criticism by some of the more conservative supporters of the university, a new identity was formulated. However, developments in the student world and the new democratic university administration, made it difficult to put it into practice in the 1970s.
PubDate: 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
- Heritage Care and Valorization in a Changing Religious Landscape
Authors: Joris Colla; Aaldert Prins, Karim Ettourki Julie Aerts
Abstract: The changing religious landscape of Flanders/Belgium presents a challenge for organizations seeking to care for and valorize religious heritage. To broaden their scope and respond to the far-reaching changes in society, they need to develop broad expertise and extensive networks across religious and cultural boundaries. In 2019–2020, KADOC-KU Leuven and PARCUM conducted the project ‘Hemelsbreed. Diverse Religious Heritage in Flanders’ to focus on the movable, immovable, and intangible heritage and heritage-related needs of Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Islamic, Jewish, and Protestant faith communities. ‘Hemelsbreed’ was an important first step in mapping out the diversity of religious heritage in Flanders. In this article, we present the project’s research methodology and offer an overview of its principal results. We conclude with suggestions for future actions in the field of religious heritage care and valorization, actions which can also stimulate innovative research on the evolving religious landscape.
PubDate: 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
- De militair tot zegen
Authors: Koos-jan de Jager
Abstract: This article studies the place of religion in the military welfare services of the Dutch Armed Forces during the Indonesian war of independence (1945-1950). During this war, the Dutch government deployed 200,000 soldiers in Indonesia. In the Netherlands debates arose on the immoral (sexual) behavior and religious decline of these soldiers. Military clubhouses were presented as a weapon in the fight against immorality. The Dutch army preferred ‘neutral’ clubhouses without a specific Protestant or Catholic identity but inclusive to everyone. However, Dutch churches and religious organizations successfully argued for clubhouses and welfare work based on a specific confessional tradition. Notwithstanding the discussions, the military clubhouses were of support for Dutch soldiers in Indonesia, whether it be explicit Christian or neutral institutions.
PubDate: 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
- Gezocht: katholiek met hart voor natuurschoon
Authors: Kristian Mennen
Abstract: The nature conservation movement and Catholicism were conspicuously detached in the Netherlands in the first half of the twentieth century. Nature conservation was apparently not an area of interest for the emerging Catholic ‘pillar’. Most conservationist groups and associations and their leaders were affiliated to the ‘neutral’ or ‘liberal’ pillar. The first half of this article provides an overview of the individual Catholic activists, conservationists, and hobby naturalists affiliated to the nature conservation movement in this early period.After 1945, however, Catholic under-representation became an issue for the Dutch nature conservation movement. Associations such as Natuurmonumenten were influenced by new perspectives on pillarisation and democratic participation, and met local opposition to their work in predominantly Catholic regions in the Netherlands. Once the conservationists ‘discovered’ that they did not have enough Catholic members and had no influential contacts in the Catholic pillar, they tried to amend this by approaching their friends in the Catholic elite.The Catholic political party usually opposed the goals of nature conservation in the 1950s, while left-wing politicians affiliated to the nature conservation movement defended them. The perception of an antagonistic relationship between nature conservation and Catholicism has persisted in the Netherlands since. It seems that this impression is actually based on that specific historical constellation in the Netherlands, and much less so on any fundamental incompatibility of nature conservation and Catholicism.
PubDate: 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
- Heritage and Religious Change in Contemporary Europe: Interactions Along
Three Axes
Authors: Todd H. Weir
Abstract: This article examines the relationship between heritage and three dimensions of religious change that have characterized Europe since the 1960s, namely secularization, pluralization, and spiritualization. Following an analysis of the role of religious heritage in both public discourse and academia, the essay turns to recent heritage initiatives, and explores how churches, secular organizations and government agencies have responded to the shifting religious landscape in their heritage work. The article shows that while secularization, understood here as declining participation in traditional religious congregations, has forced churches and synagogues to change hands and find new uses, it has also made possible new types of secular-religious cooperation in heritage that moves in a postsecular direction. The diversification of European society, which features the growth of new religious communities, has prompted some to mobilize tropes of “Christian” or “Judeo-Christian-Humanist” heritage to exclude religious minorities. At the same time, growing diversity has also led to calls to pluralize Europe’s religious heritage. Grassroots and top-down efforts to recover the presence of minorities in Europe in past decades have flourished. Finally, the article explores spiritualization as a religious activity that highlights creativity in the ongoing meaning making that constitutes heritage work today.
