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Abstract: A distinctive feature of Raymond Aron's intellectual life is that he was a French patriot who built a significant part of his career abroad. Similarly to one of his 'mentors' Alexis de Tocqueville, Aron was perhaps more appreciated in the Anglophone world than at home.1 Aron's proximity to the Anglophone world began while exiled in London during the Second World War, an obscure yet formative period of his life.2 Indeed, from 1940 to 1944, he developed his philosophy of history, his study of sociology, and also consolidated his liberal and democratic stances, transitioning from academic to politically-"committed observer."3This essay will focus on one aspect of Raymond Aron's thought during the Second World War: his ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Raymond Aron oppose systématiquement la politique internationale à la politique intérieure. Selon lui, ce n'est que dans l'arène de la politique internationale qu'on peut constater la polarité ami-ennemi, considérée par Carl Schmitt comme fondamentale pour la vie politique en général, c'est-à-dire non seulement entre les États mais également au sein de l'État particulier. À la lumière de cette différence entre les deux auteurs, on peut analyser dans quelle mesure Aron, qui insiste presqu'autant que Schmitt sur la souveraineté de l'État, accepte ou rejette les thèses de ce dernier, notamment sur l'impossibilité de l'État universel et sur « l'hostilité absolue ». Selon Schmitt, l'hostilité et ses différentes sortes ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Olivier Zunz has been a longtime friend of The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville. Drafted into the Tocqueville Society at its creation in the late 1970s, he has sat on the editorial board of the journal, contributed articles to it and, at the beginning of this century, served as president of The Tocqueville Society/La Société Tocqueville. As a French-born and –trained historian of the United States who enjoyed his entire forty-year-plus career at the University of Virginia, and a scholar whose major books have all been published on both sides of the Atlantic, he embodies perfectly what The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville has endeavored to do since its creation in the 1970s. A coterminous career, in ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: In 1929, a group of students from Fisk University, a small African-American college in Nashville, Tennessee, fanned across that city to ask their neighbors unexpected questions. Knocking on doors throughout African-American neighborhoods, they eventually surveyed every tenth African-American household, querying the inhabitants about how much money they made, where they worked, what they ate, what they purchased, what goods they preferred, and where they shopped. It was the first systematic survey ever made of the African-American consumer market.The results appeared three years later in a book, The Southern Urban Negro as a Consumer, authored by Paul K. Edwards, then an economics professor at Fisk. On its surface ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Hurricane Camille struck the Gulf Coast of Mississippi in late August 1969, killing 143 people, and then deluged central Virginia, causing flash floods that killed another 113. The storm scoured nearly the entire coast of Mississippi from Louisiana all the way to Biloxi. Camille was one of the most devastating American disasters of the mid-twentieth century, and the short-term response and relief efforts and longer-term recovery program mobilized every facet of the fragmented disaster relief apparatus of the United States: local, state and national; civilian and military; public and private. The shortcomings in the relief process and the political controversy that ensued opened a window for federal policymakers ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: At the U.S. Senate Historical Office, we are tasked with explaining how the Senate as an institution has changed over time and how its organization and operation have both reflected and shaped broader American political history. My office's goal is to make the Senate and its historical roots understandable to senators, reporters, visitors to the Capitol, teachers, students, and the general popular audience. For many Americans, Congress is a distant, impersonal body. Its inner workings are opaque, and its connection to the history with which they are familiar can be unclear. In working with tour groups, curators, Capitol guides, congressional staff, and the many visitors to our website, my colleagues and I proceed ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: In 1912, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered a unanimous opinion in an antitrust case that received little analytic notice by commentators at the time and scant attention from legal historians ever since.1 That oversight is puzzling. Its decision in United States v. Terminal