 Subjects -> SOCIOLOGY (Total: 553 journals)
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- Is ‘immigrant optimism’ in educational choice a problem' Ethnic gaps
in Swedish upper secondary school completion-
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Pages: 384 - 399
Abstract: AbstractIn many Western countries, researchers have documented ambitious educational choices among students of immigrant origin, for example, the tendency to choose academically more demanding routes than others at given levels of school achievement (e.g. grades, GPA). While this may indicate integration, some warn against an ‘immigrant optimism trap’, because choosing more demanding tracks at lower levels of GPA may increase risks of non-completion. Using longitudinal Swedish population data (n ≈ 90,000), we estimate an upper secondary ‘ethnic completion gap’ of 12 per cent to the detriment of students of immigrant background. We then address the ‘trap hypothesis’ via two analyses. The first shows that if students of immigration background would make similar educational choices as other students at the same GPA, the completion gap would shrink by 3.4 percentage points. The second analysis, based on simulations, suggests that restricting admission to academic programmes based on prior GPA, would lead to a massive relocation of low- and mid-GPA students to—usually less demanding—vocational programmes, but would only reduce the completion gap by 2.2 percentage points. These changes must be considered marginal in view of the substantial restrictions of choice that either of these measures would entail. We conclude that completion gaps are not primarily a result of unfounded immigrant optimism, and that optimistic choices are likely to be a net positive for integration by improving the chances of immigrant youth to reach tertiary-level qualifications and professional occupations.
PubDate: Sat, 15 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad023
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2023)
- Unemployment persistence among second-generation immigrants
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Pages: 433 - 448
Abstract: AbstractMany immigrant groups disproportionately experience unemployment and this disadvantage often extends to their children—the second generation. This paper contributes to this stream of research by studying unemployment dynamics of the ancestral population and second-generation immigrants in Sweden. In particular, we ask: does unemployment persistence differ between ancestral Swedes and 10 second-generation immigrant groups' We answer this question using correlated dynamic random-effects logit models to study the effect of past on current unemployment—also known as genuine state dependence. We use Swedish register data to follow individuals over their early working careers. The results indicate that although past unemployment has a similar relative effect on current unemployment across the ancestry groups, past unemployment increases the probability of current unemployment (absolute effect) more among second-generation Middle-Eastern, Turkish, and Southern European immigrants. Because of higher baseline levels of unemployment, the labour market consequences of similar relative effects are more pronounced among the second generation as compared to ancestral Swedes. The paper concludes by elaborating on the reasons behind these contrasting results while highlighting the importance of examining heterogeneous effects on both the relative and absolute scales.
PubDate: Mon, 02 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac071
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2023)
- Masked by the mean: immigrants in school and differential effects on
student achievements-
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Pages: 333 - 351
Abstract: AbstractImmigrant inflows to Europe have changed student compositions in and across schools. Despite the strong intuition that peers matter for student outcomes, a comprehensive literature finds nil or moderate effects of immigrant peers. This study explores three reasons for this mismatch. First, it uses quantile regressions to reveal whether estimates on the average of the outcome mask differential effects across the outcome distribution. Second, it estimates the effect of attending schools with different immigrant shares, which is a composite of peer effects and the effects of school traits. Third, it compares the effects on teacher-assigned grades and objective standardized tests to explore whether the effects of immigrant share are influenced by teachers’ grading practices. The results show that high achievers in schools with higher immigrant shares get better grades from their teachers, likely because they are assessed relative to peers with lower academic and socioeconomic levels. However, they show no sign of improved test scores. In contrast, low achievers obtain better test scores when having immigrant peers and this academic improvement is not explained by the general academic and socioeconomic level among peers. The findings demonstrate that effects on the mean outcome mask differential effects across outcome distributions.
PubDate: Mon, 07 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac035
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Do refugee children impair the academic performance of native children in
the school' Informative null results from Danish Register Data-
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Pages: 352 - 365
Abstract: AbstractDiscussions concerning the social impact of accepting refugee immigrants arise each time large numbers of refugees apply for protection in rich countries. However, little evidence exists on how the integration of refugees into core welfare institutions affects native citizens who depend on and interact with these institutions. In this paper, we focus on whether receiving refugees in a school cohort affects the academic performance of natives, using administrative data from Denmark, which contain test scores on all children in public schools. We exploit variation in the timing of refugees’ entrance to schools to facilitate causal estimates. Our findings show that refugees tend to cluster in schools that had poorer performance even prior to the refugees’ arrival. When we take this selection pattern into account, the effect of receiving refugees on the academic performance trajectory of natives is both statistically insignificant and substantially unimportant.
