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Authors:Bethany J. Nichols Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. How do the economic and cultural components of social class separately contribute to social class–based inequality' I argue that one approach to disentangle the effects of economic and cultural markers is to consider how decision-makers’ own social positions influence their evaluations of others in micro-level processes. I posit that decision-makers’ social positions influence their understandings and evaluations of the economic and cultural components of social class, giving rise to bias and inequality. In a series of original survey experiments, I manipulate the economic and cultural markers of a fictitious college applicant on subjects with elite and nonelite university degrees. The results show that the markers of social class affect individuals with elite degrees and individuals without elite degrees differently. I find that it is the cultural markers of social class, not the economic markers, that affect the judgments of evaluators with elite degrees. Applicants’ perceived competence and status help to explain the positive effect of cultural markers on evaluators with elite degrees. These results show the importance of social position and micro-level evaluation processes to help explain social class–based inequality. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2023-02-15T01:04:49Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221146597
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Authors:Rana Abulbasal, Christy Glass, Guadalupe Marquez-Velarde, Marisela Martinez-Cola Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. While existing approaches to workplace stratification illuminate how relational and demographic processes impact workplace inequalities, little research has sought to disaggregate the experiences of professional women at the intersection of race and ethnicity. This study explores how workplace demography intersects with relationships among women to shape the experiences of women of color in professional careers. Relying on a mixed methods study of barriers to advancement among women lawyers, we find that the presence of women in an organization has little to no effect on the token pressures women of color experience in predominantly White-male organizations. We conclude increasing women’s overall representation is necessary but insufficient for addressing the challenges women of color face navigating professional careers. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2023-01-20T07:02:49Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221148452
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Authors:Francisco Olivos, Cristián Ayala, Alex Leyton Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. A large body of literature has shown that emotions can motivate collective action. Nevertheless, the effect that collective actions could have on emotion has been less researched. This study examined the effect of protests on bystanders’ pride, using the case of the 2019 “Chilean Spring.” Our findings indicate that a set of indicators of pride, representing the country, the status quo, and the social structures, were negatively affected by the crisis, which suggests vertical emotional response. Protests’ frame signaled that not everything in the country was as thought, generating a moral shock that affected shared emotions about the country. However, pride toward fellow citizens was positively affected. Some of these effects are stronger for people with an intermediate educational level. These findings contribute to the literature on the impact of protests showing that unexpected, loosely organized, and massive movements can trigger generalized emotions. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2023-01-12T09:45:26Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221146595
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Authors:Chen Chen Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. This study proposes a framework combining economic improvement and the disruption within family interactions to disentangle the effect of parental migration on left-behind children’s development. We proposed a concept of parental capital, which refers to the cultivated interactions between the primary caregiver and the child. The disruption effect is theorized here as loss in parental capital, that the decrease in frequency and stability of interactions between children and the primary caregiver caused by parental migration. This research draws on the 2012 China Urbanization and Labor Migration Survey (CULMS), a nationally representative dataset including a substantial migrant population. Our results show that the loss in parental capital mediates almost all of the adverse effects of parental absence. In addition, parental capital doesn’t significantly mediate the effect of father migration on children’s cognitive development, but it has substantial explaining power in the disadvantage of children with dual-parent migration. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2023-01-12T06:42:40Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221145059
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Authors:Alexander Scott Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Under what conditions do Latinx communities mobilize in response to threats of repressive policing' This article addresses this question by comparing three cases of community organizing against civil gang injunctions. Drawing on six years of ethnographic fieldwork, 20 semi-structured interviews, and analysis of news reports, my findings reveal that mobilization was achieved in low-income Latinx neighborhoods located within affluent White cities, where organizers drew upon strong ties to community insiders to combine analyses of the threat of citywide gang injunctions with critiques of White racism and political power. Conversely, mobilization did not occur when this strategy was used to organize a low-income Latinx neighborhood within a primarily working-class, Latinx city, where organizers confronted a more narrowly targeted gang injunction and had weaker ties to community insiders. I argue this lack of mobilization in the latter campaign cannot only be attributed to the insufficient threat posed by the gang injunction. Rather, local racial and ethnic dynamics, where Chicanx organizers struggled to develop grassroots leadership among community insiders, build solidarity with first-generation Latinx immigrants and link threats of repressive policing to anti-Latinx racism impeded mobilization. These findings highlight how popular mobilization against perceived threats of repressive policing is not race-neutral but instead depends upon racial and ethnic contexts where organizers can effectively link the issue to White racism. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-14T05:26:18Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139487
