 Subjects -> SOCIOLOGY (Total: 553 journals)
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- Gender and mathematics achievement: the role of gender stereotypical
beliefs of classroom peers-
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Pages: 161 - 176
Abstract: We tested the relationship between gender-stereotypical beliefs (GSBs) of female and male classroom peers and female achievement in mathematics. Complete-class student survey data merged with family register data from 1,047 Danish 6th-grade students, nested in 50 classrooms within 28 schools, were analysed using multilevel linear regressions including controls for parental education and income, the percentage of females in the classroom, prior math test scores, and the parental education, income, and prior test scores of female and male peers. We found that the GSBs of female peers were negatively associated with girls’ math achievement. Similar variables were not related to the math achievement of boys.
PubDate: Sat, 08 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac043
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- A big (male) fish in a small pond' The gendered effect of relative ability
on STEM aspirations under stereotype threat-
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Pages: 177 - 193
Abstract: Despite gender similarity in math ability, studies show persistent gender differences in STEM aspirations among adolescents. Extending previous literature on student math ability, biased self-assessment, and gender stereotypes, this paper emphasizes on the important process of social comparison in producing gender disparities in STEM aspirations. In particular, we examine the crucial role of relative ability, or a student’s ordinal ability rank within their peer group, and its interaction with the gender-math stereotypical environment. Using unique information on random classroom assignments from the China Educational Panel Survey (CEPS), we are able to exploit idiosyncratic variation in classmate composition to identify the effect of ability rank on student STEM aspirations and the moderating role of student exposure to gender-math stereotype. We show that after controlling for absolute cognitive ability, the effect of a student’s ability rank on STEM aspirations differs by gender, with girls benefiting less relative to boys from a higher ability rank in class. Moreover, this gender difference in the effect of ability rank on STEM aspirations is larger among students who are exposed to a higher level of gender-math stereotype from classmates. We discuss the theoretical and empirical implications of our findings.
PubDate: Sun, 09 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac037
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Double standards' Co-authorship and gender bias in early-stage
academic evaluations-
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Pages: 194 - 209
Abstract: This article studies gender bias in early-stage academic evaluations in Italy and investigates whether this bias depends on various types of authorship in collaborative work across three academic fields: humanities, economics, and social sciences. We test our hypotheses via a factorial survey (vignette) experiment on a sample from the entire population of associate and full professors employed at Italian public universities in 2019. This is one of the few experiments conducted with university professors to consider hiring propensities in academia. Contrary to our general expectations, we do not find gender bias in relation to co-authorship in our general population of interest. However, the results provide some evidence that when the evaluator is a man, highly collaborative women academics in Italy receive less favourable evaluations of their qualifications compared to male colleagues with identical credentials. This gender bias is found in economics, a field where the conventions of co-authorship allow for greater uncertainty about individual contributions to a joint publication.
PubDate: Sun, 09 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac045
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Why do gendered divisions of labour persist' Parental leave take-up among
adoptive and biological parents-
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Pages: 210 - 228
Abstract: Mothers’ longer time out of the labour market due to parental leave has been proposed as one of the main determinants of the gender pay gap. This study focuses on the mechanisms behind the gendered division of care after entering parenthood. By comparing paid parental leave use of biological parents (where mothers gave birth) to adoptive parents (where they did not), we assess to what extend the unequal division of care can be explained by physiological aspects of motherhood or if other explanations, like gender norms or financial motives, can explain these differences. We analyse Swedish register data from 1994 to 2009 on couples whose first child was biological (N = 114,479) or adopted (N = 5,467) (between-family comparisons) and for families who had both adopted and biological children (within-family comparisons; N = 1,033). We find highly similar patterns in the division, length, and timing of parental leave for biological and adoptive children. Both biological and adoptive mothers take the majority of leave (78–82 per cent), the longest leave, and the first leave period. We conclude that persistent norms of mothers as caregivers/homemakers and fathers as breadwinners shape parents’ use of parental leave to a greater extent than factors related to biological motherhood or financial motives.
PubDate: Mon, 05 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac058
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Parenthood and the gender division of labour across the income
distribution: the relative importance of relative earnings-
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Pages: 229 - 246
Abstract: This study employs a gendered relative resource approach to examine whether the importance of relative resources varies by couples’ household income in shaping changes in the gender division of labour after first birth. Scholarship has long argued that the gender division of labour within different-sex couples is influenced by partners’ relative resources. However, couples face class-based constraints that may alter the relevance of relative resources in shaping changes in gender divisions of labour following the transition to parenthood. This study compares couples’ paid work and housework before and up to four years after first birth, using 28 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 1,606 couples). I find that the effect of relative resources on changes in couple’s paid work and housework behaviour after first birth varies substantially by household income. Among higher-income couples, women’s paid work and housework time changes less among those with high relative earnings and more among those with low relative earnings, while men’s time allocation varies little after first birth. In contrast, among low-income couples, women’s paid work time and share decreases most after first among female breadwinners while their male partners’ paid work time increases substantially. These findings reflect the greater constraints that low-income parents face in reconciling work and family and highlight the need for greater attention to class interactions in the process of gender specialization in both research and work-family policy.
