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Authors:Nayab Fatima, Muhammad Nadeem Mirza Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The movement for a Saraiki province in the South Punjab region of Pakistan has gained momentum in recent years. The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf government promised during the election campaign to establish a South Punjab province along administrative lines. However, the Saraiki ethno-nationalists have demanded the establishment of the province along ethnic lines. The government fears this would challenge national integration by dividing the nation along ethnic lines. This study seeks to analyze the general sentiments of the people of South Punjab, where Saraikis form a majority, in order to explore whether the public sentiment resonates with the ethno-nationalist parties and factors behind the demand for a separate province. This study is conducted using quantitative methodology. Cross-sectional survey is used as a research tool for data collection, and SPSS is used for data analysis. Results show that mass sentiment does not support ethno-national federalism. Ethnic identity is not a significant factor in the demands for political autonomy. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2023-05-29T07:29:44Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659231178702
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Authors:Esther E. Song, Joanne Yang Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. Despite China's growing participation and accession to international human rights treaties, there exists a wide perception that China violates international human rights norms. When empirically assessing whether China adheres to international human rights norms outlined in international human rights law, we find that there is variation across treaties and across time—China shows relatively higher adherence to norms pertaining to gender equality, economic rights, social and cultural rights, compared to rights to freedom from torture. Improvements in adherence to gender equality, economic rights, social and cultural rights have shown relative improvement over time compared to rights to freedom from torture due to previous efforts to improve welfare under Hu-Wen administration (2002–2012). We additionally find that the variation in adherence across treaties stems from China's distinct human rights norms, which prioritize economic development and national sovereignty over indivisibility of human rights. Our findings contribute to furthering existing understanding of China's relationship with the international human rights regime. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2023-05-24T07:04:08Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659231175830
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Authors:Düzgün Arslantaş, Şenol Arslantaş Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This paper aims to highlight the role of clientelism in the Justice and Development Party's (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) electoral dominance in Turkish politics. Based on intensive fieldwork in Istanbul's one of the poorest and conservative districts of Bağcılar, it argues that the expansion of clientelist networks under the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi government has twofold ramifications, which in turn have reproduced the cycle of dominance. First, it strengthened clients’ partisan identification. Second, it changed clients’ ideology such that they became less resistant to or even supportive of neoliberal reforms that extensively undermined their well-being. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2023-01-31T11:43:12Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659231152400
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Authors:Ricardo E. Buitrago R., James Rajasekar, Jorge Alcaraz Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This article discusses the linkage between Soft Power institutional conditions and their effects on inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) as a mediator of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). We measured Soft Power through the use of selected indicators between 2016 and 2019. To evaluate the proposed Soft Power constructs and their relationship with IFDI – OFDI, we applied partial least squares – structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The model outcomes suggest that Government, Business, Culture, and Diplomacy conditions have a significant and positive effect on IFDI and OFDI. The findings are context-moderated due to the heterogeneity of the emerging economies evaluated. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2023-01-31T07:04:54Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659231152397
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Authors:Deborah L Wheeler Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This study uses “quick immersions” in Middle East politics to investigate the role that a short, yet immersive fieldwork stay can play in generating social scientific and pedagogic insights. Using three “quick immersions” in Middle East politics, this article argues that although having an extended amount of time in the field is ideal, especially when committed to obtaining “an ethnographic sensibility,” a quick immersion is better than no immersion. A quick immersion is not a substitute for an extended field stay. Its primary advantage is making fieldwork possible when time, finances, logistics, and other contextual, professional, or personal constraints prohibit a longer stay. A quick immersion is an adaptation to the constraints that might lead scholars to forego fieldwork otherwise. This study aims to dispel disparaging notions that short fieldwork trips equate with mere academic tourism, by considering the outcomes of three short immersive fieldwork trips to the Middle East: six months in UAE (2013), two months in Qatar (2013), and one month in Lebanon (2017). Although the immersion in UAE was three times longer than the immersion in Qatar, and six times longer than the immersion in Lebanon, the insights yielded from all three case studies were equally meaningful for understanding Middle East politics in ways not possible without fieldwork. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-11-30T07:12:27Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221135045
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Authors:Dongchan Kim Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The purpose of this paper is to explain how China is reacting to U.S. foreign policy under President Biden (“The Biden Doctrine”). Using official statements and documents, this paper establishes that “authoritarianism versus democracy” has become the organizing principle of the Biden Doctrine, and that principle is supported by three “pillars”—alliances, multilateralism, and strategic risk reduction. The Biden Doctrine is focused on strengthening alliances and building multilateral partnerships that can provide a competitive edge against China, while also pursuing strategic risk reduction measures to contain competition to non-military areas, even as the United States steps up support for Taiwan. The Biden Doctrine has not been well-received in China, where it is viewed as an attempt at containment, and China has responded with stronger diplomatic rhetoric, increased military activity around Taiwan, strengthened partnerships with U.S. adversaries, and (albeit strained) efforts to maintain good relations with Europe. The paper concludes that the interplay between U.S. and Chinese foreign policies is increasing the risk of a new type of Cold War, especially over geographical flashpoints like Taiwan. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-11-18T06:55:07Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221135838