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Authors:Hwajin Shin, Soohan Kim Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Using longitudinal data on 1,711 female managers in South Korean firms, this study examines how time, culture, and workplace structure affect women’s mentoring networks. Our analyses demonstrate that women with fewer time constraints and who work longer hours are more likely to have a male mentor. However, when motherhood status is considered, work hours and time constraints are not significant predictors of having a mentor for mothers. Rather, organizational flexibility and work-life policies influence whether mothers have mentors, but those mothers who work long hours and display minimal domestic commitments benefit the most from the availability of flexibility. Findings suggest that long work hours and time constraints affect women’s marginalization in workplace relationships, and corporate practices mitigating work hour expectations can alleviate this impact for women with children. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-13T02:06:19Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139445
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Authors:Alicia Smith-Tran Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. This article problematizes the concept of “Black Don’t Crack” and challenges the universal desirability of youthfulness. This study is driven by two research questions: (1) How does the perceived youthfulness of professional Black workers shape their subjective experience of workplace interactions' and (2) What strategies do Black workers use to assert their expertise and legitimacy when confronted with prejudicial attitudes and interactions based on perceptions about their age' Drawing on 18 semi-structured interviews with professional Black women who are perceived as younger than they actually are, this article describes Black women’s experiences with ageism and their specific strategies for combating age bias in the workplace. The focus of this study diverges from most ageism studies focused on bias against older adults. Rather, this article contributes to our understanding of how gendered racism and ageism intersect when Black women’s chronological ages differ from how they are perceived. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-13T02:03:59Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139441
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Authors:Sadie O. Ridgeway Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. This research investigates the association between body size and key indicators of well-being for adolescents (i.e., self-rated health, mental health, and life satisfaction), and simultaneously tests two social mechanisms that may explain these relationships: stigma enacted as bullying victimization and body image, representing the “outside” and “inside” views of the body, respectively. This study tested these relationships using the United States Health Behaviors in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2009/2010 data set (N = 12,210). Results demonstrated that larger body size is associated with reduced well-being on all the indicators studied as well as higher levels of bullying victimization and worse body image. However, body image predominantly mediates the relationship between body size and well-being. The study broadens the empirical base on whether body size is linked to well-being for adolescents, clarifies the role of two important social mechanisms, and indicates that body image is critical to understanding the effects of body size. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-13T01:58:40Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139439
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Authors:Arman Azedi Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. In recent decades, social scientists have devoted increased attention to job insecurity, a highly prominent stressor for workers today. Although social movements literature has examined other economic threat as mobilizing agents, the potential for job insecurity to stoke protest participation remains unknown. To investigate this issue, I analyze survey data gathered by the European Social Survey (n = 35,891) via face-to-face interviews. Hierarchical logistic regressions reveal job insecurity is significantly associated with participation in protests and is more important for protest than any other individual economic indicator, such as poor income, unemployment, and negative perceptions of the wider economy. Its effect is modest compared with biographical and political factors, such as education and antigovernment beliefs. The mobilizing effect of job insecurity is more pronounced when combined with contextual factors that exacerbate insecurity, namely, working in unstable service and private sector jobs, or living in countries with poor social safety nets. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-06T12:47:45Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139291
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Authors:Yolanda Wiggins, Blair Harrington, Naomi Gerstel Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Although many recognize that families shape the likelihood of getting into college, few examine variation in families’ involvement during college or its implications for sustaining inequalities. Using interviews with 51 Black and 61 Asian American college students, our analysis reveals that class and race jointly shape students’ perceptions of the financial assistance that they receive from and give to family—whether in the short term (during college) or their plans for the long term (post-college). Advantaged students across race receive more and provide less assistance than disadvantaged students. Both disadvantaged Black and Asian American students share future intentions of support, but only disadvantaged Black students give their families money during college. Race and class affect students’ framing of family and designation of the particular family members (whether parents, siblings, extended kin, or fictive kin) included in these exchanges. Lastly, we analyze the ways these different forms of assistance shape students’ college struggles; Black students experience the most strain due to their working and giving back during college. Drawing on and developing theories addressing the models and practices of familial diversity, this paper shows how class and race intersect to shape family assistance and its consequences for the persistence of inequality. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-06T12:46:27Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221134808