Railroad was the first antitrust case to follow its rulings in Standard Oil and American Tobacco.2 Together, the three decisions laid out the court's new "rule of reason." Central to American antitrust law to the present, the rule asserted that the court could and would distinguish bad trusts that exploited market power unfairly from good monopolies that benefitted the public. In Standard and American, the justices dissolved those horizontal ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: "The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship," announced Andrew Carnegie in his 1889 essay simply entitled "Wealth."1 Extreme inequality between haves and have-nots was natural, according to Carnegie: the product of "special talents" for "organization and management … rare among men" combined with the "law of competition," under which "the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently." Such inequality was inevitable, he wrote, as "capital soon takes wings," thanks to those organizational wizards. Thus, "it is inevitable that ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Oliver Zunz's work has penetrated the American mystery at several levels. In The Changing Face of Inequality, he examined the interaction of urbanization, industrial development, and immigration at the local level by focusing on the city of Detroit. In Making America Corporate, he extended his analysis to the macro or organizational level. In Why the American Century' he looked at elites. And in Philanthropy in America it would perhaps not be stretching the truth too far to say that he inquired into the soul of American democracy, if one interprets "soul" to mean the ways in which individuals seek to perpetuate their various ideas of the good beyond the grave.It is therefore no exaggeration to say that Olivier Zunz ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Tout à la fois historien franco-américain des États-Unis et spécialiste d'Alexis de Tocqueville dont il a contribué à diffuser l'œuvre auprès du public américain1 , Olivier Zunz livre aujourd'hui une nouvelle biographie de l'intellectuel et homme politique français : Tocqueville, l'homme qui comprit la démocratie. Publié au printemps 2022, simultanément en France et aux États-Unis, l'ouvrage brosse un portrait analytique de celui qui s'est efforcé de mêler à son œuvre une carrière politique et de multiplier expériences, réseaux et conversations des deux côtés de l'Atlantique2 . C'est donc un Tocqueville en situation, dans son siècle, en dialogue avec les intellectuels de son temps et aux prises avec les grands ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: There can't be many nineteenth-century thinkers whom presidents as different as Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama all have invoked in support of their policies. Nor for that matter ones whose names pop up almost daily, and from a variety of sources, in Google's news search engine. As Richard Boyd tells us in the introduction to his Cambridge Companion to Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville is one of them. Given democracy's current predicaments in the United States, one can wager that his name will continue to surface, as will the insights and questions that he formulated almost two centuries ago, following his nine-month tour of North America with his friend Gustave de Beaumont. ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Les Conversations, organisées depuis 2018 au Château de Tocqueville, en partenariat avec la Fondation Tocqueville, Laure Mandeville du Figaro qui en est la conceptrice intellectuelle, l'Atlantic Council et la Friedrich Naumann Foundation, bénéficient de l'appui des collectivités territoriales de Normandie. Elles se proposent de faire dialoguer ensemble des hommes politiques, des universitaires, des responsables de fondations, principalement européens et américains. [NDR]Les précédentes Conversations avaient été consacrées à la crise de la démocratie en France et aux Etats-Unis1 . Celles de 2022, fidèles au souci d'aborder les enjeux contemporains dans un esprit tocquevillien, ont porté sur ce qui nous obsède tous ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Édouard de Tocqueville, Voyage en Angleterre, en Écosse et en Irlande, édition établie, présentée et annotée par Barbara Wright, Honoré Champion, 2022, 249 pages. douard de Tocqueville né en 1800, était l'aîné d'Alexis de cinq É ans. Les deux frères étaient très proches dans leur jeunesse ; c'est avec Édouard que Tocqueville fit son grand tour en Italie de décembre 1826 à avril 1827. Et c'est dans le château d'Edouard, à Baugy, dans l'Oise, que Tocqueville a rédigé une grande partie des deux volumes de La Démocratie en Amérique. L'entrée d'Alexis dans la vie politique en 1839 devait distendre leurs liens avant que le coup d'État en 1851 ne les sépare. Édouard, grand notable, devenu riche par son mariage en 1829 ... Read More PubDate: 2023-01-12T00:00:00-05:00
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