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Authors:Fulton Mangwanya; Charity Manyeruke Abstract: The subject of access to land in Zimbabwe remains an important issue to address equality and equity in land access and utilisation. However, access to the land resource by people with disabilities is outstanding. The main objective of this study was to investigate if people with disabilities were considered under the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe. Literature review on land reform in Zimbabwe was done and data were collected through Purposive Sampling (8 out of 10 provinces) and Key Informant Interviews (n=62). 95% of key informants said people with disabilities did not benefit from the FTLRP/Jambanja. We conclude that persons with a disability had lesser chances of being allocated land as compared to their counterparts without disabilities. There is a need for a policy-driven affirmative action by the government of Zimbabwe to empower and protect people with disabilities on access to land capital. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Mlungisi Phakathi Abstract: This article analyses the testimony of former President Jacob Zuma, given at the Zondo Commission of Inquiry into State Capture. It focuses on the revelations of the former President and their possible implications for political trust in South Africa. It uses a framework by Francis Fukuyama (1995), who argues that trust or social capital is an important factor in achieving collaboration and prosperity in society. The article argues that the revelations of the former President will possibly affect trust negatively. They have the potential to affect trust among members within the African National Congress (ANC), people's trust of the ANC, the trust of the private sector, the office of the Public Protector and the media by the ANC and the general public. The paper argues that it will be difficult to grow South Africa together in a trust deficient environment. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Osmond Chigozie Agu; Phocenah Nyatanga Abstract: The fluctuations in the oil price over the years have created uncertainties and unsustainability of economic growth, and these have reinforced poverty through several channels, especially in developing economies. This study explored the impact of oil price movement and other macroeconomic indicators on poverty in Nigeria between 1980 and 2018. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimating technique was utilized to investigate both the short run and long run impact of oil price fluctuations on the poverty rate in Nigeria. The estimation results show that oil price volatility has a positive and statistically significant effect on poverty rate both in the short run and in the long run. The estimation results also shows that interest rates and growth in gross domestic product have a statistically significant and positive effect on poverty rate in Nigeria. The study therefore concluded that though Nigeria is experiencing economic growth, the growth is not inclusive. The study therefore recommends that the Nigerian government diversify, attract and encourage investors into the other sectors of the economy that are less susceptible to oil price fluctuations as alternative sources of income. It is also recommended that the monetary authorities efficiently use the interest rates in times of oil price movements to ensure that economic growth is not compromised, hence reducing the incidence of poverty in Nigeria. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Darma Mahadea; Irrshad Kaseeram Abstract: The search for happiness is a universal human goal. We all want to be happy and lead a flourishing life of endeavor with fruitful relationships, free from worries and afflictions. However, not all of us are happy, despite growth in personal income over time. Subjective well-being has traditionally been in the realm of philosophy, suggesting that happiness, as the only ultimate purpose of life, is underpinned by virtuosity and moral principles. In recent times, happiness has attracted the attention of economists and researchers in other disciplines too. Psychology indicates that certain personality attributes are critical for higher happiness levels. Economic reasoning suggests that rising incomes with economic growth and good health enhance quality of life and subjective well-being. This paper takes on an interdisciplinary exploratory approach to examining happiness. It examines the economic and non-economic influences on the human life satisfaction and assesses the role of government to enhance well-being and happiness. The paper introduces the philosophical influence of the mode of action, goodness as an alternative individual approach to a good life and lasting happiness, and complements this with a panel regression analysis, reflecting that rising income per head, freedom, healthy life expectancy conditions and income inequalities are significant economic factors influencing happiness in a society. For citizens’ higher happiness levels, policy-makers should therefore promote economic growth with which rising income per capita is associated, ensure good health care conditions and minimize income inequalities. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Mkhize Sazi; Z. Nobahle Edmore Ntini Abstract: Too often literature on community development strategies presents general strategies used by practitioners as agencies of change in communities they practice in. This paper analyses at the collapse of the family institution as a community challenge that needs to be addressed using the community development approach. The aim is to generate knowledge on strategies that can be used for instilling the value of the institution of the family. The objective is to describe academics perceptions of strategies that can be used for instilling the value of the institution of the family. The paper uses a qualitative case study of Social Science university lectures to explore specific strategies that could be used to restore the way communities should value the institution of family. In-depth interviews were conducted on a sample of six lecturers selected from three departments. The paper identified nine strategies for restoring respect and valuing the family institution in communities, namely, communication forums and religious institutions strategies; curriculum and media strategies; access to resources and job opportunities strategy; resource person strategy; family resilience strategy; family well-being intervention and preservation strategy and the empathy strategy. The study recommends a pro-family curriculum change in universities and colleges. An improved collaboration between the Department of Social Services and the Department of Correctional Services in matters concerning families is recommended. Development nongovernmental organisations can play a big role in family education. Lastly, the media can be used as a strategy to restore the respect of the institution of the family. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Ogbuagu C. Chukwu; Abiodun Omotayo Oladejo Abstract: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has a sad history of environmental pollution from gas flaring, gas blowouts, oil spills and oil well fires. These have made life and livelihood very difficult for the people of the region. The most prominent view on this matter is that oil companies’ negligence and un-circumspect oil and gas business are responsible for the problem. However, some current arguments have advanced that some local people have on their own been destroying their own environment. This paper therefore sought to evaluate the degree of complicity of stakeholders in the environmental woes facing the region. Using political ecology as theoretical thrust, the study adopted qualitative techniques namely content analysis and focus group discussion as methods of inquiry. The findings of the study revealed that oil multinationals and government – with its agencies – are the real culprits, and that oil bunkering – discontenting - activities by members of the host communities that result in environmental pollution are infinitesimally inconsequential compared to the damage being done by oil companies and government. What this implies is that the responsibility to salvage the situation overwhelmingly rests on oil multinationals and government. They both need to collaborate with oil producing communities to find a mutually acceptable way of exploiting the region’s resources in a way that fully recognises the need to protect the environment and ensure the rights of the people of the region. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Olawumi Kate Oladimeji; Oluyinka Osunkunle Abstract: The media plays a central role in informing the public about what happens in the world while it is also criticised for its portrayal roles at times as in the case of gender based violence. However, there are various mass media channels which are used to keep the audience informed. This study therefore examines the awareness of these channels amongst residents of Uitenhage, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa as well as comparing their views on the extent to which these media channels expose them to gender based violence. Mixed method research approach was employed and questionnaires were subsequently distributed to collect data from the respondents. In addition, one focus group discussion was conducted in the same community. Findings revealed that the residents are more aware of social media and broadcast media and their portrayal of gender-based violence. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by highlighting the role of the media and its various channels in portraying this global menace called gender based violence and its influence on people in Uitenhage. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Ishmael Obaeko Iwara; Kingsley Ekene Amaechi, Rendani Tshifhumulo Beata Kilonzo Abstract: Over the past few years, student violent protest has been widely celebrated in many universities in South Africa. University of Venda is not an exception. At some point, student protest was cultured in the sense that it has consistently occurred at certain periods annually, in different universities across South Africa. It seems, these protests are organised without consideration of their socio-economic implications on the universities , the students and the universities’ hosting communities. Apparently, the perpetrators of protests may have little or no knowledge about the remnants such action resonates. This provides the impetus for this paper, which uses the 2018 students’ violent protests at the university of Venda, to provide insight into consequences of students’ violent protest, from the socio-economic point of view. Theoretically, it draws on Waters, Hyder, Rajkotia, Basu, and Butchart’s (2005) understanding of the consequences of youth violence, which looks at the effects of violence beyond personal harm. A mixed research design method was followed. Staff and students were interrogated on the concern using a self-developed semi-structured and structured questionnaires. Qualitative analysis was performed using Atlas ti v8. Mean ranks of three factors that emerged revealed that economic cost (42.5%) amassed the highest followed by academic cost (31.5%) and health cost (26%). To mitigate subsequent protest, the management should facilitate open