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Authors:Kirsten Hextrum Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Researchers critique athletic admissions, claiming that lower academic standards for athletes lead to disengagement, retention issues, and mission-drift. Yet few studies scrutinize the athletic standards utilized. Despite the concentration of Black men in football and basketball, overall, white and middle-class athletes receive the greatest admission advantages suggesting athletic merit aligns with privilege. Drawing on 47 life-history interviews with Division I college athletes from one elite university, I apply Althusserian ideology to examine how exceptionally admitted participants interpret and (re)enact their advantages. Narratives revealed the institutional conditions, rituals, and practices that link athleticism to college access. Across three themes—access, ascendance, and admission—I consider how athletes are interpellated into meritorious recipients of preferential treatment, obscuring the structural alignments undergirding university access. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-12-06T12:44:27Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221134807
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Authors:Paul B. Stretesky, Damien Short, Laurence Stamford Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. This study draws upon concepts of institutional trust and expendability to examine perceptions of risk associated with hydraulic fracturing or “fracking.” To study trust and risk, we collected data from a nationally representative sample of U.K. residents and analyzed it using multivariate regression. Perceptions of trust are measured for the oil and gas industry, central government, local government, and regulators while perceived risks are measured for seismicity, water quality, and hydraulic fracturing in general. Participants with high levels of trust in the oil and gas industry tend to perceive lower levels of risk associated with hydraulic fracturing. Levels of government and regulator trust are, however, largely unrelated to perceived risks. Importantly, trust in the oil and gas industry appears to mediate the relationship between political affiliation and perceptions of risk. Implications for theories of recreancy and environmental justice are explored. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-10-22T10:26:37Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221125803
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Authors:Harris Hyun-soo Kim Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Throughout parts of the Western world, populist nationalism has gained increasing momentum. Despite cross-national differences in populist leaders and parties, one common feature stands out: xenophobic prejudice. This paper examines in the U.S. context, first, a common assumption linking outgroup threat perception with support for restrictive immigration. Second, more importantly, this paper tests how and the extent to which collective (state-level) social capital independently influences the American citizens’ anti-immigrant attitudes, as well as whether it moderates the association between outgroup threat and preference for restricting immigration. Multilevel models based on a nationally representative sample show that people who hold higher perceptions of outgroup threat are indeed more likely to oppose immigration. By contrast, living in a state endowed with more social capital is associated with pro-immigration attitudes. Last, the association between security threat and anti-immigrant preference is weaker (stronger) in states with higher (lower) measures of social capital. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-10-18T12:00:52Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221127935
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Authors:Jennifer Ashlock, Miodrag Stojnic, Zeynep Tufekci Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Informed by evidence that computing attitudes may be uniquely constructed in informal contexts and that the early teens are a key period for academic decision-making, we investigate lines of practice that connect computing skills, attitudes, and videogames. We compare the relationship between computer skill, computer efficacy, and activities associated with gaming using a data set of 3,868 children in middle school. The time that children spend gaming has very modest association with skill and efficacy. Accounting for the frequency with which children modify games, engage in social gaming activities, and the salience of gamer identity explains the gender gap in computer skill and significantly narrows the gender gap in computer efficacy. We find support for the argument that computer skill and efficacy are dependent on children connecting often isolated social contexts, a socially embedded characteristic of the digital divide. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-10-11T01:05:06Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221125802
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Authors:Man Yao Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Women are becoming the majority in China’s universities and colleges. This study examines gender differences in post-college plans of China’s college students under the new social context. Drawing on survey data from college students across 15 universities in Beijing, this study identifies a gendered post-college planning process. Descriptive findings show that the majority of students plan to go to graduate school, while women are less likely to have a graduate school plan and more likely to be unclear about their future than men. Multivariate analyses show that these gender gaps can be partly attributed to women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Moreover, family socioeconomic resources and anticipated parenthood timing are associated with post-college plans, and these associations are more pronounced among women. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for research on the formation of gender stratification in education and career in the global context of women’s progress in education. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-30T06:49:13Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124536