PubDate: Fri, 21 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac036
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male workers and
their partners to secure a family income-
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Pages: 247 - 261
Abstract: Thanks to the male breadwinner model with wages sufficient to support a family, working-class families used to be financially secure. The transformation towards the adult worker model (AWM) saw an accumulation of adverse employment characteristics—especially among manual and non-manual routine occupations—and a rise in poverty risks. However, there is a lack of research that combines these strands. I ask to what extent male Western German workers and their partners’ ability to secure labour earnings that support a family has changed, and to what degree this was hampered by various adverse employment characteristics. Focusing on service and production workers with cohabiting partners, I analyse whether their individual and combined labour income is sufficient to support a family. Performing descriptive trend analysis and linear probability models with German Socio-Economic Panel data for 1985–2013, I compare class effects of four periods. I find that since the end of the 1990s, male service and production workers increasingly struggle to secure a family income—mainly driven by low wages and low work intensity, while partners’ labour market participation has gained relevance. The transformation towards the AWM coincided with a devaluation of the most privileged group among workers and thus the working class as a whole.
PubDate: Sun, 09 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac039
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Accounting for the Value of Unpaid Domestic Work: A Cross-National Study
of Variation across Household Types-
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Pages: 262 - 279
Abstract: This article estimates the value of extended earnings—market earnings plus the imputed value of unpaid work—and assesses how this alternative measure affects the level and distribution of economic wellbeing within households of differing compositions. Prior research finds that excluding the value of unpaid work distorts conclusions about women’s contributions to household income and inequality more generally. Variation across household types has been understudied. The authors use data from the Harmonized European and American Time Use Surveys, combined with income data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, to assess outcomes in six European countries and the United States. The study compares market to extended earnings to assess inequality within and across household types: single adults with and without children, and cohabiting adults with and without children. Key findings include: (i) women's time in unpaid work exceeds men's in all study countries; (ii) shifting from market earnings to extended earnings narrows gender disparities in all countries; and (iii) moving to extended earnings reduces inequality among both women and men, but more so among women. On all outcomes, we find that household composition shapes women's outcomes more than men's, and, overall, parenting status plays a larger role than partnership status.
PubDate: Sat, 28 May 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac023
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- National work–family policies and the occupational segregation of women
and mothers in European countries, 1999–2016-
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Pages: 280 - 300
Abstract: Some scholars hypothesize that although work–family policies help incorporate women into the labour market, they do so by integrating women, and mothers specifically, into female-dominated occupations. Some suggest that although these policies are ‘good’ for lower educated women, they harm higher educated women by concentrating them in female-dominated professions. We revisit this debate using the highest quality data brought to bear on this question to date. We use the EU Labour Force Survey 1999–2016 (n = 21 countries, 235 country-years, 2.5 million men and women aged 20–44), combined with an original collection of country-year indicators. Specifically, we examine how the two most widely studied work–family policies—paid parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC)—and public sector size affect occupational segregation for men and women by educational attainment and parental status. We find no evidence that ‘generous’ welfare states promote segregation. Rather, a specific policy—parental leave in excess of 9 months—promotes segregation between men and women broadly, but most acutely for non-tertiary-educated mothers. Findings are generally null for paid leave of up to 9 months. ECEC is associated with greater integration, particularly for tertiary-educated women. Large public sectors are associated with segregation, with both tertiary-educated men and women more likely to work in feminized occupations. Public sector size, however, is not as tightly bundled with work–family policies as previous work suggests.
PubDate: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac046
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Gender, Unemployment, and Subjective Well-Being: Why Do Women Suffer Less
from Unemployment than Men'-
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Pages: 301 - 316
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that women suffer less from unemployment than men in terms of subjective well-being. However, there is little research that aims to test possible explanations for this gender-specific reaction. We distinguish two different ways in which unemployment reduces well-being, namely the financial and non-financial effects of becoming unemployed. Gender differences in both types could explain the different effects on the well-being of women and men. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyse why women are less affected by unemployment than men. Applying fixed-effects panel regressions, we find substantially smaller negative effects for women, but this can only to a small extent be explained by different financial effects. To test the relevance of non-financial effects, we investigate how gender differences vary between subgroups, for which the non-financial effects should differ. Our analyses show that gender differences are more pronounced both among people who were socialized in West Germany compared to East Germany and among parents compared to singles. Moreover, differences in labour market attachment prior to the transition to unemployment explain a large share of the gender gap. These findings support the assumption that non-financial effects are responsible for the weaker consequences of unemployment among women.
PubDate: Tue, 21 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac030
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Quantile regression estimands and models: revisiting the motherhood wage
penalty debate-
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Pages: 317 - 331
Abstract: This paper discusses the crucial but sometimes neglected differences between unconditional quantile regression (UQR) models and quantile treatment effects (QTE) models. We argue that there is a frequent mismatch between the aim of the quantile regression analysis and the quantitative toolkit used in much of the applied literature, including the motherhood wage penalty literature. This mismatch may result in wrong conclusions being drawn from the data, and in the end, misguided theories. In this paper, we clarify the crucial conceptual distinction between influences on quantiles of the overall distributions, which we term population-level influences, and individual-level QTEs. Further, we use data simulations to illustrate that various classes of quantile regression models may, in some instances, give entirely different conclusions (to different questions). Finally, we compare quantile regression estimates using real data examples, showing that UQR and QTE models differ sometimes but not always. Still, the conceptual and empirical distinctions between quantile regression models underline the need to match the correct model to the specific research questions. We conclude the paper with a few practical guidelines for researchers.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac052
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
- Correction to: The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male
workers and their partners to secure a family income-
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Pages: 332 - 332
Abstract: This is a correction to: Jean-Yves Gerlitz, The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male workers and their partners to secure a family income, European Sociological Review, 2022, jcac039, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac039
PubDate: Mon, 05 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac069
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 2 (2022)
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