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Authors:Zhang Yu, Muhammad Umer Quddoos, Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Muhammad Munir Ahmad, Laeeq Razzak Janjua, Muhammad Sajid Amin, Abdul Haseeb Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This study investigates the moderating role of the corruption index with the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI), unemployment, corruption, and crime rate on economic growth in Bangladesh from 1988 to 2019. The Augmented Dicky-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Peron (P-P) unit root tests were applied to check the stationary properties of the concerned variables. The auto regressor distribution lags approach is used to test the hypotheses. The results show that the corruption index as a moderator has a significant adverse impact on economic growth along with the other variables crime, and unemployment on economic growth. To put it simply, economic growth increases by decreasing corruption, unemployment, and crime rates. Similarly, FDI and trade openness appears as a catalyst for boosting economic growth, but the interaction variable of the trade and corruption index increases the trade costs that may slow down the economic growth. As among the pioneer attempts, the present study contributes to growing literature on the moderator role of the corruption index along with other determinants of economic growth by identifying the role of FDI inflows, trade, unemployment, and crime rates on economic growth in Bangladesh. These empirical findings are directed toward some critical policy implications that will help the governmental bodies and policymakers to achieve sustainable economic growth along with ensuring better employment opportunities and thereby control the crime and corruption rates in Bangladesh. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-10-20T06:06:40Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221125696
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Authors:Vanessa Alexandra Boese, Matthew Charles Wilson Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. Contestation and participation are commonly viewed as two main constituent dimensions of electoral democracy. How exactly have these two dimensions been conceptualized and measured in the literature' Are they empirically observable and do they matter for democratic development and stability' This article answers the first of these questions and considers their implications for the second by reviewing the literature on these two dimensions. We discuss three issues that affect conclusions about dimensions of democracy and their relevance for understanding democratic development: First, conceptual ambiguities—substantive overlap between the two concepts—obscure the meanings of each of the two dimensions. Such ambiguities led to a second issue, which is a concept-measurement mismatch. The conceptual contributions were never really met with an empirical equivalent that would allow us to properly measure the two dimensions. Scholars continue to invoke theoretical understandings from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, but represent them using measures that were not explicitly concerned with measuring them, which presents the third issue of concept reification. As a result of these three issues, inferences about how democracy has developed and its relevance for democratic stability or for transitions to democratic rule is potentially obscured. Based on these issues, we provide three suggestions for future research concerning the concepts of contestation and participation. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-09-27T05:56:27Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221120970
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Authors:Crispen Chirume Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. Debt levels in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have been rising over the years as countries undertake infrastructure projects and the increased use of bilateral and private credit. Although on aggregate the debt levels are within SADC recommendations on macroeconomic convergence, there are growing fears that a number of countries in the region might default and indeed some are already in default. The frequent occurrence of debt crisis is a cause for concern. This research is an attempt to determine the significant predictors from a small set of variables commonly touted as important in debt crisis prediction. The research considered the output gap, real exchange rate, external debt ratios, commodity shocks and quality of governance as potential predictors. The factor variables being of particular interest Empirical findings on these potential predictors is somehow mixed, which partly is accounted for by the differences in model specifications from author to author. The research employed the event study and fixed effects logistic regression for modelling the probability of default of public debt. Results of the model illustrate that governance indicators and commodity price shocks (global level) were not statistically significant predictors of debt crisis as commonly suggested by theory. However the external debt, output and the real foreign exchange rate were all significant. Real output was shown to be one of the most important predictors of debt crisis. The estimated probability model fared relatively better than a random model. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-08-26T06:45:27Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221120074
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Authors:Rodrick Molonga Elekeleme, Minjun Hong Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This study tested whether the Sino-African economic partnership, represented by the share of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), affected the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Africa. Therefore, we zeroed in on 41 countries and ran a panel analysis, covering the period ranging from 2003 to 2018, to examine whether the effect of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions per capita was moderated by the share of Chinese FDI stock. We found an overall inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP per capita with CO2 and CH4 emissions per capita. We also found that the impact of the GDP per capita on pollutants emissions per capita was contingent upon the level of the share of Chinese FDI. We estimated the turning points of GDP per capita and found that the share of Chinese FDI stock was making the turning point of CO2 per capita move left and made the data shift from the inverted U-shaped to U-shaped, and the EKC hypothesis was rejected when the share of Chinese FDI increased. On the contrary, the share of Chinese FDI stock was making the turning point of CH4 per capita move left, and still maintained the inverted U-shaped, and the EKC hypothesis was supported regardless of the magnitude of the share of Chinese FDI. These findings highlight the varying effect of the Sino-African economic ties on the environment depending on the types of pollutants. This conclusion suggests the attainment of economic growth simultaneously with the improvement of environmental quality if the Sino-African economic ties effectively help increase the GDP per capita of African countries, and become environmentally friendly driven. Controlling the type of cooperation on which the Sino-African economic partnership is grounded will be the most determinant factor in lessening the degradation of the environment in Africa. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:07:16Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221120056
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