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Authors:Michelle Maroto, David Pettinicchio Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. The Fair Labor Standards Act’s minimum wage laws provide important protections for workers. However, it still permits employers to pay subminimum wages to youth under age 20, student-vocational learners, full-time students, individuals with disabilities, and tipped workers. This has important economic consequences, especially for economically vulnerable workers in the low-wage sector. Using 2009–2019 Current Population Survey–Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG) data (n = 502,976), we find that 3.7 percent (about 1,565,805) of hourly workers were paid subminimum wages based on state minimum wage laws, and subminimum wages were associated with increases in family poverty by 1.4 percentage points. Importantly, the relationship between subminimum wages and poverty differed across workers with particularly telling results for disability. Unlike for youth and students for whom access to subminimum wage labor was associated with decreased family poverty, subminimum wage work compounded already high poverty rates for hourly workers with disabilities. Within a broader context of low-wage work, this research speaks to the impacts of subminimum pay on economic insecurity and poverty—an ongoing social problem disproportionately affecting people with disabilities. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-29T07:57:54Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124630
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Authors:Chadwick K. Campbell Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. HIV stigma negatively affects the social experiences of people living with HIV (PLWH) and remains a challenge to HIV prevention, treatment, and care. Research has overwhelmingly focused on individual cognitive measures of HIV stigma (e.g., internalized, anticipated, and experienced). However, little research explores the interactions and societal structures through which HIV stigma is produced. Data from qualitative interviews with 30 black gay and bisexual men living with HIV in the U.S. Deep South revealed an interconnected and interdependent set of processes that produce and reproduce HIV stigma. These included social interactions (silence, euphemism, and gossip), witnessed acts of marginalization, word-of-mouth transmission of HIV misinformation, and laws and policies carried out within the education and criminal justice systems. Efforts to reduce stigma that focus on individual beliefs and attitudes are critical to improving the well-being of PLWH. However, reducing HIV stigma requires intervening on the social interactions and structures through which HIV stigma is produced and reproduced. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-26T09:37:02Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221117294
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Authors:Daniel Mackin Freeman, Dara Shifrer Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Math achievement in U.S. high schools is a consistent predictor of educational attainment. While emphasis on raising math achievement continues, school-level interventions often come at the expense of other subjects. Arts courses are particularly at risk of being cut, especially in schools serving lower socioeconomic status youth. Evidence suggests, however, that arts coursework is beneficial to many educational outcomes. We use data on 20,590 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 to answer two research questions: (1) Does student accumulation of fine arts courses across different topic areas relate positively to math test scores in high school' (2) Does school SES differentiate this potential association' Results indicate that youth attending higher-SES schools take more art courses and taking music courses is related to higher math test scores. However, this benefit only seems to only apply to more socially advantaged student bodies. Results reveal a site of additional educational advantage for already privileged youth. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-24T12:32:47Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124537
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Authors:Megan M. Henley Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Doulas provide individualized support during labor and childbirth. Research has consistently shown that having doulas support increases positive physical and psychological outcomes. Professional medical organizations have begun to recognize the evidence showing the positive effects of doula support. Even though professional organizations recommend doulas to reduce non-medically indicated treatments such as overuse of cesarean delivery, many practitioners uphold their authority to intervene as they see necessary. I utilize interviews with 25 doulas to explore how doulas use scientific evidence to ensure that women receive appropriate care. Results indicate that doulas do not think that many obstetricians follow evidence-based practices; doulas feel compelled to serve as overseers who remind medical staff about the clinical guidelines. In addition, doulas use evidence to prepare mothers to confront providers. I argue that while doulas can help close gaps, obstetric medicine needs to implement evidence-based strategies more systemically to improve care for all women. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-02T09:35:18Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221121161
