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Middle West Review
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ISSN (Print) 2372-5664 - ISSN (Online) 2372-5672
Published by U of Nebraska Homepage  [32 journals]
  • Female Hucksters and Produce Markets in the Great Lakes Region,
           1830s–1890s

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      Abstract: Mary Judge had seen a bit of the world by the time she became a vendor at Detroit's City Hall Market. She remained a market fixture until her death. For over thirty years, newspaper reporters linked her, more than any other individual, with one cause célèbre, the city's public market. Judge catered to journalists, no doubt, but her entire cohort of female growers and hucksters found themselves in the news often. The media did not recognize them for bringing food to market, daily, between April and November. Instead, journalists often linked market women to the problems that the city hoped to solve if it closed the market. Vendors' wagons clogged downtown streets and created a public hazard, while their boisterous ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Sustenance, Social Bonds, and Politics: A Food History of the South Dakota
           Suffrage Movement

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      Abstract: On July 21, 1890, Emma Smith DeVoe traveled about eighty miles from her home in Huron, South Dakota, to the town of Warner, to hold an afternoon suffrage meeting at the home of Margaret J. Cook. Cook gave a banquet for the fifty women who attended. According to news reports, the women "all said it was the very first time in all their lives that a banquet had been prepared for them. They had prepared many banquets for men, but this was a new order of business."1Looking at the intersection of food and equal suffrage in South Dakota brings forward stories that speak to the lived experience of the suffrage movement, as well as changes and continuities in women's roles as they claimed expanded political voice. The ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • "For Women Only!": A Radical Message of the Black Middle Class in Kansas
           City

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      Abstract: The Kansas City [Missouri] Call, published from 1919 to the present, has been one of the largest and most successful Black newspapers in the country. This article examines the depiction of Black women in the Call in the 1950s, a decade of significant change in Kansas City. As a midwestern crossroads, Kansas City had seen its Black population grow substantially in the previous decade as rural African Americans arrived seeking new urban opportunities. Some of these new Kansas City residents came from the Missouri countryside or from surrounding midwestern states. Others were part of the Great Migration out of the South and either planned to make Kansas City their permanent home or saw it as simply a temporary stop ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Inventing a Heartland

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      Abstract: Over one third of my life has been spent in the Midwest—five years of early childhood in Sioux Falls and seventeen years of my adult life in Chicago. I thought I knew the Midwest well. After all, I had considerable personal experience with the region as a resident—my father worked for the Department of Agriculture's Rural Electrification Administration, which explains how my Brooklyn-based family wound up in South Dakota, and I got my second academic job in the region's largest city—and as an occasional tourist. In my four-plus decades in the academy, I absorbed a healthy dose of the substantial historical literature on race, labor, immigration, politics, and industry in the region. Apparently, though, I don't know ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Agrarian Mythologies

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      Abstract: Britt E. Halvorson and Joshua O. Reno tell us at the outset of Imagining the Heartland: White Supremacy and the Midwest that the election of Donald Trump to the Oval Office in 2016, and the rise of his MAGA followers, spawned a long-standing interest to consolidate their research into the cultural tropes and aesthetic languages that grew from the Corn Belt since the Great Depression. Both anthropologists, this collaborative duo has lived in Michigan, an experience they present as bona fides, or personal reflections, alongside their fused scholarship. In these authors' hands, the Midwest is mined for its "seeming ordinariness," a narrative that they argue masks a deep-seated racism that can be read in ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Whose Midwest'

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      Abstract: Much of my scholarship has focused on race and race relations in the Midwest. Thus, I was genuinely delighted to review a book that would help explain the very complicated and contentious history of race in the Midwest and how such issues play out today. For example, I thought the authors might explore why Iowa, which jump-started Barack Obama's presidential aspirations in the 2008 caucuses, and voted for him twice for president, then twice voted for Donald Trump. Sadly, this book offers few answers or insights to such questions.One major problem with this book is its use—or failure to use—evidence, and the authors' apparent lack of understanding of basic U.S. history. They make assertions that are only partially ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • What to the "Other" Is the Midwest'