PubDate: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
- What Gender Does to Religious Institutions
Authors: Sarah Barthélemy
Abstract: Recently, significant contributions to the study of religion and gender have been made, as evidenced by Belgian and Dutch literature, amongst others. Joan W. Scott has pointed out that, in these studies, gender is expressed and analyzed as a multi-layered concept – it can represent power, social institutions, or organization. It can express ideas of subjective identity and what is normative. This article explores religious female congregations of the Catholic Church in the first half of the nineteenth century and focuses on power relationships. It unpacks the use of gender in religious history and demonstrates that a gendered history of Catholic institutions is possible even when men define the institutional framework and exclude the women who are, in fact, already a part of it.
PubDate: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
- Van actieve religieuzen naar activistische religieuzen en weer terug
Authors: Charles M.A. Caspers
Abstract: In the spirit of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), the Daughters of Mary and Joseph, a sister congregation founded in ‘s-Hertogenbosch in 1820, adapted themselves in the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century to the changed and changing society. The abandonment of rigid authority structures and the move to permanent education brought a sense of liberation to many of them. It activated them to work for the betterment of the poor and the oppressed, at home and in the mission. Inevitably, the rapid social changes in many sisters also led to alienation and distancing from their spiritual heritage and thus also from the raison d’être of the Congregation. Thanks to fundamental studies that appeared in the eighties and nineties in the field of the spirituality of religious life, they reaffirmed their heritage and thus their individuality as a religious community. Within this spiritual climate, mutual understanding grew between the sisters in the Netherlands and their fellow sisters in Indonesia.
PubDate: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
- ‘Ik was in de gevangenis en gij hebt Mij bezocht’
Authors: Joep van Gennip
Abstract: In the years after the Second World War, the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands played a significant role in providing spiritual and social care to political prisoners and their families, both within and outside residential and internment camps. Although this is mentioned in historical studies, systematic research is still lacking. This article bridges this gap and introduces this theme as a research subject. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Dutch government tasked Catholic chaplains and their Protestant colleagues to do pastoral and social work in detention and internment camps. This chaplaincy, centralised by the Dutch Catholic Church, was mainly dominated by their regular clergy. Ecumenical cooperation was sought when alleged government abuses in the camps were being investigated, or during campaigns to educate the Dutch population in the message of clemency and forgiveness for small political offenses. There were also Catholic initiatives to help ex-political prisoners re-integrate into society. These initiatives often varied by diocese. Attempts to set up a centralized organisation for this work, in the form of the Dutch Vatican Mission, and later through Catholic charities, failed due to mismanagement. Although at first reluctant to cooperate with the semi-public ‘Association for the Supervision of Political Delinquents’, the Church soon became a partner and helped re-integrate Catholic political delinquents. Several Catholic institutions were involved, and high ranking political (KVP) and religious networks played an important role in shaping a ‘mutual’ policy. Motives for the clergy to help (ex-)political delinquents were numerous. Some had notions of mercy, forgiveness and Christian charity, and some saw this as a project of moral re-education and ‘opportunistic conversions. Finally, there were those clergy who feared the prisoners would divorce their partners, while other tried to prevent the growing communist influence on the former political prisoners.
PubDate: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
- Gefnuikte heilsverwachting
Authors: H. Nico Plomp
Abstract: The movement of Christenen voor het Socialisme (CvS, Christians for Socialism) existed in the Netherlands from 1974 to 1993. It was the radical variant of the renewal movement of the sixties that came about when churches and confessional political parties began to emphasize the need for radical social and political commitment within the Christian faith. CvS strived for a new contemporary identity by uniting Christianity and Marxism, two forces hitherto considered incompatible. CvS was part of an international movement that reflected the polarized political and social situation especially in South America, where the mix of Christianity and Marxism was known as “Liberation Theology” and in Europe perennially threatened by the Cold War. This article investigates the rise of CvS as a fundamentalist movement and explores its development towards a differentiated progressive mentality group. In the end, CvS did not survive. Its decline is described and interpreted against the backdrop of a changing political and religious environment.
