Authors:Sophy Mogatlogedi Moloko, Helen Ntomb'futhi Makhanya, Dayanithee Chetty Pages: 22177 - 22187 Abstract: Learning experiences in the clinical environment are beneficial and essential but can be challenging, unpredictable, stressful, and constantly changing. Understanding student nurses' clinical learning experiences during community nursing practice is essential in advancing and supporting the student nurses' development, in terms of expertise and competencies. The experiences are also key in providing improvement and changes in informing the current and future academic curricula and for better communication between academic and clinical staff members as key role players. The aim of the study was to explore and describe community health clinical learning experiences of student nurses in Eswatini. A qualitative exploratory, descriptive design was undertaken on eleven fourth-year students enrolled for a degree in nursing in a university in Eswatini. The students were purposively selected to participate in the study. Data were collected through individual face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The research yielded the following themes: 1) Pleasant clinical learning experiences, 2) integration of theory and practice, 3) Clinical teaching and learning support, and 4) opportunities for enhancing community nursing practice. The study concluded that conduciveness of the clinical learning environment determines the competency of the nurses trained. Therefore, professional nurses and lecturers should play their capacity development and support required to facilitate learning. Ensuring that the nursing curriculum is relevant and applicable to the clinical context and integrating theory and practice is crucial for developing competent community nurses. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Seemise Thato Hazel, Noge Kamogelo Macdonald, Maditsi Mothusiotsile Edwin Pages: 22188 - 22200 Abstract: It has come to be a global issue that women are not recognized as people who can make a huge impact in terms of diversifying culture. In various cultural systems, men are recognized as the superiors because of masculinity and super dominance whereas women are excellent in aspects of bringing people together. Furthermore, the aspect of sense of belonging which is heritage is seen from an African woman who uphold a good standard of living in an African perspective within the facets of African life skills education. This paper aims to explore the recognition of women and their roles in promoting cultural diversity and tolerance through the application of Ubuntu concept. African women work together to share knowledge, ideas, and experiences with which all are embedded in the oral histories that they shared as a collective. This paper is a review paper which seeks to pinpoint how women have used their oral histories and indigenous knowledge to ensure tolerance and embrace diversity within African communities. A qualitative document analysis (QDA) is applied in this review paper to identified themes relevant to be explored to understand how the values, experiences and skills women have shared orally have shaped African communities. The paper finds that across Africa, women’s contribution to the cultural diversity and heritage is undervalued and they are mostly deprived from opportunities or chances to participate in its identification. Indigenous women do not reject their culture, but they amend certain traditional practices to promote social justice. The paper concludes that women have a right to engage in interpreting and identifying cultural diversity and tradition, and to decide which practices, traditions, and values can be kept, reoriented, modified, or discarded. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Nontokozo Mdhluli, Lekau Eleazar Mphasha Pages: 22201 - 22208 Abstract: This research focuses on a critical analysis of the reed dance. The study focusses on the reed dance that takes place in Swaziland by the Swati nation. It is anticipated that the function of the reed dance will be discussed and examined. The relationship between dance, attire, music, and human beings were demonstrated through music narratives. The major type of Swati reed dances identified, defined, matched, classified, and interpreted. The form of content of the music genre brings together the performer, the performance, and the audience. The functionality of the music prose is further expected to survive and validate the culture, beliefs, and practices of the whole tribe. This article argues that reed dance has always been used to enhance learning in many ways. Through dance, one generation can transmit knowledge, attitude, lore and values to the next generation. In this way, understanding every community's roots is simple. Due to proximity with other cultures, the Swati dance has evolved. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Sihle Hlatjwako, Tendai Makwara, Bhasela Yalezo, Nombulelo Magula Pages: 22209 - 22218 Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced higher education institutions in South Africa, particularly TVET colleges, to adopt e-learning technologies for educational delivery. However, the success of such initiatives largely depends on the willingness of users to change their behaviour and thinking towards adopting digital requirements. Objective: This research aims to identify the challenges faced by TVET colleges in managing change towards e-learning and to determine the best approach for change management in an e-learning environment. Methodology: This research adopts a grounded theory approach and uses semi-structured interviews to collect data from teachers, students, and administrators in TVET colleges. Data analysis is done through thematic analysis and selective coding techniques. Results: The findings indicate that resistance to change is a significant challenge for TVET colleges adopting e-learning technologies. The reasons for resistance are rooted in cultural beliefs, behavioural change, and a preference for traditional approaches to learning. The research further finds that training and development are critical for improving digital literacy and gradually changing user attitudes towards e-learning. Conclusion: The research concludes that TVET colleges should adopt a change management approach that prioritises training and development for digital literacy. This will help to mitigate user resistance and ensure the successful adoption of e-learning technologies for educational delivery. The findings of this research can guide TVET colleges and other higher education institutions in South Africa towards effective change management for e-learning adoption. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Douglas Nyathi, Joram Ndlovu, Thando Makubaza Pages: 22219 - 22234 Abstract: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly during lockdown periods, there has been an astronomic leap in cases of gender-based violence (GBV) globally. This escalation has been characterised as a “shadow pandemic” or a “second pandemic”. Although erstwhile studies revealed a correlation between Violence against Women and times of crisis, little attention has been paid to the Zimbabwean context, which showed a worrying increase in cases as well. Using a qualitative lens, this paper interrogates women’s vulnerability to GBV under the COVID-19 lockdown in Hwange, Victoria Falls and Chipinge. Specifically, it explores the participants' understanding of gender-based violence (GBV), records the elements that contribute to women's greater susceptibility to GBV during pandemics, and assesses the availability and effectiveness of the GBV referral system during lockdown. It guarantees that participants comprehend the definition of GBV and its many manifestations. Anecdotes demonstrate that social media has a crucial impact on women's comprehension of the notion. Participants agree that societal cultural norms and gender disparity are the primary factors contributing to gender-based violence. The women's situation deteriorated during the lockdown due to limited mobility, poverty, and inadequate communication. The study reveals that decreased social capital hindered women's ability to seek help from family members, social networks, and other support systems. It is necessary to include gender-based violence (GBV) in emergency programs. Specifically, there is an urgent need for countries to invest in sufficient information communication technology infrastructure, broad-based policies and planning, social safety nets and healthcare support systems to manage the incidence of GBV against women in future pandemics. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:K.E. Amaechi Pages: 22235 - 22248 Abstract: The evolution of the internet and Social Media Platforms (SMPs) have made the online space an easy arena to perpetuate Gender-based violence (GBV). With features such as anonymity, easy synchronisation of data, and easy access to information, SMPs provide perpetrators of GBV, an available platform to attack people based on their gender and perceived power superiority. Yet, a detailed analysis of the nexus between SMPs and GBV in online spaces has hardly been given enough attention in recent South African gender- based violence literature. It attempts to address this research gap, specifically within the Facebook online space. Drawing on the theoretical ideas of resource mobilisation theory, the study specifically identifies and appraises salient Facebook features within which most acts of gender-based violence are carried out in a purposefully selected South African public institute. A qualitative approach, which draws data from a combination of semi-structured one-on-one interviews of three (3) former Facebook employees, and three (3) self- identified Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) offenders on the official Facebook page of the public institution, forms the basic research sample used to identify the features. These include comments, pop-up reals, timelines, and group creation options. These features, inter alia, provide anonymity and pseudonymity, content amplification, synchronised users’ interests and easy network creation, within which it is easier for actors to orchestrate and participate in GBV in the online space. Based on these findings, the study recommends institutional formation of gender-sensitive policies and the development of more AI-based algorithms, which could promptly identify OGBV and meticulously regulate content sharing and other activities on Facebook and other SMPs. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:S.G. Mamba, A. Beharry-Ramraj Pages: 22249 - 22258 Abstract: The use of agricultural technology (agric-tech) has been known to increase agricultural productivity but South Africa continues to face a slow agric-tech adoption rate. To improve industry decisionmaking, it is critical to understand the challenges that affect farm managers' decisions to adopt or reject agric-tech. Therefore, this study investigated the challenges that KwaZulu-Natal commercial farm managers experience in the adoption of agric-tech. 26 farm managers in the KwaZulu-Natal North Coast and Midlands were sent an open-ended e- interview schedule as part of the study’s qualitative research technique. The NVivo software was used to organize and manage the data gathered from these e-interviews. Using the literature review, the researcher used codes and themes to analyse the data. The findings of this study identified that challenges that emerged from data analysis were the lack of agric-tech cognitive knowledge and the lack of manually skilled farm workers with many years of experience in operating agric-tech, high cost of agric-tech and limited financial and stakeholder support, scarcity of agric-tech maintenance services and spare parts as well as risk of displacing unskilled farm workers. The study revealed why the agric-tech industry has been lagging but did not explore the potential solutions to the challenges faced by the adopters of agric-tech. The stakeholders need to be aware of the opportunities that these challenges present in an attempt to meet the demand for scarce skills in the country. This study then recommended that the government should offer training programs for farm workers to operate agric-tech. The Information Technology divisions in institutions of higher learning should be considered to include agricultural technology operating courses or modules to equip the younger generations with agric-tech knowledge and exposure. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Makhura B. Rapanyane, Gillian S. Mrubula-Ngwenya, Lebogang T. Legodi, Sethuthuthu L. Vuma Pages: 22259 - 22267 Abstract: The current paper sought to identify the causes of the persistence of violent conflicts in the African continent and how all of this affects democracy. The research question grappled with in the current paper is: What are the causes of the perpetuation of violent conflict in Africa and how does this impact democracy' Beyond the use of an Afrocentric lens due to the limitations of the literature in discussing this subject from an Africa-centred lens, the paper has used secondary data materials to inform the objective of the paper. The paper has revealed multiple causes including perpetual imperial influences, foreign socio-political doctrines and indoctrination, global arms and suppliers and arms trafficking, and lack of effective leadership as the central pillars of violence in the African continent. It then became important for the African continent to devise a common code of effective leadership, and effective measures of arms control, including counter-foreign and defense policies in a matter that check the excess flow of international indoctrination and imperial influences on Africa. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Samuel Chukwudi Agunyai, Kedibone Phago, Victor Ojakorotu Pages: 22268 - 22277 Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of social media and money on voting behavior and its impact on governance crises. It argues that the effect of tampered voting behavior due to intra-party moneyinducement during election on governance crises in Nigeria has received very little attention. Indeed, general elections in Nigeria, have heavily been money-ladened, and money has effectively been used to tamper voters’ behavior. Voters’ have changed their minds on who to vote for, just because money was given to them. Thus, how heavily monetized voting behavior stimulate governance crises remain largely underrepresented in the literature. Drawing on qualitative method, this article measured incessant governance crises in Nigeria from the prism of monetized voting behavior. The findings provide adequate information on the dimension of money and social media politics in Nigeria’s primary elections. It also advances knowledge on the link between governance crises and monetization of voters’ behavior. It concludes that the emergence of the current Nigerian president, which is largely based on monetization of voters and abusive use of social media tools, is the leading cause of current crises in governance in Nigeria. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Sabelo Thulani Khumalo, Choja Akpovire Oduaran, Victor Chidi Onyencho Pages: 22278 - 22286 Abstract: Studies have shown that the impact of divorce on individuals involved is enormous but little attention has been given to how divorce affects men. This study therefore explored divorced men's lived experiences and their coping mechanisms. This phenomenological study used purposive sampling and snowballing techniques to select 12 divorced men from Eswatini Kingdom in Swaziland. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse the data. The following themes were formed 1) Psychological and emotional stressors in divorce 2) effect of divorce 3) coping mechanism and 4) personal analysis of the divorce process. In theme 1, public and religious views, emotional and financial stressors were the sub-themes identified. In theme 2, health and wellness, and family dynamics such as children, extended family, new spouse, and neighbours were affected. Adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms emerged as sub-themes for theme 3. Perceived contributory factors to divorce are infidelity, sexual incompatibility, lack of respect, irreconcilable differences, and emotional awareness such as the impact on self, and others emerged as sub-themes for theme 4. It is concluded that while some men bounce back from the divorce experience and can deal with its negative effects, some find it difficult to return to their previous level of functioning. It is recommended that government and relevant stakeholders should create/or strengthen the existing community-based networks like “lisango” to promote psychological well-being. And formulate policies that promote, mental health awareness and referral, gender equality, and upholding traditional values. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Lere Amusan, Olalere Basheer Usamotu Pages: 22287 - 22295 Abstract: In Africa, women are considered as agent of development and custodian of culture and sources of organic food. Their roles in the countryside are invaluable when one examines their inputs in food availability, affordability, accessibility and quality against their male counterpart. Also worth noting is the mobility of males to urban areas where they look for unavailable paid jobs. This paper examines the roles of women in food security and how they lack basic resources to actualise their developmental roles in their communities due to cultural and religious reasons. Access to land and collateral to secure financial help from banks is almost unavailable. To this, they continue to practice farming at the subsistence level. We intend to examine what The Holy Quran says regarding women's rights in a changing world. In trying to examine this, the paper adopts green theory with some flavours of the feminist paradigm and secondary sources of data. A conclusion is drawn that Islamic religion empowers women more than what African culture dictates. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Lusanda Beauty Juta, Kazeem Oyedele Lamidi Pages: 22296 - 22303 Abstract: ICT agenda has been a central theme in governance after the emergence of pandemic. Across the globe, the agenda have revealed the dynamism of development depending on ecological, socio-cultural and economic values. However, little or no attention has been paid to the framework for ICT agenda on governance at the municipal level in South Africa. This paper aimed at answering the basic questions: What are the reasons for integrating ICT agenda in municipal governance in South Africa' To what extent could the incorporation of ICT be found efficient in the day-to-day running of municipal services' What are the concerted efforts by government in terms of policy intervention on the municipal ICT agenda' It adopts secondary sources of data for collection and uses content analysis as the data analytical method. It reviewed the extant literature with a view to showcasing government activities in terms of policies and actions towards incorporating ICT agenda in South African municipal governments. It also underlined the strengths and the weaknesses of ICT agenda on municipal governance in South Africa. This paper therefore found out that the population expansions and ever-increasing human activities constitute major reasons for the integrating ICT agenda in South African municipal administration. This paper concluded that the ICT agenda on municipal governance have propensity to take its efficient recourse on the people and economy, if adequate attention is being paid to its advanced usability at municipal levels. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Bukohwo Michael Esiefarienrhe, Thusoyaone Joseph Moemi Pages: 22304 - 22322 Abstract: To uncover the influencing factors that impact the adoption of MoIS by Micro entrepreneur and the challenges they face throughout the adoption process, an investigate into the micro-tasked embodied within the adoption process was conducted through the review of existing literatures on MOIS adoption. To achieve this, a qualitative research approach was used consisting of systematic review to scoop related literatures from diversified and robust database systems related to Micro entrepreneurs operating in different industries and particularly in South Africa. The paper selection process followed a multifaceted stage with the first stage having an overwhelmingly total of 1 439 papers from four prestigious databases, namely Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Springer, ACM Digital Library using the North-West University Library portal. With further pruning using various inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 180 papers were selected for the review in the second stage. The third stage of selection sees the application of various logical operators to keywords and year of publication. The outcomes of the literature analysis reveal that the primary factors affecting the adoption of MoIS by Micro entrepreneur in South Africa are the high costs of MoIS devices and applications, insufficient skills and expertise, and the perceived complexity of the technology. Furthermore, the adoption process is plagued by resistance to change, limited resources, and a lack of support from stakeholders. Our study concludes that there is a need for further education and awareness about the benefits of MoIS and for the development of more affordable and user-friendly MoIS solutions for Micro entrepreneur business owners. These findings have significant implications for Micro entrepreneurs’ MoIS solution providers, and policymakers, and can contribute significantly to the literature on MoIS adoption by entrepreneur globally. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Elesa iNtuli, Fisseha iMekuria, Chunling Du Pages: 22323 - 22338 Abstract: As the demand for spectrum increases and frequency bands become more congested especially in densely populated urban centres, spectrum managers are following diverse approaches to sharing frequencies: using administrative methods including in band sharing, licensing such as leasing and spectrum trading, and the unlicensed spectrum commons combined with the use of low power radios or advanced radio technologies including ultra-wideband and multi-modal radios. When a band already licensed to an operator is shared with others it is known as overlay spectrum sharing. For example, a spectrum band used for TV distribution in one geographical area could be used for an application such as broadband wireless access in another area without any risk of interference, despite being allocated on a national basis. Spectrum sharing is required when sufficient demand for spectrum exists, causing congestion, and the technical means exist to permit different users to coincide; and other means for adjusting spectrum use and assignment have become burdensome and costly undermining the goals of economic and technical efficiency. This paper investigates the interference mitigation schemes that deal with the problem of coexistence between primary and reconfigurable radio networks, while avoiding cross network interference to the primary licensed network and ensuring the expected quality of service in a network. To mitigate this interference, we describe a simulation study of the cognitive femtocells using cognitive radio techniques. Simulation results shows that frequency bands that are being shared by some users by maintaining geographic separation ensures strict adherence to operational constraints prevent interference between services. Spectrum sharing typically involves more than one user sharing the same band of spectrum for different applications or using different technologies. Dynamic spectrum access techniques enable broadband services in the TVWS spectrum without interfering with existing broadcast and other incumbent services. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Ruth Oore-ofe Ogunnowo, Bamidele Olajide Pages: 22339 - 22350 Abstract: The Fulani Herdsmen and farmers conflict in Benue state, Nigeria began over two decades ago. The conflict has in recent times escalated to the invasion and forceful occupation of some parts of the state, leading to terrorism. The invasion and occupation of the land by armed Fulani herdsmen which has gone on for so long unhindered, has destroyed homes and farmland, massacred indigenous people and allowed for the molestation of women in the state. While many have fled from the land, others are either kept in the Internally Displaced Persons’ (IDP) camps or resort to living under the threats of insecurity in the state. The objective of the study is to examine the human security impacts of insurgencies as it concerns women in Benue state, Nigeria. Extant literatures such as books, journal articles, periodicals, and internet materials are employed. The study adopts the qualitative content analysis. Research shows that women's indigenous activities, including agriculture and trade, have been disrupted, leaving them in despair and destitution. The Nigerian government should implement effective security measures to reduce the nuisance. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Chinonso Ihuoma, Kelechi Johnmary Ani Pages: 22351 - 22359 Abstract: Poverty and inequality reduction lies at the peak of the global development challenges and as a result, efforts are being put in place by state and non-state actors to combat this phenomenon. Literature shows that Nigeria was among countries that showed tens of millions more people living in absolute poverty in 2005 (headcount at 33million) than in 1981 (headcount at 88 million); and with a poverty ratio of 47.2% in 1981 and 62.4% in 2005. And as a result of the rise in poverty headcount, Nigeria had a toxic combination of low growth in GDP per capita (0.7 percent per year), and a rise in consumption inequality. Likewise, Nigeria’s inequality rate has always been disheartening, data reveals that it worsened between 2004 and 2013 but improved in 2016. In 2018, out of 178 countries studied by United Nations Human Development Index, Nigeria occupies 156th position, placing her at the bottom of the HDI ranking for that year. This paper therefore critically analyses poverty and inequality in Nigeria, taking into consideration the reasons for the constant rise in Nigeria’s poverty and Inequality figures. The paper further outlines the benefits of Vocational Education in the development of societies. Finally, the paper recommends improvement in Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) system as it would help to combat poverty and inequality in Nigeria. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Phillip de Beer, Andile Glodin Mokoena-de Beer Pages: 22360 - 22369 Abstract: The study explored and described supportive organizational factors essential in managing aggression and violence in mental health institutions in South Africa. Insights were obtained from the psychiatric nurses who had experienced aggression and violence while providing care to mental health care users (MHCUs). Psychiatric nurses experience aggression and violence frequently in mental health care. Thus, the management of aggression and violence in mental health clinical settings is a critical responsibility undertaken by psychiatric nurses. However, they perceive their managers and leaders as distant in supporting them in managing such incidents. There is currently a paucity of studies in South Africa that report on the supportive organizational factors essential in managing such incidents. An exploratory-descriptive qualitative design with unstructured interviews was utilized to obtain insights about essential supportive organizational factors from the perspectives of psychiatric nurses. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to obtain underlying themes. One overarching theme emerged as supportive organizational factors with three subthemes: (1) availability and involvement of management and leadership; (2) provision of counselling services; (3) training and capacity development. The study revealed that support from managers and leaders of mental health institutions is essential to manage the incidents. Further research is needed to engage the managers and leaders of mental health institutions to obtain their views and perspectives about their role in providing support to curb aggression and violence in mental health institutions. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:A.N. Maganu, N.F. Litshani Pages: 22370 - 22377 Abstract: Inappropriate intimate relationships among teachers and learners in high schools are a matter of concern, in the education sector. This matter has been around for years and has had an impact on the academic performance of the learners. The extent to which these inappropriate intimate teacherlearner relationships impact the academic performance of learners has not been sufficiently investigated in the body of knowledge, particularly, its impact in Man’ombe Circuit. This research followed a qualitative research design, and the target population of this study was teachers at schools in Man’ombe Circuit. The researcher utilized a purposive sampling technique and the sample size comprised of 10 participants. The data were collected using face-to-face interviews and recordings using an audio recorder; the data were analysed using thematic content analysis and ATLAS ti. The findings showed that the impact of inappropriate intimacy among learners and teachers is in the form of poor academic performance, shift in learners’ focus, emotional and psychological disturbances, increase in contempt behaviour of the learners, and enhanced social anomalies. The findings also revealed that factors contributing to inappropriate, intimate relationships between teachers and high school learners are the students’ desire for better grades, learners' background knowledge, exploitation, student’s need for financial support, and peer pressure. This study recommends that the approaches that can be adopted towards addressing inappropriate, intimate relationships between teachers and high school learners are - policy education, increased awareness of abuse, stricter internal disciplinary measures and thorough investigation processes. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:D.Y. Mangani, T.J. Mudau Pages: 22378 - 22391 Abstract: This qualitative study , which relied on document analysis, evaluates how African nationalism was constructed in the struggle for Zimbabwe’s independence through narratives, intellectuals, and media motifs. African nationalism provided Africans with respite from Rhodesian colonialism. Still, as many scholars from different intellectuals have argued, the divisive and often tragic modus operandi of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) became consequential in producing the exemplary and inherent instability in the concept and conceptualization of nationalism. What is more, despite the touted interpretation of the African media as a public space to problematise the national question and also as venues for political legitimacy and authenticity, ZAPU and ZANU continued to use the media as avenues and extensions for their destructive political contestations. By the same token, the study focuses on the response of critical African intellectuals to the development of nationalism. The study argues their failure to disentangle internecine party politics. It argues that their conception of African nationalism was punctuated by political myths and narratives that militated against a common approach to nationalism. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Kelechi Johnmary Ani Pages: 22392 - 22398 Abstract: Gender roles in Nigeria and Africa in general are largely strict, normative, and rigid. This is because certain occupations are seen as taboo or culturally sensitive, especially for women to be employed in. This is more obtainable in the informal sector of the economy, where there is no strong government supervision and control as well as professional bodies that regulates labour migration into such areas. This study focuses on the role of non-professional women in the building industry. It used primary and secondary data that were collected through purposive sampling to argue that Abakaliki women have become major actors in the building industry, where they work as masons and servers; supplying most the necessary but primary manpower needed for construction of buildings in an expert manner. The implication is that the money they make from such work are used to support domestic needs and build the societal economy. The study recommends government and civil society scholarship training to the younger ladies in that sector, while the older women should be given free and regular health checkups. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Ngwako Solomon Modiba Pages: 22399 - 22408 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to probe ways and means of mainstreaming girl children in the South African schooling sector to promote equity of both male and female genders. The paper is both conceptual and empirical and it is positioned within the qualitative case study design. Interviewing technique and narrative enquiry was employed to generate data from the three fierce antagonists of female mainstreaming and the other three victims of the absence of female mainstreaming in the South African secondary schooling sector. Research findings reveal that firstly, female mainstreaming can lessen patriarchy. Secondly, female mainstreaming could contribute immensely to an equal society among the secondary school learners. Thirdly, female mainstreaming has the potential of contributing to a just society among the secondary school learners. Fourthly, female mainstreaming could facilitate social inclusion among learners in the secondary schooling sector. Fifthly, female mainstreaming lessens the marginalisation of girl children in a secondary schooling set- up. Lastly, female mainstreaming contributes to redressing historical travails which girl children face in secondary schooling environment. The researcher recommends the establishment of the source of the absence of female mainstreaming in South African secondary schooling, thirty years into democracy and independence. Furthermore, the researcher proposes the appropriate re- socialisation of antagonists of female mainstreaming in the secondary schooling arena. Lastly, the researcher recommends the deployment of technology in arresting and eliminating resistance to female mainstreaming within the secondary schooling environment. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Mukwevho Mueletshedzi, Tsoaledi Daniel Thobejane Pages: 22409 - 22422 Abstract: Gender-based violence remains a significant problem that affects individuals, families, and communities globally. The scourge remains a human rights violation which has a major social and developmental impact on its survivors. The focus of this paper is to investigate the causes, consequences, and possible interventions of Gender Based Violence amongst youth in Manini village, who are bearing the brunt of the pandemic of gender-based violence. This village is situated in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province in South Africa. The paper draws on theories of feminism to understand the root causes of this scourge which, in most cases, is perpetuated by men, on women. This study adopted a qualitative research methodology for the collection and analysis of the data. Triangulation of the research methods was also employed to get a more holistic perspective on the research questions that probed the causal factor of gender-based violence. Triangulation was also helpful for enhancing the credibility and validity of the results emanating from the interviews that were conducted with the participants. A survey was conducted amongst youth in Manini village to gather quantitative data on the prevalence and types of Gender-Based Violence experienced by youth. Additionally, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with key stakeholders to explore the causes, consequences, and possible interventions of Gender-Based Violence among youth in Manini village. The findings and recommendations of the study are that there must be awareness campaigns that target youth, parents, and community members to promote non-violence and gender equality amongst the youth. Victims of gender-based violence are also encouraged to take part in programmes that focus on building their self-esteem, resilience, and assertiveness skills so that they can function well in their respective communities. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Gbenusola Akinwale, Victor Ojakorotu, Maureen N. Nwoko Pages: 22423 - 22432 Abstract: The study investigated the influence of money script and substance abuse on gambling behaviour among emerging adults. The general aim of the study was to examine if money script and substance use influence Gambling Behaviour among emerging adults. The participants used for the study were emerging adults around University of Lagos environment which includes Abule Oja, Onike, Akoka and Pako. 253 participants were selected through convenient sampling method, they consisted of 157 males and 96 females. In carrying out the research, three different scales were used which includes, Klontz Money Script Inventory -Revised(KMSI-R), Drug Abuse Scale Test(DAST) and South Oaks Gambling Screen(SOGS). Social learning theory of gambling was adopted which postulate that gambling is a form of behavior which is highly subjected to reinforcement and reward. The study found that 59.6 % of emerging adults around Unilag environs engage in gambling activities which 79.6% are males and 20.4 % are females. Majority of the respondents who gambled reported that they engaged in such activities because of money, this explains the reason why money worship script r(253) = .601, p=.001) had high positive correlation on gambling behavior and money avoiders script r(253)=-343, p=.001) had negative correlation on gambling behavior. The study also reported that emerging adults who gamble are predisposed to the abuse of substances, r(253)=.7, p= .01. The study thereby suggests that government should declare gambling illegal and there should be proper sanctioning on any form of gambling and anyone who gambles should be arrested and punished. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Thabo Wonder Mtshali , Pfano Mashau Pages: 22433 - 22444 Abstract: The South African unemployment rate currently is at 32.9%. The labour market is struggling to create opportunities and failing to counteract unemployment with relevant skills. The covid-19 pandemic resulted in more people losing jobs which then contributed to the increase in unemployment. The country should reduce poverty by developing innovative entrepreneurs at a tertiary level. These difficulties indicate that people are facing challenges to get decent jobs due to lack of skills. The article focuses on expanding entrepreneurship education in South African universities to strengthen economy and create job opportunities in the country. Entrepreneurship education plays a significant role in educating people about business development, reducing poverty while creating job opportunities using innovation. The quantitative data was collected using questionnaires on postgraduate students, the findings were analysed using SPSS latest version. The sample was made up of 368 postgraduate students, 4 academic staff from University of KwaZulu-Natal, 346 postgraduate students and 4 academic staff from University of Zululand. The findings reveal that expanding entrepreneurship education will stimulate entrepreneurial mindset and innovation on students. However, students argue that universities does not have adequate infrastructure and resources to support innovation and entrepreneurship education. On the other hand, academic staff believe that higher education must have an active role in introducing and promoting entrepreneurship education. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Nthambeleni Charles Netshisaulu Pages: 22445 - 22454 Abstract: Traditional scholars in Tshivenda take metaphor as a concept in which one entity is taken as the other in such a way that the two can replace each other in any given context without any difference. For the past three decades, various scholars started to have an interest on the concept due to the influence Conceptual Metaphor Theory initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Lakoff (1987). Some scholars such as Croft and Cruse (2004) contrast metaphor and metonymy as two figures of speech which somehow overlap or interact with one another. It is in this discussion where they demonstrated that figurative language is used as a means of understanding something better than in a literal way. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the elements or properties of metaphoric frames and the cultural nature of conceptual metaphors in Tshivenda involving emotions, character traits and virtues. The nature of conceptual metaphor in Tshivenda as cultural constructs and products is scrutinized through the analysis of basic frame mappings and entailments of a range of metaphors with a noun denoting emotions, character traits and virtues as source domain and as target, respectively. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Monday L.V. Shammah Pages: 22455 - 22470 Abstract: The study reviewed the literature on climate change-exacerbated herdsmen’s migration with its attendant herdsmen’s-farmers’ Conflicts and Victims’ fractured personalities: Implications for Community Reintegration: A Literature Review of Central Nigeria. The study focused on the impact of climate change induced herdsmen’s migration with its consequent herdsmen’s-farmers’ conflicts and victims’ fractured personalities. For data collection, we used searching tools, including: African Journals Online, PsycINFO, African Index Medicus, Eastern Mediterranean Index Medicus, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge. The findings includes: first, herdsmen’s-farmers conflicts are more prevalent in Central Nigeria, as well as maculation of areas in the Southern geopolitical zones of the country. We observed that, the conflicts are further exacerbated by the frequency of the migration of herdsmen from far northern regions of Nigeria to the southern parts of the country through Central Nigeria in search of pastures for their Cattles. The finding agrees with what Clement and Shelford (1939) reported that, climatic conditions have the capacity to effects behavioral changes in interpersonal relationships. Second, the study also finds possible corroboration between territorial protectionism and herdsmen’sfarmers’ conflicts. This is in line with Doherty and Clayton (2011); Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, (1996) who variously reported that, interaction between human vulnerability in situations of conflict associated with environmental problems, including: climate change, drought, and erosion have significant causal links and heightening contestant between groups. The study also find that, herdsmen’s-farmers’ conflicts involves destruction of human life and properties, displacement of farmers from their ancestral homes into internal displaced people’s Camps, leading to fractured personality, including: physical, mental, social, emotional and moral instability. As such, it is concluded that, North Central Nigeria is the most affected region in terms of herdsmen’s-farmers’ conflicts. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Lucky Onicca Letswalo, Tshegofatso Penelope Mogotlane, Tshiamo Neville Ramalepa Pages: 22471 - 22481 Abstract: Clinical placement involves the placement of students in different health institutions to engage in clinical opportunities, however. These student nurses may face challenges while in the clinical environment. This study aimed to explore student nurses' perceptions regarding the psychosocial challenges during clinical placement at an academic hospital in Tshwane, South Africa. This exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study was conducted at a selected academic hospital in Tshwane. Convenience sampling was used to select student nurses. Data were collected through focus group interviews and the sample size was 24 student nurses with two focus groups. Data were analysed using content analysis by Tesch’s approach. This study yielded three themes: exposure to discrimination, exposure to disrespect and intimidation, and exposure to exploitation. Nurses to be conscious of the psychosocial challenges the student nurses are exposed to during clinical placement and address them. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Ngwako Solomon Modiba Pages: 22482 - 22496 Abstract: This paper interrogates the relationship between the availability of the post Covid-19 pandemic and equitable schooling in secondary schools. The paper resulted from diverse discourses, some of which emphasise that the prevalence of Post Covid-19 in the world, has influenced gender disparity in schooling to the level of generating debates about equitable schooling for both genders. This paper is conceptual and empirical in nature within the qualitative research paradigm. The question guiding this paper is: to what extent is Post Covid-19 pandemic behind regarding schooling as a leveller for all genders' Narrative enquiry and interviewing techniques were employed to collect data. Out of the population of 15 secondary schools in one of the circuits in Vhembe district in Limpopo Province, South Africa, three were conveniently sampled. In each of the three sampled secondary schools, only Chairpersons of the School Governing Bodies as well as Chairpersons of the Representative Council of Learners became research participants. Findings revealed that only few people saw a connection between post Covid-19 pandemic and equalisation of schooling. Secondly, inclusive education which caters for all genders is still a problem in many education systems. Thirdly, inability by schools to obviate discrimination of learners on the basis of gender, is a problem. Fourthly, inability by secondary schools to embrace post Covid-19 pandemic to encourage equitable schooling, is a problem. Fifthly, inability by schools to push back the frontiers of pre-Covid-19 gender disparity, is a problem. Lastly, failure by schools to utilise the prevalence of post Covid-19 pandemic to keep pupils psychologically and developmentally ready for equitable schooling is a problem. The researcher recommends for the eradication and total elimination of gender inequality to pave way for the delivery of equitable schooling to all genders. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Keoagile Abel Mmolokoe, Elizabeth Ivy Smit Pages: 22497 - 22508 Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) is derived from a broad term to define violent behaviour or violent reaction by perpetrators towards their victims. These victims are mostly women and in other instances female children. In this study women are victims. GBV is a global social ill and perpetrators are found in all shapes and forms and all walks of life. In South Africa GBV has become a pandemic and where attention is normally given to women, in this study the focus was on me as perpetrators. This was in the quest to understand what drives men to react violently. Ten men and ten social workers were purposively selected as participants and recruited in the Ngaka Modiri District. The research approach used was qualitative through the utilisation of the phenomenological design. The findings of the study were that a few factors triggered the violent behaviour and aspects like anger, cheating, toxic masculinity, lack of self-esteem and education, emotional and physical abuse, alcohol and drug abuse, insecurities which included meaning of romantic love and loss of income which resulted in financial strain were identified. Through this, a programme was designed to help re-educate and skill men through behaviour modification and other social work intervention mechanisms. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Joram Ndlovu, Douglas Nyathi, Xolani Moyo, Dumisani M. Ngwenya, Keith Phiri Pages: 22509 - 22521 Abstract: Mopane worms provide a livelihood source for rural households in the Mangwe district. The study sought to explore the effects of a changing climate across the Mopane worm value chain through an analysis of the experiences and perspectives of rural women. In addition, the study aimed to investigate the correlation between climate change, Mopane worm availability and rural livelihoods. The research study was conducted in three wards of Mangwe district, namely; Madabe, Tshitshi and Ngwanyana wards. It was envisaged that identifying the vulnerabilities associated with climate change and the Mopane worm value chain would assist stakeholders in implementing measures to enhance the resilience of the value chain. The research study employed a qualitative research design because of its suitability to represent the perceptions of rural women who play a key role in the Mopane worm resource value chain. The majority of rural women interviewed were unemployed and to them, Mopane worms were a source of livelihood in good years when Mopane worms were available. The findings of the study revealed that local communities in the Mangwe district are observant that climate is changing. Furthermore, the study established that there was a reduction in Mopane worms due to a recurring lack of rainfall, coupled with high temperatures. These extreme conditions were militating against Mopane worm availability in the district's March/April and December/January seasons. This subsequently affects Mopane worm-dependent livelihoods in the district as the decline in the Mopane worm population causes a reduction in nutrition and income for vulnerable households. As a result of the declining Mopane worm population, women end up walking long distances to explore other Mopane worm sources which are usually far from their localities. In light of these findings, the study suggests the need for a multi-sectoral approach to harness the Mopane worm as a commercial resource by establishing and promoting sustainable market linkages that will improve profits for rural women. Climate change awareness must be done in communities of Mangwe district to consciencentise people on the effects of climate change across the Mopane worm value chain and the importance of sustainable harvesting of this forestry resource in the context of climate change vulnerabilities. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Motswasele-Sikwane Lily Keneilwe Pages: 22522 - 22535 Abstract: To achieve the study's objectives, a model for a comprehensive support model for HBCWs providing care to the community was developed through five phases: caring, which is a central idea of Watson's (2017) theory of human caring; a poor positive work environment; poor; support, poor supervision; and a lack of resources. The results showed that a lack of resources, a bad supportive work environment, inadequate supervision, and a lack of care fundamental component of Watson's (2017) theory of human caring model development, were present. An evaluation phase was also included. The six components of the practice theory, as described by Dickoff, James, and Wiedenbach's (1968) survey list, which was mentioned by Maputle (2010), were used to categorise, and conceptualize the detected concepts. Context, actor, recipient, dynamic, method, and terminus are some of these components. The joint assertions that came after each of the six concepts was conceptualized were reached using a logical analysis and synthesis process. Six components were used in the development of the comprehensive support model for HBCWs providing care to the community. These components were agents, recipients, context, process, dynamics, and outcomes from practice-oriented theory, as described in Chinn and Kramer's (1999; 2008; Walker and Avant, 2013). Experts in community health practice and model production assessed the model in compliance with the methodology of Chinn and Kramer (2014, quoted in Aluko, 2016). It was discussed how the study's original contribution to the corpus of knowledge was justified. Concerning the research that was given, operationalization requirements for the model, and future research, limitations were noted, and recommendations were made. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Daniel Tuelo Masilo Pages: 22536 - 22545 Abstract: This paper reviews the factors that impact social workers' quality of work life in South Africa. The importance of the involvement of occupational social workers in the workplace is that they address personal and work-related matters that affect the psychosocial functioning of employees, which results in affecting the overall functioning of organizations. The chosen methodology for this paper is a thematic literature review, while role theory has been adopted as the theoretical framework for the paper. The discussions within the reviewed literature reveal that factors such as a lack of self-care, unsupportive supervisors, inadequate salaries, and a lack of opportunities for knowledge development significantly impact social workers' quality of work life. If these issues are not addressed, there is no doubt that the quality of social work services to clients will suffer. As a result, this paper concludes by outlining various intervention roles that occupational social workers can play within the workplace. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Vink Hildeguard Pages: 22546 - 22555 Abstract: The effects of incivility have been described as harmful. It negatively affects the lives of those involved, and concerns have been raised, globally, regarding its effects on nursing education and patient care. Incivility generally seems to be often driven by more complex issues such as personality traits, adjustment to work and studies, characteristics of developmental stages, lifestyle habits, cognition, physical, emotional, and mental health problems. The objectives of the study was to identify when incivility is a mental health problem and when a mental health problem is incivility. As well as to describe the relationship between incivility and mental health problems from the perspectives of South African professional nursing education. An exploratory descriptive qualitative design was employed in this study. The study settings were a university-based nursing school and a nursing college collaborating with a university of technology. Nurse educators (10) and students (15), were purposively sampled for data collection. Data were collected through semi-structured individual, face-to-face interviews and saturation was reached at 23 participants. Participation in the study was voluntary and all discussions were confidential. Incivility has been confirmed to be a moderate problem among academic staff and students, and even exists in clinical settings in South Africa. Mostly emotions of anger and frustration, irritation, fear and anxiety, sadness, and hurt, as well as doubt and inferiority were expressed and prolonged exposure to incivility can result in mental health problems. Students and nurse educators can also present with mental illnesses that can be observed as problematic. Incivility holds devastating consequences for both perpetrators and victims therefore, nurses in academics and clinical practice should have the ability to differentiate between incivility and mental illnesses. Nurse practitioners, nurse educators, and nursing students need to be guided toward accessing emotional and psychological support from the onset of experiencing incivility. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Phonia N. Bopape, Thandisizwe R. Mavundla Pages: 22556 - 22569 Abstract: LGBTI nursing students experience a plethora of challenges in higher education institutions like nursing colleges. In addition they have to contend with growth and development changes. The main aim of this study was to interpret the meaning of being an LGBTI nursing student at a nursing college in Gauteng, South Africa. An interpretive phenomenological inquiry was conducted among 11 undergraduate diploma nursing students aged 21-35 years, recruited through snowballing at a nursing college in Gauteng. Indepth face to face and telephonic individual interviews were conducted. Being LGBTI in this study was constructed from the participants’ understanding of themselves in a form of being different with a ‘unique’ childhood identity and experience. Findings revealed that LGBTI nursing students have had to contend with stigma which was exacerbated by religious and cultural beliefs inherited from their families, the nursing college and clinical facilities, despite the fact that they could not change their identity. In conclusion, LGBTI nursing did not require special treatment but expected recognition, sensitivity towards their identity and sexual orientation, support and a safe space at the college, in order to reach their full potential and thus attain academic success. It is recommended that gender and sexuality awareness orientation should be promoted to ensure an inclusive and an LGBTI friendly environment in the nursing fraternity. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Nkhensani F. Mabunda, Ronell Leech, Seugnette Rossouw Pages: 22570 - 22582 Abstract: A therapeutic milieu is a scientific construction of a safe recovery environment to improve the psychological health of patients with mental illness. This study aimed to explore and describe psychiatric nurses’ understanding of the therapeutic milieu in a male acute ward of a psychiatric institution. The study context is a male acute ward of a psychiatric institution. A qualitative explorative and descriptive design was used. Non-probability purposive, sampling was used to collect data in focus group interviews. Tesch’s technique was employed to analyse data. Trustworthiness and ethical considerations were ensured. Three themes emerged from the results: Nurses’ understanding of the therapeutic milieu; reconsidering the therapeutic milieu; and sustaining a therapeutic milieu. This study’s findings call for redesigning the ward infrastructure to meet the requirements of the acute psychiatric units to improve the quality of mental health care. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Chidi Richard Nwali, Jonathan Oshupeng Maseng, Olawale Yemisi, Chigozie Sebastine Onu Pages: 22583 - 22599 Abstract: National Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) and Local Government Financial Freedom in Nigeria: A Critical Challenge is a study posed to find out the critical challenge facing NFIU as part of the antigraft agencies in Nigeria championing the financial freedom of the Nigerian local government system. Indeed, the financial freedom of local governments in Nigeria constitutes a serious issue of contention in our contemporary democratic governance; such contentions have led to questions challenging Nigeria’s federalism that created three tiers of Government being expected to be independent. However, the objective is to identify the critical challenge facing the National Financial Intelligence Unit in pursuing local governments’ financial freedom in Nigeria. The study adopted the Power elite theory to unravel the manipulative tendencies of the Nigerian political elites. Meanwhile, the study applied research design with both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The study uncovered that the State Joint Local Government Account (SJLGA) is the major challenge for NFIU in pursuing local government financial freedom in Nigeria. Finally, the study recommended the review of some relevant sections of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to enhance the NFIU pursuits of the financial freedom of the local government areas in Nigeria; the amendment of some relevant sections of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as to empower NFIU for its set goals and objectives for the holistic development of the rural areas and her people and the Federal Government of Nigeria should jettison the State Joint Local Government Account (SJLGA) in the Constitution using the force of lobbying to obtain success at all level to enable NFIU succeed. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Khulisile Judith Nkuna, Sikhumbuzo Sibusiso Khoza, Lekau Eleazar Mphasha Pages: 22600 - 22605 Abstract: Names of rivers contribute a very important part of the language of that society. They are sometimes preserving words and elements no longer current in that language. They comprise a major part of helping vocabulary on that society. Although the river names commonly originate in a specific language, they are used by speakers of other languages as well and become part of the vocabulary of the receiving and adopting language, notwithstanding sometimes in a modified phonological orthographic system of that language. Rivers cannot continue to meet society’s needs, or the needs of living things, if the society continue to regard the river management as a purely political challenge. Flow of rivers is a part of greater flow, the planet’s cycle, which sustains not only the flow of water but the entire web of life. River secures livelihoods, health and nutrition, good social relations, science, and education mental health and spiritual satisfaction. This research aims at examining names of rivers in Nkomazi Municipality in Mpumalanga. This research study is guided by onomastics approach. The discussion focuses on the meaning of names of rivers and their relationship with historical events. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Phuti Ignatius Moloto, Kabelo Boikhutso Moeti Pages: 22606 - 22614 Abstract: The reason of this article was set out to assess water supply in common and in specific to look at how the Limpopo nearby district authorities see water supply at Matlou and Letsokoane rural residents. This article may be a perfection of a consider conducted towards a fulfillment of a post-doctoral qualification. A mixed methods approach was utilized for the consider which include open interviews to the Limpopo nearby district is failing that the two influenced communities in water supply. Amongst contribution factors the increment in populace development in that range could be a major issue as well as inhabitants altering with infrastacture, burglary and no intersection by political agents when there is no water. Qualitative research method was used for the study which included open interviews to the Limpopo local Municipality. The discoveries of the research problem have appeared that the Limpopo nearby district is failing that the two influenced communities in water supply. Amongst contribution factors the increment in populace development in that range could be a major issue as well as inhabitants altering with infrastructure, burglary and no intersection by political agents when there is no water. The study has therefore produced a grounded water supply value chain model emanating from the findings of the study. Lesson that be learned from the consider incorporate discussion with the ward councilor which incorporates instructive viewpoint of conversation of water as a source of rebuilding for human life and nobility. PubDate: 2024-07-26 Issue No:Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024)
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