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      Abstract: On July 5, 1852, formerly enslaved abolitionist Frederick Douglass spoke to a Rochester, New York, assembly for their Independence Day celebration. Over the course of the speech, Douglass chides the audience for their insensitivity, questioning if their invitation's purpose was to mock him:"What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July' I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim."1This searing provocation parallels my assertion that even in the most earnest scholarly efforts to understand and challenge the Midwest's constitutive White supremacy, the region's residents of color are almost always rendered invisible. ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • No, the Heartland Isn't a Race, and the Social Sciences Are a Mess

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      Abstract: This past summer, I went to my post office box in Bussey, Iowa (pop. 379) and was delighted to see I had a book in the mail. I ripped the package open and saw the title: Imagining the Heartland: White supremacy and the American Midwest. Interesting, I thought. Yep, White supremacy is in the Midwest. Okay. I've seen it, and some of its effects. I imagined a thoughtful discussion of the KKK, maybe how systematic racism is playing out in state legislatures, or even more interesting, a discussion of contemporary midwestern White nationalist "Christian" church groups, or racist right-wing militia gangs. I turned the book over and read the "blurb" by Joseph Darda—"The heartland isn't a region. It's a race. Britt ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Does "White" Equal "White Supremacy"'

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      Abstract: What do we think of when we hear the term "White supremacy"' A Grand Dragon in a hood and sheet' A Tiki Torch-bearing neo-Nazi' Britt Halvorson and Joshua O. Reno would like to change that perception. In Imagining the Heartland: White Supremacy in the American Midwest, they offer us a new way to conceptualize White supremacy: they argue that it is less an individual mindset or pattern of behavior than it is a part of the systems and structures of power that control resources and lives. Halvorson and Reno's case rests on their analysis of midwestern works of the imagination, as well as accounts from popular media, and the ways in which these works enact a pastoral mythology that constructs the Midwest as White. ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Wrong Ideas About Wrong Ideas

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      Abstract: In summarizing their work in Imagining the Heartland, anthropologists Britt Halvorson and Joshua Reno tell us they have "focused on understanding dominant ideas that have become associated with Midwestness and documenting some of their troubling political effects" (152). The "ongoing projects of white supremacy" (153) that they identify, although "barely noticeable" (39), are ideas, not "natural properties" (152)—which are imposed upon the Midwest by agents not necessarily from the Midwest. In fact, most depictions of the Midwest analyzed in this book—television shows, movies, paintings, national news outlets—are from California, New York, or the South. What is needed, the anthropologists tell us, is "fresh, new ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Recognizing the Authentic, Documented Middle West

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      Abstract: As an American historian, I view the Old West (and now the Middle West) as a place of diversity and contradictions, and as being a real place. In the historical mind, but perhaps more importantly, because of the documented record, the Old West/West/Middle West is as authentic as could be experienced, or even imagined. My personal recollection from the mid-twentieth century of the image of the Midwest is linked to an oft-told family story of how my mother's great grandmother "safely brought her little children across the mountains" into Ohio. This bit of oral history from the mid-nineteenth century, backed up by documentation in later years, depicted the Trail of Tears and left an imprint on my mind and in my ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Imagining Supremacy

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      Abstract: In Imagining the Heartland: White Supremacy and the American Midwest, authors Britt E. Halvorson and Joshua Reno do something fascinating: use contemporary academic theory to render the answer to a rather simple question almost incomprehensible.Imagining the Heartland—a dense and often quite well-written text—is focused on one core question: why is the American Midwest seen as it is' The authors argue that the midwestern region of the U.S. is often seen and presented as a sort of idealized, mostly-White heartland of the country. Empirically speaking, this claim seems to have three component prongs: that the Midwest is depicted as very White in population terms (13, 18, 44); that it is described as a sort of ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Settler Colonialism and Imagining the Nation's Center as its Right