PubDate: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
- Literature alerts
Authors: George Harinck; Hans Krabbendam, Kristien Suenens, Amr Ryad Bart Wallet
PubDate: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
- Introduction: Religion and revolution, the 1960s and the religious history
of the Low Countries
Authors: Bart Wallet
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Claiming Conscripts
Authors: Leonard van ’t Hul
Abstract: The twentieth century is widely considered a period in which Christendom lost its central position in the West. In the Netherlands, the influx of counter-cultural ideas and beliefs from the 1960s onwards brought about a decline in church membership and voter turnout for Christian parties. Simultaneously, societal critiques grew louder against the state’s accommodation of religion and its privileged positioning of Christianity. This article argues that the societal shifts stemming from the cultural turn of the 1960s, did not result in structural changes in the dialogue between church and state. I use the political negotiations that addressed spiritual care in the Dutch armed forces between 1946 and 1984 as a case study. My focus is on the Humanist League’s drive to obtain for the Humanist Service for Spiritual Care a status equal to that enjoyed by the churches. My analysis shows that the Humanist League mounted a forceful struggle to get access both before and after the 1960s. While the Humanist Service was formally installed in the army in 1967, no structural adaptations to the criterion to distribute positions followed. The ministry of Defense was unprepared to accommodate the humanists, and church-organizations were unwilling to give up their privileged position without a fight. The continuity in Dutch church-state relations and the comparative maneuverability of the churches can be understood by emphasizing the reluctance of state-actors to adapt existing policies. It is the degree of what I call institutional integration of religious organizations with the state which determined the leverage of institutions.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Youth Work for Baby Boomers
Authors: Fred van Lieburg
Abstract: This article deals with the first decades of the Reformed Youth Council of the Netherlands Reformed Church. It was founded in 1941 to challenge young people in local congregations to join the public task of the national Protestant church. Because religious youth work had been left to particular organisations for many years previously, tensions between them and the new umbrella movement had to wait until after World War II to be resolved. Meanwhile, all parties were faced with the general decline of traditional club life and the call for ‘open youth work’ in the form of societal criticism and activism in the ‘roaring sixties’. Curiously, both the orthodox wing of the church and the evangelical Youth for Christ movement succeeded in keeping young people committed to personal faith. Most baby boomers, however, would find their religious place outside organised religion.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Catholicism: stumbling or starting block for sustainable development'
Authors: Hanne-Lise Frateur
Abstract: In considering Broederlijk Delen, the Flemish Catholic development NGO, it is instructive to understand the role of its Catholic affiliation in its changing interpretation of development aid, and in particular, its evolving ideas on sustainability as the essential ecological principal. From the end of the 1960s to 1990, Broederlijk Delen gradually introduced elements into its discourse and operations that originally were not ecologically inspired, but were later woven into its ideas on sustainability. The question is, did these elements spring from and connect to Catholicism' The article also traces how affiliation with Catholicism hindered ecological concerns by introducing elements at odds with the environmentalism. The notion of moderation deduced from Christian Lent figured centrally in Broederlijk Delen’s evolution in thinking about development. Other elements played a role in Broederlijk Delen’s emerging ideas as well, such as respect for human dignity, land ownership of the poor, and the Appropriate Technology Movement. Overall, religion played a subtle defensive role and was a response to leftist aspects in Broederlijk Delen’s operation when it turned to ecology.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Een doodgewoon Rooms boek'
Authors: Maarten van den Bos
Abstract: After publication of De Nieuwe Katechismus (translated mostly as The Dutch Catechism, literally: The New Catechism) in 1966, a harsh conflict broke out between the authors of the book and the Vatican. According to censors appointed by the Vatican, the book may have not contained heresy, but some parts were not in accordance with the Church’s teachings. Three years later, an appendix was published. The appendix was accepted by the Dutch episcopacy, responsible for the book, but the authors remained in opposition. They considered De Nieuwe Katechismus to be nothing more than ‘just another catholic book’. Both in older as more recent studies on (Dutch) Catholicism in the sixties, the conflict on the De Nieuwe Katechismus frequently appears as showcase for the troubled relations between the progressive Dutch church province and the