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Authors:Veronica Lerma Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Recent work has begun to investigate how criminalization is mediated through interpersonal relationships. While this research emphasizes the importance of gender dynamics and cross-gender intimate relations for boys and men of color, little is known about how gendered and sexualized relationships matter for criminalized women and girls of color. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap and asks: How do system-involved Chicanas’ relationships with men and boys shape their experiences of criminalization over the life course' How do they navigate criminalization through men and boys' While previous research suggests that young men of color may avoid criminalization through their relationships with young women of color, life-history interviews with formerly incarcerated and system-impacted Chicanas reveal that relationships with Latino men and boys exacerbated their experiences of criminalization. Utilizing an intersectional criminalization framework, I argue that racialized, gendered, and heteronormative assumptions about Latinas’ interpersonal relationships condition criminalization over the life course. Chicanas employed two strategies to navigate criminalization through men and boys, both of which came at a cost to their wellbeing. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-02T05:19:28Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221121336
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Authors:David Michael Ramey, Brittany N. Freelin Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. U.S. schools suspend 2.5 million children each school year. Although states mandate suspensions for serious offenses, most students are suspended for minor transgressions, such as “willful defiance” of authority. Moreover, districts suspend students of color for minor issues at higher rates than White children. In response, California banned suspension for “willful defiance” in elementary schools statewide in 2015 and larger districts eliminated the practice for all grades throughout the 2010s. In this article, we use California Department of Education (CDE) data from 2011 to 2018 to determine: (1) whether banning suspension for willful defiance changes school district suspension rates; (2) whether these bans are associated with changes in special education enrollment; and (3) how these relationships differ by the race/ethnicity of the student. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-08-26T06:45:29Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221116661
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Authors:Catherine Riegle-Crumb, Tatiane Russo-Tait, Katherine Doerr, Ursula Nguyen First page: 5 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. This study utilizes interviews with 33 racially diverse high school girls who have expressed interest in engineering careers. Using the framework of critical consciousness and informed by intersectional theories, the authors examine their views about gender inequality in engineering. Results revealed that while most articulated systemic understandings of inequality, Black participants were particularly likely to exhibit this critical reflection. Yet many young women revealed a more emerging form of critical reflection, particularly Asian participants. Few respondents expressed critical self-efficacy, or confidence to challenge gender inequality in their future careers; such views were almost exclusively held by Black and Latinx respondents. In contrast, White respondents commonly invoked a “lean-in” self-efficacy to be successful navigating, but not challenging, the White male-dominated engineering workforce. Overall, we find clear evidence that young women’s racialized identities have implications not only for their understandings of gender inequality, but also for their motivation to disrupt it. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-07-28T10:17:21Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221112448
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Authors:Justin J. Nelson, Christopher M. Pieper First page: 28 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Smartphones have become a ubiquitous part of everyday life, and attachment to these devices is a felt reality for many Americans. This paper describes the link between smartphone attachment and the pursuit of meaning and purpose in life. Analyses reveal meaning-seeking as a positive correlate of smartphone attachment. However, while interaction effects suggest that meaning-seeking through heavy social media and Internet use decreases the odds of smartphone attachment, meaning-seeking is strongly related to attachment at lower levels of daily media use. Also, having a satisfying life purpose decreases the odds of smartphone attachment, though this protective effect is not as strong as meaning-seeking in the final models. We conclude that smartphone attachment, within a context of latent anomie, could be anomigenic, inadvertently exacerbating feelings of despair while simultaneously promising to resolve them. Findings provide a sociological link between smartphone attachment and the negative psychosocial outcomes described in the literature. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-08-05T06:46:37Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221114296
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Authors:Kenneth Vaughan, Jerry Z. Park, Joshua Christopher Tom, Murat Yilmaz First page: 49 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Muslim Americans are a fast-growing minority group within the United States, both demographically and in the public consciousness. National surveys place them among the least liked groups in the U.S. cultural landscape, and throughout the twenty-first century they have often been the target of both high-profile vitriol and common daily abuses. We use logistic regression analyses of nationally representative data from the Pew Research Center’s 2011 Survey of American Muslims to better understand the social predictors of experiencing discrimination among American Muslims. Integrating these analyses with existing literature on minority group assimilation, we find that both patterns of assimilation and resistance to assimilation positively predict experiences of discrimination. These results suggest that American Muslims face no unequivocal path away from discriminatory experiences and inhabit a precarious place where assimilation presents more opportunities for exposure to discrimination and resistance to assimilation leads to sanctions from the dominant culture. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-08-09T06:01:23Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221114294