PubDate: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac059
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Aiming too high or scoring too low' Heterogeneous immigrant–native gaps
in upper secondary enrollment and outcomes beyond the transition in France
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Pages: 366 - 383
Abstract: AbstractThe children of immigrants usually make more ambitious enrolment choices than native students with comparable socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Less is known about how ethnic choice effects vary by socioeconomic status and previous achievement simultaneously, and whether they only hold true for some immigrant–native comparisons. Moreover, few studies investigate outcomes after the educational transition, so the consequences of ambitious choices remain unclear. I investigate immigrant–native gaps in the decision to enroll in academic upper secondary education and in outcomes after the transition for two cohorts of French students. I find that ethnic choice effects are positive only for students with an intermediate or working class background, and are largest for those with lower to middle achievement from the working class. Migrant disadvantages in outcomes after the transition were reduced between cohorts. In the latest cohort, immigrant-origin and native students enrolled in academic upper secondary were equally likely to complete the track and enroll in tertiary education. However, immigrant-origin students were still disadvantaged in terms of graduation track, grades, and timing. Using counterfactual reweighting strategies, I show that similar and substantial portions of these disadvantages were explained by the ambitious academic choices and lower prior performance of immigrant-origin students. However, while their ambitious choices also increase enrolment rates and hence overall attainment for immigrant-origin students, their lower prior performance reduces both. I suggest that policies should reduce immigrant disadvantages in early achievement to allow high-aspiring, yet often disadvantaged, immigrant-origin students to succeed in ambitious educational paths.
PubDate: Mon, 17 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac050
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Ethnic enclaves, early school leaving, and adolescent crime among
immigrant youth-
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Pages: 400 - 417
Abstract: AbstractSpatial concentration of immigrant minorities raises concerns about the intergenerational consequences of place-based ethnic inequalities. This study asks how socioeconomic properties of the ethnic neighbourhood environment during adolescence predict future criminal behaviour and early school leaving among immigrant youth using administrative data from Norway. The results show that immigrant youth’s adolescent exposure to better-educated immigrant neighbours from the same origin country is related to lower risks of criminal engagement and higher likelihoods of completing upper-secondary education, while growing up in areas with less-educated coethnics is associated with adverse outcomes. Although effect sizes are modest, these relationships are robust to adjustment for a broad set of background characteristics and fixed effects at the level of neighbourhoods and national-origin groups. Coethnic neighbours’ educational resources are more strongly associated with adolescent crime and early school leaving among immigrant youth from disadvantaged family backgrounds. Overall, these findings support the predictions of influential theories of assimilation which emphasize that access to social capital and socioeconomic resources found within local ethnic enclaves shape the future life chances of immigrant youth.
PubDate: Mon, 17 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac034
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Who benefits from school-to-work linkages in the labour market' A
comparison between natives, migrants educated abroad, and those educated
domestically-
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Pages: 418 - 432
Abstract: AbstractRecent research suggests that people with more occupation-specific qualifications (i.e. qualifications that link to a smaller set of occupations) experience greater benefits in the labour market. Based on human capital, signalling and credentialing theory, we argue that these benefits may vary between the native majority population, individuals with a migration background who hold a foreign qualification, and individuals with a migration background with a domestic qualification. Using data from the German Microcensus, we find that for both the native majority and immigrants with a domestic qualification, holding a more occupation-specific qualification relates to a higher chance of working in a position the individual is educated for in terms of both level and field. Holding a more occupation-specific qualification also relates to higher labour market returns (i.e. income and occupational status) for those who work in a job for which they are educated, yet is mostly negatively related to the labour market returns for those who do not work in a job for which they are educated. Migrants with a foreign qualification profit less from holding occupation-specific qualifications and suffer more from their associated disadvantages.
