 Subjects -> SOCIOLOGY (Total: 553 journals)
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- Who Should Get Vaccinated First' Limits of Solidarity during the First
Week of the Danish Vaccination Programme-
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Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in several acute shortages of healthcare provision and thereby posed a challenge to solidarity among citizens of welfare states. One example was the limited number of vaccine batches at the outset of European COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. This resulted in a rare constellation in which citizens faced both a unifying collective threat but also a scarcity of healthcare resources that necessitated the prioritization of certain groups for an early vaccination. On that premise, we conducted a survey experiment during the first week of the Danish vaccination programme. Our results demonstrate that citizens judged who deserves early access to preventive healthcare along established lines of welfare chauvinism. Fictitious diabetes patients with a Muslim name and those who recently immigrated were regarded as less deserving of an early vaccination. That said, concerns over responsibility for one’s hardship and anti-social free-rider behaviour drive citizens considerations, too. Contra our hypotheses, we find only weak evidence that immigrants or Muslims are penalized more harshly for an irresponsible lifestyle or free-rider behaviour. Compared with previous research, we study a unique moment in history and are the first to disentangle minority status from stereotypes about their anti-social free-riding behaviour and irresponsibly unhealthy lifestyles.
PubDate: Fri, 03 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac025
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Rebel without a Cause: The Effects of Social Origins and Disposable Income
on Rule Violations-
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Pages: 14 - 29
Abstract: Are upper-class individuals more inclined to violate rules' Using behavioural data, recent studies have challenged the traditional assumption of upper social class members being less rule violating, while other studies find no or opposite effects. We bring together behavioural decision-making games with traditional survey measures in a unique setup to re-evaluate the proposed relation between social class and rule violations, distinguishing between the economic and the psychological components of social class. Drawing from a cohort of 750 Swiss adults, we investigate how the conditions they were born in (social origins) and the current financial resources (disposable income) affect self-reported and behaviourally measured rule violations in the lab. Interestingly, our findings show that disposable income impacts the behaviour of individuals conditional upon their social origins. For people with upper social origins an increase in disposable income leads to more rule violations than for people with lower social origins. Additional analyses show that a similar pattern emerges when analysing the different perceptions of morality that the two groups have. We conclude that with increasing disposable income, people with upper social origins become more morally flexible, as they are more tolerant of rule violations and violate the rules more often than individuals with lower social origins.
PubDate: Fri, 11 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac016
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Who Stays Involved' A Longitudinal Study on Adolescents’
Participation in Voluntary Associations in Germany-
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Pages: 30 - 43
Abstract: The extent to which people are active in voluntary associations varies with age. While previous research provides clear evidence for an inverse u-shaped pattern across an adult’s life, much less is known about the formative period of adolescence and young adulthood. In this article, we examine changes in voluntary participation starting at age 14 and assess the impact of adolescents’ educational transitions and their socioeconomic status. Our analyses rely on longitudinal survey data following a representative sample of adolescents in Germany (N = 5,013) over 6 years. Using fixed effects regression and moderated mediation analyses, we examine how adolescents’ educational transitions and their socioeconomic status drive changes in participation. Results indicate a substantive decline in participation as individuals grow older. Transitions into higher tertiary education partly account for this decline. Finally, we find that adolescents from higher socioeconomic status are especially likely to reduce their participation, in part because they are more likely to undergo transitions into higher tertiary education. These findings suggest that the socioeconomic gap in participation decreases as adolescents grow older.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac013
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Environmental Inequality in Four European Cities: A Study Combining
Household Survey and Geo-Referenced Data-
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Pages: 44 - 66
Abstract: Combining individual-level survey data and geo-referenced administrative noise data for four European cities (Bern, Zurich, Hanover, and Mainz; n = 7,450), we test the social gradient hypothesis, which states that exposure to residential noise is higher for households in a lower socioeconomic position (measured by income and migration background). In addition, we introduce and test the ‘environmental shielding hypothesis’, which states that, given environmental ‘bads’ in the neighbourhood, privileged social groups have better opportunities to shield themselves against them. Our results show that, for many residents of the four cities, observed road traffic and aircraft noise levels are above World Health Organization limits. Estimates of spatial error regression models only partly support the social gradient hypothesis. While we find significant but relatively small income effects and somewhat stronger effects of having a (non-Western) migration background, these effects are not significant in all cities. However, especially high-income households are more capable of avoiding exposure to indoor noise. Due to their residence characteristics and having the resources to maintain high standards of noise protection, these households have more capabilities to shield themselves against environmental bads in their neighbourhood. This supports the environmental shielding hypothesis.