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Authors:Jess Lee First page: 71 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. As a racialized pan-ethnic group, Asian Americans exhibit ethnically heterogeneous structural and cultural characteristics, but such heterogeneity and its implications for Asian Americans’ pan-ethnic groupness were seldom explored empirically. Using the American Community Survey and the 2016 National Asian American Survey datasets, this paper examines intra-Asian symbolic and socioeconomic boundaries and boundary processes captured in Asian interethnic marriage. I find prominent intra-Asian boundaries distinguishing exceptionally disadvantaged refugee-origin Southeast Asians, yet intra-Asian marriages still occur across these boundaries. This mismatch between intra-Asian boundaries and marriage patterns reflects loose and often unstable interpretations of ethnic similarities and differences. Together, my findings reveal Asian Americans’ contextually salient interpretations of ethnic heterogeneity behind intra-Asian boundary processes, which further reinforce the socially constructed notion of Asian Americans as a racialized group. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-08-11T09:25:54Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221114297
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Authors:Christopher Maggio First page: 93 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Past research has explored which factors are important in understanding immigration attitudes, incorporating economic, cultural, and political components, among others. Simultaneously, a literature linking local demographic context to immigration attitudes has developed, in part to identify under what conditions demographic change might increase immigration Backlash. I combine these literatures by examining what characteristics and/or contexts for U.S.-born Whites predict Backlash to demographic change. I find evidence that county-level Hispanic growth predicts a preference for reducing immigration among three groups: those without a four-year degree, those identifying as political Independents, and those reporting a decrease in household income. These results provide a framework for understanding how immigration policy attitudes may evolve for different groups in the context of demographic change. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-08-13T09:39:23Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221116660
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Authors:Wing Chung Ho First page: 123 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Decades of scholarly efforts to reignite the theoretical integration between sociology and biology have come to partial fruition in the birth of evolutionary sociology at the turn of the twentieth-first century. This paper examines one of the most elaborated versions of the paradigm—“new evolutionary sociology” (NES)—proposed by Jonathan H. Turner and colleagues. NES emphasizes purposeful, multilevel selective pressure targeted at corporate units, groups, or societies—rather than the blind, Darwinian natural selection on individuals—from which institutional systems are developed. Despite its contribution, NES possesses conceptual lacunae that have fettered NES in specific and evolutionary sociology in general from becoming a novel and truly evolutionary-cum-sociological paradigm in explaining social phenomena. This paper identifies three conceptual hiatuses of NES, in that it lacks due deliberation of (1) the gene-culture interaction that bridges individual behaviors—via natural, sexual, group, and multilevel selections—with the emerging sociocultural formations; (2) the epistemic role of fitness as a post factum propensity in empirical analysis; and (3) the concept of causal mechanism utilized to explain the diverse paths leading to the emergent phenomena. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-08-25T09:51:54Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221119256
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Authors:A. Nicole Kreisberg, Margot Jackson First page: 145 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Adverse life course events associated with unemployment can negatively affect individuals’ future labor market prospects. Unauthorized status, and subsequent unauthorized employment, may operate similarly, marring immigrants’ labor market prospects even after they change legal status. However, it is unclear how and why any durable disadvantage associated with prior unauthorized status operates differently by gender. This is an important shortcoming, given that legal status and gender overlap to influence both migration and stratification. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of lawful permanent residents, we find durable disadvantage associated with prior exposure to unauthorized status, especially among women. Men with prior exposure to unauthorized status experience persistent occupational disadvantage over time relative to men who were never unauthorized. However, women with exposure to unauthorized status experience widening occupational disadvantage over time relative to women who were never unauthorized. Human capital and legal processes help to explain this pattern. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-05T08:24:44Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221117296
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Authors:Paul Joseph McLaughlin First page: 173 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. The philosophical underpinnings of Durkheim’s failed Darwinian encounter have been neglected by environmental and mainstream sociologists. Although he claimed to employ Darwinian insights, Durkheim wrote during the eclipse of population thinking by an essentialist revival in biology. His inability to grasp the former and embrace of a specific variety of the latter explain the limitations and contradictions in his incipient environmental sociology and challenge the broader disciplinary myth that Durkheim discovered a new approach to theorizing society. Even his repudiation of Lamarckian analogies relied upon and reinforced his more fundamental commitment to essentialism. That commitment has contributed to the persistence of developmentalism within sociology and delayed a second Darwinian revolution. Seizing the opportunity that Durkheim missed by confronting the deeper lessons of the first Darwinian revolution offers the best hope for constructing a post-exemptionalist theory of societal-environmental interactions and addressing enduring disciplinary concerns with structural diversity and human agency. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-02T09:36:26Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221121164