dialogues on student-related challenges. Elected student representatives should be subjected to leadership skills training. The study also recommends further strengthening of security measures, as a way to discourage students’ protests that takes a violent path. PubDate: 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Yayew Genet Chekol Abstract: Ethiopia has endorsed human rights from UDHR and by its FDRE, (1995) constitution in which such rights are accounts for one-third of the contents of the constitutions. The paper was aimed at examining the situations of political security and its challenge from a legal perspective. It was investigated through a qualitative research approach, secondary sources of data were highly employed, and the time framed focused since 2005. According to the finding of the research, the political security situations of Ethiopia is characterized by torture and ill-treatment, political repression and enforced disappearances which are made by legal and institutional mechanisms by declaring different proclamations. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Philip Kwashi Atiso Ahiaku Abstract: The study is aimed at investigating the issues of appointment procedures of principals and heads of departments (HoDs) to South African schools. Two issues were investigated: whether the appointment followed efficiently and laid down procedures and whether the current challenges of dissatisfactions faced by school management members are influenced by the appointment processes. A qualitative research approach was employed involving 50 participants purposively selected. Semi-structured interview schedules were conducted to collect data for the study. The findings revealed the manipulation of procedure for selection and interview to favour certain candidates over others, with corruption and nepotism as major issues responsible for the dissatisfaction of other stakeholders. The study recommends narrowing the pool from which principals and HoDs are selected from by emphasizing higher academic qualifications as the minimum qualification for the rise to senior positions such HoDs and principals should be progressional and school leadership must be appointed by the School Governing Body and Department of Education only. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Stanley O. Ehiane; Kehinde David Adejuwon Maria Lauda J. Goyayi Abstract: This article examines the role of public services in a developmental state with specific reference to Nigeria. The dysfunction of the traditional paradigm of public administration and bureaucracy, which has made it grossly inadequate in realising the developmental drives in Nigeria, was identified. The article is qualitative in nature relying on secondary sources of data. It explores Nigeria‘s development state challenges from a public service capacity perspective. It contends that Nigeria has inefficient public service which has the capacity to set major development objectives and ensure service delivery consistency. The article argues that an efficient public service is a prerequisite to the attainment of a developmental state growth in any developing country. The article, therefore, suggests counteractive action for the effective performance of the public service towards the realisation of a developmental state for sustainability. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Samantha Govender Abstract: The importance of feedback in enhancing teaching and learning in higher education institutions is widely acknowledged but there is still a persistent need for improvement. This study explored students‘ reflections on the feedback they received within their modules from multiple assessment practices. It aimed to examine the nature of the feedback they received as well as the challenges they experienced during the process, and to identify innovative ways to enhance future practice. An interpretative qualitative and quantitative research approach was employed. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, containing closed and open-ended questions, from 120 randomly selected third-year students from the Faculty of Education at a South African university. The findings revealed that students felt they did not receive sufficient, detailed, relevant and timely feedback after assessment; they valued feedback mainly in terms of quantity, quality and promptness, but there was little concern from students about the extent to which their learning could be facilitated through the feedback received. Recommendations are provided for effective and efficient ways in which feedback can be improved to facilitate student learning, specifically in the context of large student numbers and high lecturer workload. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Emmanuel Shindika; Priviledge Cheteni Abstract: The focus of this inquiry was to explore the role of ethical compliance in the UN and AU. This was done through individual narratives on how working for renowned institutions on a day-to-day basis influences their understanding and application of ethics. The study applied an inductive and qualitative approach in order to explore how the AU and UN ethics systems influence governance for member states and employees. A sample of 18 both AU and UN personnel were interviewed. Findings from the study pointed that the AU and UN systems have loopholes in dealing with issues of ethical compliance, with the main problem reportedly being that of enforcing and monitoring, otherwise sound policy and guidelines set by the two organisations. It is recommended that the AU and UN upgrade its ethics monitoring systems in order to ensure compliance from employees and member states. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Ishmael Obaeko Iwara; Vhonani Olive Netshandama, Beata Kilonzo Jethro Zuwarimwe Abstract: High rate of youth unemployment in South Africa (highest in the world at 54.7% in 2018) has been associated with several issues. Among other key issues, poor involvement of youth in entrepreneurial activities is prevalent, leaving scholars with tasks of providing lasting solution. Over the years, discourse on the concern revolves around physical, environment, economic, as well as political issues with little attention on social and cultural issues associated with the challenge. Assumptions are that interventions may not suffice given that every society is built on these two actors. In an attempt to address the gap, this study follows an exploratory sequential mixed method research design to provide insight into sociocultural issues responsible for poor involvement of the youth with specific focus on young graduates in Thohoyandou. Snowball sampling was followed in the data collection, utilising semi-structured and structured questionnaires for the interviews. The analysis was performed using Atlas-ti v8 (thematic/report-based analysis) and descriptive statistics through SPSS v25. Drawing from 56 participants, it was observed that reference group and family influence (35%); personal lifestyle and standards 34%; and entrepreneurship orientation in the society (31%) emerged. We recommend community engagement for enhanced orientation on entrepreneurial development. There is also a need to strengthen the place of entrepreneurship in the institutions of higher learning. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Adeoye O. Akinola Abstract: Despite the much-celebrated return to civil rule in 1999, effective governance continues to elude Nigerians. This is not only attributable to bad leadership; of greater concern is the conspiracy of the followership in the socio-economic and political debasement of the Nigerian state. This article takes a holistic approach to understand the role of political leadership, the responses of the citizens to the pressures generated by socio-economic reforms and the quest for good governance in Nigeria. The article relies on unstructured interviews to elicit the perspectives of stakeholders in Nigeria‘s governance project. The article found that the formation of the state and evolution of its nationhood, quality of its leadership, and the character of the followership has made it challenging for the Nigerian state to accumulate the dividends of democracy, align itself with the expectations of the masses and manifest the attributes of a true state. However, more pressing among these challenges is the crisis of leadership. The study concludes by reiterating the need for attitudinal changes in the nature and character of Nigerian leadership towards mobilization of the followership towards achieving public good. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Hlako Choma; Tshegofatso Kgarabjang Abstract: This paper is focusing on the culture of ukuhlola. Ukuhlola is a part of the cultural practices for virginity testing. There is a debate among the chapter 9 institutions that protect constitutional democracy in South Africa on the constitutionality of certain cultures including Ukuhlola. The South Africa Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), as one of the chapter 9 state institutions supporting constitutional democracy, is mandated amongst others to promote respect for human rights and cultural practice. It also promotes the protection, development, and attainment of human rights. It is within this mandate that the Human Rights Commission has observed the debates surrounding the prohibition of Ukuhlola (virginity testing) in the Children‘s Bill. Ukuhlola has been historically regarded as a vital social tool to bring pride to virgin girls, the parents, and the community. Ukuhlola is still practiced in some of the communities in South Africa, Nguni communities. Ukuhlola culture originated from the Zulu culture and is prevalent mostly in the KwaZulu-Natal Province. The motive was to receive the full lobola (the eleventh cow). Ukuhlola practice phased out during the past century but has gradually made a return in various areas of South Africa, including KwaZulu-Natal, in recent years. South Africa‘s Moral Regeneration Movement has decided to use the return of ukuhlola of teenage girls as a tool to fight against women's abuse, teenage pregnancies, and HIV& AIDS. However, gender equality is a chapter 9 organization meant to protect the fundamental human right, while the South African Constitution is the supreme law of the land. And any law that is inconsistent with the Constitution is unconstitutional.
This article investigates whether the practice of ukuhlola could pass the constitutional muster. To achieve this objective, the article considers fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution. The article also considers various case law, journals, textbooks, and internet sources on application and protection of the rights. After considering the fundamental rights and applicable sources, the article concludes that the practice of ukuhlola is indeed unconstitutional. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Ibrahim Yusuf; Sybert Mutereko Abstract: KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) is renowned for both political and election-related violence. Since the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994, election violence has been synonymous with almost every election conducted in the province. Initially, election-related violence was primarily inter-party related. This was during the period when the African National Congress (ANC) and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were involved in devastating killings at election times. However, findings from this study show that recently there has been a shift from inter-party violence to intra-party violence. This study relied primarily on secondary data, and content analysis was used to analyse the data. The analysis conducted in this study indicates that while the historical antagonism between the ANC and the IFP is, in principle, technically over, pre-existing acrimony and animosity still play some roles in influencing violence in KZN. The study reveals that factors such as factionalism, competition over tenders, political assassinations and the quest for supremacy within political parties appear to be the drivers of election violence currently. This, without doubt, undermines efforts at consolidating democracy in KZN and, to some extent, at the national level too. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Oluwatoyin Ayodele Ajani Abstract: Professional development of teachers is significant to classroom practices; this is why it‘s necessary for teachers to engage in regular in-service professional development activities. The purpose of teachers‘ professional development is to enhance their classroom practices for better performance of their learners. This paper aims at providing the need to understand teachers as adult learners in various professional developments designed for teachers. It will help on how teachers are trained with appropriate and needed professional needs, as well as the types of communication approach that can be used in different professional development activities; which can enhance the effectiveness and the usefulness of such professional development activities to teachers‘ classroom practices. Quality of teachers translates to the education system in any country; teachers are critically significant to the educational system. It is, therefore, important that teachers are provided with appropriate and needed professional development activities, where they can actively learn what can be adopted or integrated into their classroom practices. Ideally, professional development activities are to provide collaborative support and training to teachers to make them better in classrooms. These activities should be continuous to sustain the dynamic education system of today. The professional development activities impact meaningfully on teachers‘ development, teachers‘ skills and attitudes are enhanced for classroom practices, further snowballing into the quality of education learners receive. Therefore, the integration of a few basic principles of adult learning into the design of teacher professional development activities can improve classroom practices of teachers. This conceptual paper explores some of these concepts and how the characteristics of adult learners, self-directed learning, transformative learning and critical reflection can enhance classroom practices. PubDate: 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Victor Ojakorotu Abstract: In line with the mandate of AFFRIKA, and underscoring the foci of the journal, it is my profoundest joy that we publish this Edition with topical discourses that highlight core issues that borders on the character of Africa - when adequately utilised – that constitutes immanent potential of advancement. The Edition’s opening discourses on undergraduate political participation in the University of Ghana; attitude of academics towards gender equality in higher schools; and law, politics and society as elites mechanisms of governing address fundamental issues of progressing democratization. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Elizabeth Biney; Acheampong Yaw Amoateng Abstract: The present paper employed focus group interview discussions as data collection tool from a sample of 36 female and male undergraduate students at the University of Ghana to examine the effect of such socio-cultural factors as age, gender, education, and religion affect their participation in politics. Discourse and thematic analyses of the data corroborated many quantitative research findings of political participation. Males were more likely to express interest in and participate in politics than their female counterparts, while younger youth were less likely to participate in politics than older youth. Contrary to the findings of many quantitative studies, educational level had an inverse relationship with participation in politics, while no significant relationship was observed between religion and political participation by the youth. The relatively low participation in politics by the youth is the result of their sense of corruption and distrust in politics and the pervasiveness of discrimination based on age and gender. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:N.L. Maqubela; T.P. Mulaudzi, A. Muleya N.R. Raselekoane Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes of academics in the institutions of higher. This paper postulates that Institutions of higher learning are still masculine-orientated, and this creates a barrier for women in terms of career advancement. The study employed qualitative research methods to explore factors that contribute to the under-representation of women in senior positions at universities in South Africa. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to select twenty-five female academics (25). Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data. The findings demonstrate that the universities continue to be masculine-oriented within most of employment categories. Women face multiple challenges in ascending the academic ladder which results in their under-representation in management and academic position. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Kelvin Bribena Abstract: This paper is an examination of Nigerian elites in context of the interplay of politics, law and the society. Discourse on the Nigerian society has been subsumed on the legacy of colonialism; military in politics and ethnic chauvinism which has given birth to elites fellowship against national interests. While these academic debates have rested on the corridor of corruption and underdevelopment of the country leading to policy adaptation, yet cases of elites’ conspiracy against the organic law to undermine the general-will has persisted in the polity. Hence, this paper unravelled the whole process and suggested a path for a healthy politics. Secondary data were used in the course of this investigation and information were content analysed through theme. This was supported by the notions of classical scholars of elite theory Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Robert Michel. The investigation revealed that the Nigerian elites have been motivated on the grounds of personal desires; and the law (constitution) has been used to strengthen their ascendency in the polity. It further identified that the Nigerian society and law emanated from precolonial; colonial and military decrees; and which has created a need for convocation of genuine sovereign national conference of all elites in the existence groups in the country. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Olukayode 'Segun Eesuola; Victor Ojakorotu Abstract: We assert in this paper that Ifa mainly represents the 'philosophical words of wisdom' that developed from the Yoruba people of West Africa, and that also has religious and divinational applications. This assertion derives from a cross examination of both oral and written literature along with three Odu Ifa (Ifa theses) - using what the paper calls 'bilingual content analysis'- to extract relevant philosophical interpretations as explanatory tools for some sociopolitical phenomena. The assertion challenges the dominant position in the literature that Ifa is a religion, and thus has to, by implication, characteristically run in rivalry to other religions of the world. We clearly assert that Ifa is African Philosophy, and with this we join other Afro-revisionist scholars in setting a new agenda for exploring indigenous and autochthonous African knowledge towards explaining several socio-political issues that confront Africa in contemporary times. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Thizwinondi Josephine Mudau Abstract: This study aims at investigating the potential and the impact of two women-initiated community projects to alleviate poverty in the Mutale Municipality. The study also looks at the challenges faced by women-driven community projects in the Mutale Municipality. Qualitative research methodology has been used to determine the nature and impact of women-driven community projects in alleviating poverty in rural areas around the Mutale Municipality. Interviews were used as the research instrument to collect data from 38 interviewees about the two women-initiated community projects in the Mutale Municipality. The findings revealed a positive impact of the women-driven community projects on the alleviation of poverty in the area. Furthermore, the findings also revealed a significant contribution by women through their community projects. Another important finding of this study is the lack of training and resources such as financial, machinery and transport to support women-initiated community projects. This study calls for women-driven community projects to receive equal support in terms of training and resources from the government and the private sector in order to promote livelihood and sustainability of the projects initiated and driven by women. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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Authors:Motlatjo Ntatamala; Theophilus T. Mukhuba Abstract: Problem-solving is a process—an on-going activity in which we take what we know to discover what we don't know. It involves overcoming obstacles by generating hypo-theses, testing those predictions, and arriving at satisfactory solutions. Problem-solving involves three basic functions: Seeking information, Generating new knowledge and Making decisions. Problem-solving activities involving problem-solving are designed to help learners develop responsibility for their own learning, starting from a low level of responsibility and then taking on a systematic and gradual approach as asserted in Scharle & Szabo. They can be easily integrated into regular lessons, since each activity serves a clear linguistic purpose as well as promoting more general learner development. The activities are also designed to develop a comprehensive range of skills and attitudes, including “developing learner strategies, monitoring learning processes, establishing self-evaluation, promoting motivation and developing co-operation”. The findings of the research revealed that educators experience many challenges in terms of teaching the implementation of problem-solving strategies so that the learners can understand the concepts and lesson content and use problem-solving skills. The ultimate goal should be set to get the learners apply them in their learning through the set tasks and activities. Through the interviews conducted with the educators on the use of the problem-solving activities, it was found that four out of six educators had knowledge of the problem-solving strategies; therefore, they were able to teach the learners through the various problem-solving strategies. PubDate: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
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