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Authors:Patricio Navia, Lucas Perelló, Vaclav Masek First page: 99 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The demand for an ideologically based party system is not always met with a supply. As a country where a large majority of adults identify on the ideological scale but whose weak political parties primarily function as short-lived personalist platforms, Guatemala represents an extreme case of a demand supply mismatch. Using six AmericasBarometer surveys from 2008 to 2018, we analyze the supply-side (partisanship) and demand-side (ideological identification) effect on voter turnout to identify whether the manifestation of this market failure applies evenly to voters across the ideological scale. We report a nuanced outcome: partisanship and identification on the right of the ideological scale increase turnout, but identification on the center or the left display no significant effect. The absence of parties that effectively represents left-wing or centrist voters—or that at least induce them to turn out to vote—points to a supply-side problem in Guatemala's political representation market. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-01-18T11:45:16Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211072939
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Authors:Attasit Pankaew, Suppawit Kaewkhunok First page: 121 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. China's rising role in South Asia has contributed significantly to the changing geopolitics and geo-economics of the region. Nepal is one of the countries where relations with China have dramatically changed from 2015 till pre-pandemic. This study focuses on analyzing Nepal's foreign policy shifts towards neighboring China and India through a framework of neoclassical realism. It argues that Nepal's foreign policy against neighboring countries has changed since the India-Nepal conflict in 2015, where China has become a key option within Nepal's new foreign policy context. Changes in China's foreign policy and the victory of the Nepal Communist Party are among the key factors in enhancing relations between the two countries. However, it doesn't mean that Nepal took side with China and abandoned India. The article suggests that China's rise has a positive effect on Nepal as an option to balancing intra-regional power and opportunities for infrastructure development within the country. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-01-12T11:53:04Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211072940
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Authors:Haim Yogev, Ronen A. Cohen, Eyal Lewin First page: 138 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The article reviews the development of the modern idea of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) whose buds appeared after the First World War, matured during the Cold War and demonstrated in 1982 in the First Lebanon War by the Israeli Air Force, and in 1991 in the Iraq War by the American Army. After analyzing the essence of RMA, with reference to the concept of both evolution and revolution of military technologies and doctrines, the article suggests that two types of revolutions should be distinguished. The first is a revolution in military affairs in the broadest sense in which a paradigm shift in the nature of war is occurred, and it is possible to apply it mainly by superpowers. The second, is a limited revolution that is essentially an approach of solving a military problem, suitable for small countries. The article examines these ideas and shows that Operation Mole Cricket 19, in which Syrian missile batteries made in the USSR were destroyed by the Israeli Air Force in 1982, is a revolution in military affairs of the second type. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-01-28T01:10:07Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659221075806
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Authors:Uwomano Benjamin Okpevra First page: 157 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The Isoko, like other peoples of Nigeria, played significant roles in the historical process and evolution of Nigeria and should be acknowledged as such. The paper teases out much more clearly—and, more importantly, the multiple stages of the British expansion into Isoko. That is, how does that multi-stage, multi-phase process affect how we think more broadly about British colonial expansion in Africa in the 19th century' The paper deposes that the Isoko as a people did not accept British rule until the “punitive expedition” to the area in 1911 brought the whole of the Isoko country under British control. This is done within the context of the military conquest and subjugation of the people, colonial prejudices, and the resulting social economic, and political changes. The paper deploying both primary and secondary data highlights the role played by the Isoko in resisting British penetration into and subjugation of their country between 1896 and 1911. The year 1896 marked the beginning of British formal contact with the Isoko when the first treaty was signed with Owe (Owhe), while 1911 was when the Isoko were conquered by the British and brought under British control. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2022-01-12T11:53:11Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211072941
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Authors:Seo-Young Cho First page: 3 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This paper investigates the effect of a shared social identity on social behaviors of a marginalized population by focusing on North Korean refugees in South Korea. The findings of a behavioral experiment with North Korean refugees show that the common Korean identity can promote their integration in South Korea, despite considerable differences caused by seven-decade long separation between the two countries. Perceiving ethnic unity shared with South Koreans stimulates North Koreans’ socially desirable behaviors and attitudes such as trust, cooperation, confidence, and life satisfaction in South Korea, as well as their self-confidence about North Korean origin. In addition, the effect of the shared identity is greater for women and better educated persons – the finding that stresses the importance of education and gender-specific policy to accelerate social integration of North Korean refugees. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2021-12-06T11:14:21Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211052268