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      Abstract: Thirty-odd years ago I interviewed the Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James at his flat in London. I wanted to hear about his time organizing African American and white Depression-era agricultural workers in the Bootheel of southeast Missouri, admittedly a push at the southern boundaries of the Midwest. James had a little to say on that subject but became electric when he turned the conversation to his reading of Hegel with newfound clarity while he lived among Missouri's sharecroppers and experienced them dialectically as being among the most "backwards" U.S. workers and as the very most "advanced." We could use lots more such subtle, hopeful, global, and multiracial situating of the rural Midwest.Britt ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Whitewashing the Heartland

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      Abstract: Co-authors Britt E. Halvorson and Joshua O. Reno begin their book, Imagining the Heartland: White Supremacy and the American Midwest, with a number of reasonable and significant claims. Among them, they argue that "the Midwest—as an imagined national middle ground, or average—is less a real collection of places and more a screen onto which various conceptions of middle-ness and average-ness are projected." (2) A few pages later, they expand this metaphor by asserting that the region has "operated as a screen or stage on which to articulate whiteness and virtue." (4) "The Midwest," they continue, "was not discovered. It was invented" and "it has been successfully reinvented again and again" (9) as an exclusionary ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • U.S. History as Part of a Core Curriculum

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      Abstract: It never occurred to me that I would write a Texas-centered piece for The Middle West Review, but desperate times call for additional information. Much of the emphasis on the "civics crisis" in the U.S. over the last ten years focused on K-12 curriculum, and the startling lack of historical and governmental knowledge attained before high school graduation. But the problem runs deeper than K-12, with increasingly fewer institutions of higher education including U.S. history in their core curriculum. Texas is among the states that continues to require U.S. history as part of a public college education. Added in 1955, the relevant section of the Texas Education Code reads in part: "A college or university receiving ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Surveying the Ongoing History Crisis: Quantitative and Qualitative
           Evidence from Across the Midwest

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      Abstract: Following the alarm bells sounded by Middle West Review editor-in-chief Jon Lauck in the Fall 2022 issue editorial titled "The Ongoing History Crisis," the need for a more robust and comprehensive data set to gauge the current trends related to faculty jobs across the region stood out. With added data from a more comprehensive survey a stark reality emerged: across the 104 institutions surveyed as of December 31, 2022—out of 629 Higher Learning Commission-accredited institutions that were identified and contacted—a reduction of 290 full-time jobs in the field of history occurred within responding institutions over the past fifteen years across the twelve-state region. Twenty-eight responding institutions did not ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Reframing History: A Response

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      Abstract: The numbers are grim, for sure. And the reality they represent, sketched by Jon Lauck in the previous issue of this journal, is equally bleak.1 Tenured and tenure-track positions in history are disappearing all across the Midwest, as with the nation. Yes, this is a pivotal moment for historians and for our colleagues in the humanities. It has been for some time, at least since I began my professional training eighteen years ago. Historians of my generation have never experienced a steady market, much less a resurgent one. We have grown accustomed to denied hiring requests to refill lines, to our chairs' powerless but sympathetic shrugs. It's difficult to fathom: was there really a time when it was different' The ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Crafting an Indigenous Nation: Kiowa Expressive Culture in the Progressive
           Era by Jenny Tone-Pah-Hote (review)

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      Abstract: After 1875, Kiowas in southwestern Oklahoma faced rapid cultural change precipitated by the collapse of the Plains horse and buffalo culture; the influx of Indian Office personnel and missionaries who imposed assimilationist policies; the nefarious Jerome Commission and forced allotment; and attacks on dancing, ceremonies, and Native healers. In Crafting an Indigenous Nation, Jenny Tone-Pah-Hote examines her people's expressive culture—art, music, dance, and performance—to demonstrate how Kiowas navigated and shaped individual, intratribal, and intertribal identities during the Progressive Era and the early twentieth century. In the intertribal arena of fairs, powwows, and expositions, Kiowas formed a distinctive ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • The Heartland: An American History by Kristin L. Hoganson (review)