orthodox or conservative powers in the Vatican. Meanwhile, both the conception and content of the book are poorly analysed. In this article, I present a contextualised history of the book and the ideas of its authors of what it meant to be catholic in the modern age. Conclusion is that, in order to truly understand both the religious revolution of the sixties and the provenance of important ideas on self-expression and self-fulfilment that shaped our understanding of modernity after the sixties, we ought to take a closer look on new perspectives on modernity and religion that arose in religious communities after the Second World War. From that perspective, the ideas behind the publication of De Nieuwe Katechismus is of greater historiographical relevance then the conflict that broke out after publication.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Opvallend orthodox
Authors: Christoph van den Belt
Abstract: A new newspaper, the Reformatorisch Dagblad (RD), came into existence in the sixties. The driving force behind its emergence was the dissatisfaction over the social changes at the time. Many Orthodox Protestants of the time had the feeling that trusted certainties, in terms of sexual morality, the Sunday and the authority, have been suddenly relinquished. Media such as Trouw played an important role in this process. Unlike before, this daily newspaper wanted to organise discussions, even about Holy Houses. The RD had to safeguard the certainties and protect the Orthodox Protestant environment from society. Therefore, the symbols of the sixties, such as sports and television, were excluded from the new newspaper. Owing to this disposition and the binding to the Orthodox Protestants, the RD holds a unique position in Dutch journalism. Only by going back to the sixties will it be possible to comprehend this newspaper.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Pionier tegen wil en dank
Authors: Charlotte Ardui; Sven Sterken
Abstract: Contrary to popular belief, almost as many churches were built in Flanders after the Second World War as in the first half of the 20th century. Besides obvious stylistic differences, the post-war churches were above all distinctive in terms of their location and typology. In the first place, they were a response to the strong demographic growth and the spatial policy (or rather: the lack thereof) that led to a ubiquitous expansion with new developments in the periphery of the existing cities. In addition, the changing role of the Catholic Church in the post-war society also called for different kind of church buildings; the sense of community became central. In Flanders, this theological, liturgical and typological quest was best expressed in the work of Marc Dessauvage (1931-1981); as unofficial architect of the archdiocese, he built twelve churches and two chapels in ten years. However, the progressive élan embodied in his oeuvre was rather short-lived: from the 1970s onwards, its public support disappeared systematically. Dessauvage’s churches proved to be especially vulnerable in this process: because of their peripheral location, often poor building physics and brutalist style, they were the first victims of the rationalisation of the parish landscape that was imposed from the 1980s onward. This article discusses the Sint-Jozef Arbeiderkerk in Vosselaar, which Dessauvage built between 1959 and 1967. The hypothesis is that this building is not only particularly representative of the cultural context of the 1960s, but can also be considered a pilot project from both a historical and a contemporary perspective. It embodies, like no other, the innovative vision of church-building favoured by the progressive Catholic elite in the context of Vatican II, and also it fulfils a pioneering role today as the first listed parish church in Flanders to be given a radically different purpose. A brief sketch of the genesis of this building and its subsequent experience, together with a critical look at its current adaptive reuse, allows us to make some general statements about the historical significance and future stance of post-conciliar churches, and those of Dessauvage in particular.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- Uit beeld verdwenen
Authors: Wouter Prins
Abstract: More than in music, literature or film, religion faded into the background in the visual arts during the 1960s. The close, longtime connection between Western visual art and Christianity and its visual language seemed to have been lost. In particular in the Netherlands, for a century most loyal to the authority of Rome, religious art was discredited. It was only in the course of the 1980s that interest in religious art returned, albeit modest and cautious. In 2021 there are new opportunities for the visual arts. Although the churches are struggling with empty pews, the church building remains an inspiring environment for artists. In addition, the number of artists with a migration background is increasing. Religion plays an important role within this group, which is reflected in the themes that are depicted.
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
- ‘Je moet als historicus het geloof niet opsluiten in kerkelijke
structuren’
Authors: Wim Berkelaar
PubDate: 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
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