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Authors:Samuel O. Aghalino, Ayowole S. Elugbaju First page: 21 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The late ninetieth century marked the period when Ilé-Ifè, the reputed cradle of the Yoruba people, witnessed the penetration of Christianity and Islam. Specifically, from the 1890s, both religions established a few years apart through several actors and factors, operated concurrently within Ilé-Ifè. However, the accounts surrounding the periods, initiators and several issues associated with the establishment of these religions have, in the history of Ilé-Ifè, become themes of contention that should be further interrogated from a historical perspective. This study employed primary and secondary data in examining the contested arguments in the narratives surrounding the incursion of these religions in Ilé-Ifè within the context of identifying pitfalls and providing a guide for future studies related to this theme. This study discovered that the issues and contentions include the primordial projection of narratives; and the conflation of the identities of the initiators of the religions, to mention a few. The study is concluded by drawing some lessons from the early peaceful coexistence between the adherents of the two religions in Ilé-Ifè. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2021-09-01T01:27:03Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211040994
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Authors:Raja Qaiser Ahmed, Maryum Tamoor, Muhammad Waqas Saleem, Iqbal Babar Summar First page: 36 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The research undertakes the structural transformation of India by the ideology of Hindutva embodied by the contemporary government of the Bhartiya Janata Party. This study is a first of its kind as it attempts to decipher the genesis of this metamorphosis from a psychoanalytical perspective. India has been accredited as a stalwart of democracy and an uploader of an inclusive multicultural and multireligious society. The interplay of Hindu nationalist elements and reinvigoration of past experiences supplemented by historical myths and present ontological insecurities has consequently plagued the secular fabric of India. The study further explicates all the undercurrents and nuances that underscore the ideology of Hindutva, the proselytized culture of victimization and indigenization in society resultantly impacting the society and relations of state in the region. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2021-11-13T03:51:30Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211047167
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Authors:Prashant Hosur Suhas, Shelli Israelsen First page: 50 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. This article addresses the scholarly debate on the relationship between interstate rivalry and military capacity. We draw on Tilly's bellicist theory of state formation in early modern Europe and Thies’ modifications to predatory theory, which prioritizes the role of interstate rivalry on state building, to explain variation in military capacity. We unpack the rivalry mechanism into spatial and positional rivalries and test how these two types of rivalry affect military capacity, and how positional rivalries affect military capacity in the long-term. Using time-series cross-sectional data analysis, we find that positional rivalries increase military capacity in the long term. Also, we find that spatial rivalry influences military capacity in the long-term, but its effects are uneven across indicators of military capacity, and it has a smaller effect on military capacity in comparison to positional rivalries. We conclude that not all types of rivalries have a uniform effect on military capacity and that competition over regional dominance, that is, positional rivalries, are the most impactful on military capacity. This study offers a more nuanced test of Tilly's bellicist theory and Thies’ modified predatory theory on state capacity. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2021-11-23T11:58:14Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211040289
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Authors:Andualem Kassegn, Ebrahim Endris First page: 73 Abstract: International Area Studies Review, Ahead of Print. The aim of this paper was to examine factors affecting loan repayment rate among smallholder farmers in the Habru District, Ethiopia, who had taken loans from the Amhara Credit and Saving Institution. In this study, both primary and secondary sources were used. The study employed a combination of multi-stage purposive and stratified sampling techniques in the selection of 384 borrowers from smallholder farmers in the study area. The Tobit model result found that a total of 10 out of the total 15 explanatory variables involved in the model were found to be statistically significant. According to the result demographic factors (age and household size), socio-economic factors (educational level, land size, livestock size, nonfarm income, purpose of borrowing), and institutional factors (road distance, contact with development agents, training received on loan use) were among the factors that influenced loan repayment rate of smallholder borrowers in the study area. Education level, land size, livestock size in tropical livestock unit, nonfarm income, purpose of borrowing, contact with agricultural extension agents, and training received on loan use were found to determine loan repayment rate of borrowers positively and significantly, while age, family size, and road distance were found to negatively and significantly determine loan repayment rate in the study area. Therefore, the overall results of this study underlined the great importance of the significant factors to profoundly achieve high repayment rate on borrowed funds from the Amhara Credit and Saving Institution in the studied area. Citation: International Area Studies Review PubDate: 2021-10-20T10:24:06Z DOI: 10.1177/22338659211040993
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