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      Abstract: In her new book, The Heartland: An American History, Kristin L. Hoganson continues to examine the American empire, this time focusing on the American Midwest. While the area surrounding Champaign, Illinois, sits at the center of the book, The Heartland travels to the edges of the United States and across the Atlantic to break apart the mythologies of mid-western exceptionalism. Hoganson approaches ideas of the heartland both geographically and metaphorically, revealing a space that was not insulated from nineteenth- and twentieth-century globalization. Rather, it emblematized Americans' quests to integrate themselves into new global markets. To prove that the Midwest was more complex than the insular, exceptional ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Angel De Cora, Karen Thronson, and the Art of Place: How Two Midwestern
           Women Used Art to Negotiate Migration and Dispossession by Elizabeth
           Sutton (review)

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      Abstract: Histories built on comparative case studies often lead to new discoveries by focusing on examples that are both parallel and divergent. This is the model undergirding art historian Elizabeth Sutton's comparative study of Ho-Chunk artist Angel De Cora and the author's great-grandmother Karen Thronson, a Norwegian immigrant to the Midwest. Pairing these two figures' stories and the spaces of subjugation and assimilation that operated for both Native nations and Scandinavian immigrant communities in the Midwest allows readers to consider the power of objects to engage with place, identity, culture, gender, and memory. Sutton argues that these artists, contemporaries who never met, both engaged in community-building ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • A History of Hate in Ohio: Then and Now by Michael E. Brooks and Bob
           Fitrakis (review)

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      Abstract: A central problem in critical whiteness studies has been what historian Kathleen Belew has identified as a perceived bifurcation between violent White nationalist groups and mainstream American life. A History of Hate in Ohio joins a variety of other recent works in challenging that division. Although it focuses mainly on White power groups, the book examines White supremacy broadly and gives attention to its many forms, from segregated public schools to settler violence toward Native Americans. Collectively, these different manifestations paint a portrait of racism across different periods of Ohio history in legislative and everyday forms as well as among White mobs and White hate groups. While readers should be ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • A Geography of the Hutterites in North America by Simon M. Evans (review)

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      Abstract: The late Simon Evans's A Geography of Hutterites in North America makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of this distinctive ethnoreligious group and its impact on the Midwest and Great Plains. It does so by moving beyond past studies, many of which have focused on religious beliefs and practices, to focus on the geography of Hutterite settlements. Among other benefits, this approach allows Evans to link developments within this small, somewhat obscure community—developments such as diffusion, expansion, and economic diversification—to broader themes and scholarly conversations, including discourses of particular interest to readers of this journal.The book is divided into two sections. The first ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • The Names of John Gergen: Immigrant Identities in Early Twentieth-Century
           St. Louis by Benjamin Moore (review)

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      Abstract: Most historians know the exhilarating moment of finding new sources in the archive; however, for Benjamin Moore that serendipitous moment occurred while poking through a dumpster. A trove of discarded schoolwork introduced Moore to John Gergen, a young Banat Swabian immigrant who lived in St. Louis in the early twentieth century. With a keen eye for detail, Moore persistently unraveled Gergen's life, building a dynamic portrait of a young man and his family from the thin records they left behind. Moore's meticulous research has resulted in a remarkable tale of immigration, loss, adoption, struggle, death, and ultimately, identity. Moore structures the book around the development and demise of Gergen's foster family ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Spoon River America: Edgar Lee Masters and the Myth of the American Small
           Town by Jason Stacy (review)