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Authors:Dennis J. Downey First page: 1029 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Our divided democracy—characterized by partisan polarization and moralized opposition—presents significant challenges to sociologists who would use our discipline to create a more just society. I focus here on the strategic role of, and need for, deeper engagement across the political divide. I review current research on polarization—increasingly focused on attitudinal consolidation and partisan identity—to emphasize challenges to and opportunities for persuasion. I call for increased engagement in three strategic subfields of sociology: (1) social movements, to integrate persuasion more centrally into theories and research on collective social action; (2) social psychology, to engage the interdisciplinary field of moral cognition to develop effective strategies for persuasion; and (3) rural sociology, to understand more deeply the perspectives and moral frameworks essential to engagement across the divide. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-16T10:42:22Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124443
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Authors:Sharon Kantorowski Davis First page: 1052 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. There are three major social issues that are identified and discussed as major contributors to the new normal and the redefinition of deviance. They include: 1) the political rise of the extreme right; 2) the renewed urgency to address issues of social, political, and environmental justice, including and racial inequalities and inequities; and 3) COVID and its effects on society and culture. Sociologists must be key players in the identification and resolution of these issues. In so doing, we impact the reframing and redefinition of what is deviant and what constitutes the new normal. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-09-22T06:49:53Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124446
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Authors:Will Atkinson First page: 1060 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Pierre Bourdieu’s influence on the study of lifestyles in the United States has been profound, yet the vast majority of relevant research operates with methods and assumptions at odds with Bourdieu’s own. His specifically relational or geometric understanding of social structures, and lifestyles, has been overlooked, meaning that no one has yet done for the contemporary United States what Bourdieu did for France, that is, construct a model of the “space of lifestyles” and its homologies. This paper does precisely that, deploying Bourdieu’s own favored technique of multiple correspondence analysis on survey data from 2017 to 2018. It finds a remarkable continuity between 1970s France and the contemporary United States, specifically in the existence of axes relating to economic and cultural capital. The paper also explores the correspondence of sociodemographic factors with the space, and importantly, it unveils associated patterns of symbolic domination. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-04-06T10:51:39Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221084690
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Authors:Lauren M. Alfrey First page: 1081 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Since 2014, technology companies have spent an estimated $1.2 billion on diversity efforts. Despite these investments, Black and Latinx Americans remain starkly underrepresented. How is this problem understood by people in tech' Connecting theories of white racial ideologies and research on racialized organizations, I show how understandings of tech’s “diversity problem” paradoxically serve to naturalize tech organizations as white spaces. Using interviews and surveys of 69 tech workers, I identify several semantic maneuvers used to defend predominantly white workplaces as “diverse.” Together, they demonstrate a pattern I call neoliberal difference. Neoliberal difference is a culturally authorized ideology that expresses support for pluralism and progressive ideals while ignoring systems of racial exclusion. The theory of neoliberal difference expands and complicates our existing knowledge of white racial ideologies using the tech industry as an important case study. Implications for a sector so powerful in shaping social life are discussed. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-06-02T01:25:10Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221094664
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Authors:Zachary Simoni, Philip Day, David Schneider, Chance Strenth, Neelima Kale First page: 1099 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. As a result of the pharmaceuticalization of chronic pain over the past three decades, opioid therapy became a common form of treatment for chronic pain patients. However, the overprescribing of opioids led to the opioid overdose epidemic in the United States. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented guidelines reducing the number of opioid prescriptions—better known as opioid pharmacovigilance. Little is known about the sociocultural challenges during the transition to opioid pharmacovigilance for the resident/patient relationship. Using a thematic analysis, we analyzed 20 semi-structured interviews of residents and chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) patients in a family medicine residency practice. Findings suggest that due to the pharmaceuticalization of CNCP and the transition to opioid pharmacovigilance, residents develop a wariness to prescribe opioids, which leads to prejudice against patients. Patients report constrained care and a lack of alternative treatments for chronic pain, which inevitably leads to duplicitous behavior. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-06-09T01:39:04Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221097086