PubDate: Sat, 25 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac028
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Let’s Stick Together: Peer Effects in Secondary School Choice and
Variations by Student Socio-Economic Background-
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Pages: 67 - 84
Abstract: Despite the vast body of research focusing on peer effects in education, the role of the immediate peer environment in school choice has been understudied to date. We study the extent to which students from the same primary school cluster in the same secondary school, and how this effect varies by a student’s socio-economic background. We use register data from the Netherlands, covering six cohorts of students (2013–2019), that enable us to account for selection into primary schools and other endogeneity issues when identifying peer effects. The results indicate that students are more likely to choose a secondary school when students from their primary school cohort also choose this school, even after accounting for school popularity trends. We find evidence that students from socially disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to cluster in the same secondary school as their primary school peers, yet these differences are small.
PubDate: Fri, 08 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac033
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Where DESO Disappears: Spatial Inequality and Social Stratification at
Labour Market Entry-
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Pages: 85 - 103
Abstract: At country-level, a host of evidence suggests there is a sizeable direct effect of social origin (DESO) on initial labour market outcomes, net of educational attainment. What is true at country-level is not always true below country-level, however. Using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel, we show that variable spatial opportunity structures moderate the size of DESO at labour market entry, such that there are places where DESO disappears. Social origins assume greater importance as local labour market conditions deteriorate: in weak local labour markets, non-graduates are approximately 16 percentage points less likely to find employment if their parents are care workers rather than secondary school teachers, while graduates typically obtain first jobs that are 7–9 ISEI points lower in status. These findings highlight the distinctive geography of social stratification processes at labour market entry and potentially beyond.
PubDate: Thu, 16 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac027
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- The political determinants of housing benefits
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Pages: 104 - 117
Abstract: Housing benefits differ substantially across countries. In this paper, we apply power resource theory, developed primarily in relation to the emergence and subsequent expansion of social citizenship, to housing policy. The purpose is to analyse the political determinants of housing benefits, and particularly the role of left parties and the partisan mobilization of labour. The empirical analyses are based on new housing benefit data for 31 affluent democracies from the period 2001–2018. The results of a series of fixed effects pooled time-series regressions show that the strength of left government is positively associated with the size of housing benefits. However, the positive influence of left cabinets is conditional on the relative size of rental housing and the fractionalization of the party system. Our findings highlight the need to combine actor-oriented explanations of the welfare state with theories about the corporatist power structures of society.
PubDate: Sun, 09 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac042
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Fairness of earnings in Europe: the consequences of unfair under- and
overreward for life satisfaction-
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Pages: 118 - 131
Abstract: A large percentage of workers in Europe perceive their earnings to be unfairly low. Such perceptions of unfairness can have far-reaching consequences, ranging from low satisfaction to poor health. To gain insight into the conditions that can attenuate or amplify these adverse consequences, comparative research on the role of country contexts in shaping responses to perceived unfairness is needed. Furthermore, justice theory proposes that both types of perceived unfairness—underreward and overreward—cause distress, but evidence on overreward from representative survey data is scarce and laboratory studies have produced mixed results. Data from the European Social Survey (collected in 2018/2019) offer a means of addressing both of these gaps in the research. Studying the association between perceived fairness of personal earnings and life satisfaction in a cross-section of 29 European countries, I find that both underreward and overreward are associated with lower life satisfaction. This relationship is more pronounced in countries where the equity norm is strongly legitimized and weaker in countries where the trade union density is high.
PubDate: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac044
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- Early Retirement and Social Class: A Health-Giving Choice for All'
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Pages: 132 - 144
Abstract: Empirical evidence on the effect of the timing of retirement on post-retirement health is so far inconclusive regarding the causal nature of this relationship, and little is known about how the effect varies by social class. This paper uses birth cohort variation in incentives to postpone early retirement in an instrumental variable framework to estimate the causal effect of early retirement on post-retirement health as indicated by visits to general practitioners (GP) and mortality. Drawing on Danish administrative register data, results from instrumental variable regressions suggest that for men, the effect of early retirement at age 60 on GP visits is positive and short-term, if anything, as it reduces early retirees’ number of visits to the GP compared to men who retire later than at age 60. These effects, among men, are particularly driven by members of the skilled manual working class. For women, the results show no evidence of a health effect of early retirement on GP visits. Additionally, for mortality, the results provided no evidence of a health effect of early retirement, irrespective of social class and gender.
PubDate: Fri, 17 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac029
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
- A Whole Population Network and Its Application for the Social Sciences
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Pages: 145 - 160
Abstract: This data brief presents a whole population network file constructed from administrative data. The network incorporates 1.4 billion relationships between all 17 million inhabitants of the Netherlands in 2018. Relationships are identified between individuals who live in the same household, live close to each other, work for the same company, attend the same educational institution, or belong to the same extended family. The network file is available for analysis at Statistics Netherlands for research purposes. The data brief explains the network construction, the underlying data, data access, and discusses its applications for social research. The network has great potential for the social sciences due to its scale and comprehensive coverage of individuals. As a use case, we present a random walk approach to estimate segregation between people of different educational backgrounds. Further applications of whole population networks are also discussed.
PubDate: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac026
Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
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