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      Abstract: In Spoon River America: Edgar Lee Masters and the Myth of the American Small Town, Jason Stacy states that he has "treated Spoon River Anthology like a historical subject" but cautions the reader that the work's "significance lies not only in its history but also in its enduring life as a book that people read" (173). Stacy's analysis of the text is sensitive to the literary aspects of Masters's work, and it is thus useful and engaging to literary critics and historians alike.Stacy begins by tracing two distinct origin myths of the American small town: the New England version and the midwestern one. The myth of the New England small town has roots that reach back before the American Revolution and defines itself as ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental
           Justice by Katherine Wiltenburg Todrys (review)

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      Abstract: For good reason, historians are fond of quoting William Faulkner's famous observation from his novel Requiem for a Nun, "The past is never dead. It's not even past." Few recent events demonstrate the ability of the past to motivate action in the present than the 2014–17 opposition to the Dakota Access Pipeline. Katherine Wiltenburg Todrys's Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice follows the stories of four Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara (MHA) Nation women and their work protesting the pipeline near the Standing Rock Reservation in North Dakota. This work shows that the past is inextricably tied to the present and that the legacies of settler colonialism still present ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • The Land Remains: A Midwestern Perspective On Our Past and Future by Neil
           D. Hamilton (review)

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      Abstract: In this expansive memoir, retired law professor Neil D. Hamilton draws insights from a career of teaching, research, and public service to discuss how American relationships with the agricultural landscapes of the Midwest have changed over time and how they must continue to evolve in the search for more sustainable social, economic, and ecological practices. Several themes run throughout the book: the tensions between public and private good; the outsized power of market forces; the need for a holistic perspective on land, water, and conservation; the disconnect between most citizens and the land; and the value of law and policy to guide conservation decisions. One of Hamilton's most valuable contributions is an ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • They Have All Gone Away: Farms, Families, and Change

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      Abstract: Farming was once central to American life. In 1790, ninety-six percent of the population lived in rural areas, most on farms; in 1860, eighty percent of Americans still lived on farms or in small towns. Farming was the route to independence, self-sufficiency, security, and prosperity. The work was hard, but it brought reassuring seasonal routines: the births and deaths of livestock; planting, growing, and harvesting crops; family births, maturity, aging, deaths. Farms provided an organic unity that conveyed lessons about nature and the human condition that were sometimes hard to learn. For some families, the farm became a sacred entity, standing apart from and above the family. Even in today's modern ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Ruin, Revival, and Something in Between: Memoirs of the Rust Belt

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      Abstract: For nearly one hundred years, from roughly the early 1870s until the early 1970s, the industrial growth of the Midwest made the U.S. the world's dominant economic power. Midwestern cities such as Detroit, Cleveland, Toledo, Akron, Milwaukee, and Flint were pillars of the country's industrial might. Many of them are known by their principal industry: Motor City, Glass City, and Rubber Capital. The wealth generated created world-renowned museums, symphonies, hospitals, libraries, parks, and important cultural institutions. Industrial production was as midwestern as growing corn.The boom period ended, and the region was branded the Rust Belt in 1984 when Walter Mondale used the term during his failed presidential ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Revisiting a Debut at a Career's End: David Mamet's Lakeboat (1970/1980)

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      Abstract: On April 13, 2022, I received notice that ReFocus: The Films of David Mamet, a planned anthology in Edinburgh University Press's film studies series, had been cancelled. Co-editors Michelle E. Moore and Brian Brems decided they could no longer in good conscience go forward with the project after Mamet's April 2022 comments to Fox News. Mamet—who won the 1984 Pulitzer for Glengarry Glen Ross (1983)—had made claims about the previous presidential election being stolen and, even more bizarre, that teachers are "inclined" to be sexual groomers of children.1 While in the middle of writing a chapter on Mamet's less-regarded 1997 film, The Spanish Prisoner, for the collection, I could understand Moore and Brems's ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • I'm Your Boy: Dan Fogelberg and Peoria, Illinois