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Authors:Katelyn Rose Malae First page: 1117 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. This article analyzes how a formerly mocked policy idea became a widespread solution. Through content analysis of newspaper articles and legal documents, I develop a framework that extends timelines of social movement influence, expands the range of actors and locations of mobilization, and traces how activists frame policy ideas over time: the policy relay. This framework allows for an analysis of how opponents unintentionally advanced the reform process in 1993 by turning its originators into laughingstocks. Anti-rape advocates eventually reformulated the policy in 2014. This time, the origin was removed from the story, presenting a concise narrative that credited politicians and college administrators, rather than activists, for the reform. By tracing the ideas of a movement, rather than focusing on organizations or public protests, I uncover a complicated process of social change, where consequential actors work across different settings to ignite reforms and strategically remove controversial aspects from narratives of social change. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-06-20T10:09:28Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221100836
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Authors:Allison Dunatchik, Hyunjoon Park First page: 1144 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Along with intensified competition for college admissions, U.S. teens increasingly spend more time on educational activities. Homework can be a particularly important component of educational time for economically disadvantaged and racial/ethnic minority students who have limited access to private sources of learning beyond the classroom. This study uses data from the American Time Use Survey and the Programme for International Student Assessment to compare homework time by race/ethnicity and examine the factors that explain these differences. We extend existing literature to consider explanations beyond demographic and family background. Our ordinary least squares (OLS) results show that family background accounts for the difference in homework time between Hispanic and White students and partially explains the difference between Black and White students, with students’ academic characteristics or school fixed effects explaining the remaining gap. While these factors partially account for Asian students’ greater time spent on homework than their White peers, a substantial gap remains. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-06-11T10:09:37Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221101422
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Authors:Jurgita Abromaviciute, Emily K. Carian First page: 1169 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. In this study, we draw on interview data from 62 matched different-sex, dual-career spouses raising young children to examine the mechanisms behind the gender gap in household labor during the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that the pandemic represents a unique case of social uncertainty and an opportunity to observe how structural conditions shape the gendered division of household labor. We find that under the rapid social transformation imposed by the pandemic, gender serves as an anchor and orienting frame for couples with young children. We argue that the pandemic (1) expanded traditional gender expectations to new domains of household labor and (2) heightened the importance of gendered explanations for the division of labor that justified intra-couple inequality. Our findings suggest that the particular structural conditions that characterize different times of uncertainty work through slightly different mechanisms, yet produce the same outcome: gender inequality, with long-lasting and wide-ranging implications. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-06-22T10:36:00Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221103268
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Authors:Tony N. Brown, Asia Bento, Julian Culver, Raul S. Casarez, Horace J. Duffy First page: 1188 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Scholars theorize racial apathy is one form contemporary white racial prejudice takes. Racial apathy signals not caring about racial inequality. Invoking intergroup contact theory, we hypothesize interracial contact would predict less racial apathy among whites. To test our hypothesis, we analyze survey data from white teenagers participating in the 2003 National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). We find interracial contact matters and its inclusion improves model fit over and above previously specified correlates. Specifically, interracial friendship and dating, and having a different race mentor predict the tendency to care about racial equality. Furthermore, any interracial contact and a count of interracial contact experiences across five settings, respectively, predict less racial apathy. We encourage scholars to investigate further the sociological significance of racial apathy and its correlates, including interracial contact. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-07-14T09:56:10Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221104041
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Authors:Rocío R. García First page: 1208 Abstract: Sociological Perspectives, Ahead of Print. Reproductive politics and Latinxs’ politics demonstrate a preoccupation with representations and discourses across time and space. Intersectional feminists theorize how controlling images function as mechanisms of social control by distorting holistic perceptions of marginalized people. While social movement research documents the importance of culture in collective action, little research applies a controlling images interpretive framework to social movement contexts. An important case for examining Latina/x representations is the ideological terrain created by pro-abortion Latina/x feminist advocates. Utilizing a three-year ethnography with California Latinas for Reproductive Justice (CLRJ), written materials produced by the organization, and in-depth interviews with staff, I argue that CLRJ highlights the limitations of existing research, uses feminist approaches to dialogue, and creates structural analyses of inequalities to challenge la santa (the saint), a controlling image centering cisgender mestiza and white Latinas used to assume that all Latinas make poor advocates for reproductive autonomy. Citation: Sociological Perspectives PubDate: 2022-07-25T10:44:07Z DOI: 10.1177/07311214221112623
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