PubDate: Sun, 09 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac038
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Uncovering hidden opinions: social norms and the expression of xenophobic
attitudes-
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Pages: 449 - 463
Abstract: AbstractSocial norms against prejudice are widespread and generally supported by society, yet examples of bigotry are often found. I propose that anti-prejudice norms can quickly erode when individuals are exposed to hate content, therefore, facilitating the expression of prejudice. To test this, participants were invited to participate in an experimental online forum discussing immigration. I compare the comments of participants exposed to xenophobic content to those not exposed. The empirical results show that exposure to hateful content erodes norm compliance: the more hateful content participants could observe, the more hateful their subsequent comments were. The effect is primarily driven by those more likely to hold anti-immigrant views. This points to an ‘emboldening effect’ whereby prejudiced individuals refrain from expressing prejudiced opinions in the absence of offensive speech. Otherwise, hidden attitudes are revealed. The results confirm that the expression of prejudice is context dependent and that preserving a ‘norm environment’ requires sustained reinforcement of the norm. Furthermore, the results show that the composition of the population in terms of individual beliefs is paramount for the dynamics of erosion of the social norm. On the whole, these findings can inform effective public strategies against the spread of hate speech and offer a new methodological approach for studying hate speech in online contexts.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac056
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Discrimination driven by variation in social and economic conservatism:
evidence from a nationwide field experiment-
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Pages: 464 - 478
Abstract: AbstractWe examine how contextual variation in aggregated political attitudes shapes ethnic discrimination. Using a field experiment with national coverage we identify ethnic discrimination in the Swiss housing market (N = 7,533 queries for viewings from fictitious persons who vary by name to signal ethnic origin). We use referendums and popular initiatives to identify the aggregated political attitudes at the municipality level in two dimensions: social conservatism and economic conservatism. We show that although aggregated levels of discrimination are low, discrimination varies spatially – higher levels of discrimination are found in municipalities that are both socially and economically conservative. Municipalities that are economically conservative, but socially liberal also tend to exhibit ethnic discrimination. By contrast, we find no evidence of ethnic discrimination in municipalities that are socially conservative, but economically liberal. Considering how the literature highlights social conservatism when discussing the role of political ideology on attitudes and ethnic discrimination, this result highlights how differentiating different forms of conservatism helps better understand the relationship between ideology and behaviour – in this case ethnic discrimination.
PubDate: Mon, 07 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac051
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Discrimination unveiled: a field experiment on the barriers faced by
Muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain-
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Pages: 479 - 497
Abstract: AbstractWe examine the penalties faced by veiled and unveiled Muslim women when applying for jobs in three European labour markets: Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. We rely on recent literature comparing public opposition towards Muslims in general and opposition to Muslims’ religious practices, such as the wearing of the hijab. Based on a cross-nationally harmonized field experiment on hiring discrimination, we use two different signals of Muslimness (volunteering activities in a Muslim community centre or wearing the Muslim headscarf) to identify whether employers discriminate against Muslims as a group or against Muslims adhering to specific Muslim practices—in this case, wearing the headscarf. We present robust evidence that veiled Muslim women are discriminated against in Germany and the Netherlands, but only when applying for jobs that require a high level of customer contact. In Spain, however, the level of discrimination against veiled Muslim women is much smaller than in the other two countries. The high level of discrimination we found in the Netherlands, where the institutional context has traditionally been open to the accommodation of religious minority rights, is particularly surprising and points to the possibly stigmatizing effect of recent policies geared towards the cultural assimilation of immigrants.
PubDate: Sat, 09 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac032
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Correction to: Discrimination unveiled: a field experiment on the barriers
faced by muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain-
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Pages: 498 - 498
Abstract: This is a correction to: Mariña Fernández-Reino, Valentina Di Stasio, Susanne Veit, Discrimination unveiled: a field experiment on the barriers faced by muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, European Sociological Review, 2022;, jcac032, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac032
PubDate: Tue, 25 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac040
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
- Correction to: Discrimination driven by variation in social and economic
conservatism: evidence from a nationwide field experiment-
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Pages: 499 - 499
Abstract: National Center of Competence in ResearchNational Science Foundation10.13039/100000001Swiss Office for HousingSwiss Network for International StudiesSNSF10.13039/501100001711P400PS_199269 / 1
PubDate: Wed, 30 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac066
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 3 (2022)
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