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      Abstract: Dan Fogelberg in concert, May 1984. Photo by MediaPunch Inc./Alamy Stock PhotoOn a snowy Christmas Eve, 1975, the Fogelberg family of Peoria, Illinois, celebrated by enjoying some Irish coffees. Unfortunately, they were missing an important ingredient—whipping cream. The Fogelberg's youngest son, Dan, a musician who had released his second solo album (Souvenirs) the year before on Epic Records, and was visiting for the holidays, headed out to fill the order. With most stores closed, he ended up at the Convenient Food Mart, located at the top of Abington Street hill. Browsing the aisles, Fogelberg came across someone he knew—Jill Anderson, his onetime girlfriend during their school days at Woodruff High School ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • An Interview with David Roediger

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      Abstract: Where were you born'The hospital in which I was born was in East St. Louis, Illinois. I have long been tempted to claim I'm "from" there, given how central that city has been to African American creative genius and to the tragedy of race in the Midwest. But in truth the life and livelihood of both my parents was in Columbia, Illinois, a dozen miles south. It was a village of two to three thousand, deeply German American, all-white, and built around grain milling and limestone quarrying.How did your parents and grandparents come to be in this part of the country'My family on both sides came to southern Illinois before the generation of my grandparents, overwhelmingly from what's now Germany but with one branch from ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Introduction: The Shredding of Midwestern Newspapers

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      Abstract: A couple of months ago, I was talking to a friend in Illinois who noted that she could not find anyone to talk to at the newspaper in Springfield, the state capital. All the reporters and editors were gone that day and the paper was just running Associated Press wire stories in its pages. In the year 2000, by contrast, there were seventy people in the newsroom of the Springfield State Journal-Register, including several librarians and news clerks and an editorial cartoonist and an art director. It even had a multi-person news bureau over at the capitol to specifically cover politics and policy. In earlier decades, in short, it was easy to find someone at the newspaper to talk to on the phone about breaking news or ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Introduction

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      Abstract: As Midwesterners know all too well, Americans who live in other parts of the United States frequently refer to the Midwest as "flyover country." For many travelers, the vast twelve-state region is simply a geographic impediment between themselves and their ultimate destination. An airline passenger suffering through an uncomfortable flight might even curse the Midwest's very existence: "Why does New York have to be so damned far from Denver, anyway'" Before air travel became commonplace, however, Americans both inside and outside the Midwest viewed the region very differently. Far from being a place to fly over, it was a place to come together. Historically, the Midwest was the nation's crossroads, a place where ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • Monuments to Midwestern Pioneer Mothers and Native Women

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      Abstract: Local sculptor John K. Daniels's 1936 monument for Minneapolis, Minnesota's new Pioneer Park bore striking similarities in style and meaning to other early midwestern pioneer monuments.John K. Daniels, Pioneers Monument, Minneapolis, Minnesota, as of March 2013. Photo by author.Figurative sculptures honored Euro-American settler men's hard work hewing farms out of the wilderness, accompanied by a self-sacrificing "pioneer mother" symbolizing the arrival of White Christian culture on the frontier. A bas relief on the reverse of the monument nodded to French settlement of the region by depicting Native American men—but no women—welcoming French explorers to their homelands. While dozens of monuments erected across ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
  • "The Light of Science and Religion": Women's Education, the Language of
           Conquest, and Emerging Midwestern Identities on the Illinois Frontier,
           1830–1850

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      Abstract: In 1832, the frontier community of Jacksonville, Illinois, was "little better than a group of log cabins" amid the open prairie. For a small group of women recently removed from New England and the Mid-Atlantic, however, the burgeoning village was the site of "some important revolution." United by a conviction that women's education was "intimately connected with the best interests of our country," they founded the Ladies Association for Educating Females (LAEF) to create networks for teachers and distribute scholarships to young women. In 1834, LAEF secretary Caroline Wilder Baldwin imparted the urgency of their mission when she estimated that approximately 40,000 new teachers were needed to instruct the 1.4 ... Read More
      PubDate: 2023-02-24T00:00:00-05:00
       
 
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