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Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
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ISSN (Online) 2349-4786
Published by STM Journals

[66 journals]

Optimisation of Electrocoagulation Flocculation Treatment of Laundry
Greywater with Design of Experiment Methodology
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  Authors: Siyasanga Mula; Andile Thole, Buntu Godongwana
  Abstract: It is becoming increasingly more important to relook at the impact that greywater has on the environment and the opportunities that it can provide for water re-use. More especially that the sewer pipelines are often over flooded and overflowing onto the streets in most townships in South Africa due to sewer blockages, population, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) overcapacity. To cope with current and future wastewater treatment (WWT) demands, developments of alternative efficient and ecological safe WWT methods are required. Treatment of greywater with electrocoagulation-flocculation (ECF) techniques is one of the promising technologies. However, ECF applications seem to be heuristically approached due to the complexity of a multitude of ECF process control variables and a lack of understanding of their interactions. These variables may not only have a single effect on output but multiple inter-variable effects that need multi-parameter factor analysis. The statistical techniques Design of Experiment (DoE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) can be used to evaluate the interaction of factors on the ECF's treatment efficiency. In this research, the ECF efficacy was investigated by varying ECF process variables such electrodes types (stainless steel and aluminum, alternatively as anodes) in 800 mL and 2000 mL reactors to treat laundry greywater (LGW) under varying operating conditions of initial pH (3.5 to 8.5), voltage (10 to 15 V) and Mixing speed (0 to 500 rpm) that were carefully planned with DoE.The optimum operating conditions were discovered to be between 4.5 and 5.75 pH at the start.; applied voltage (10V to 13.5 V), at mixing speeds between 125 and 350 rpm. There were varied successes with electrode type but iron seemed to favor affluent with more chlorides that ambient in LGW than that aluminum electrode, therefore the addition of chloride may improve iron ECF but this was not a variable. In this study, the results revealed that the only volume of the effluent can be increased in further studies to values beyond 2000 mL, which suggests that this ECF method can be scaled-up for the treatment of LGW with high TSS, pH out, turbidity, and color removal efficiency.
  PubDate: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 11:00:11 +000
Synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur and
study their biological activity
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  Authors: Basma Saad Baaiu; Mansour Abdelsalam, Fateh Eltaboni, Wafiyah Amhalhil
  Abstract: Several substituted pyridines with brominated coumarin and with other substituents were achieved by condensing brominated coumarin IV with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde in basic solution forming α,β-unsaturated ketone II. Hantzsch reaction of this ketone with β-ketoester to provide precursor substituted pyridines. The Hantzsch reaction product was subjected to different reactions. The other targeted heterocyclic compound was obtained by reaction of α,β-unsaturated ketone II with hydrazine carbothioamide to give substituted pyrazole with brominated coumarin, also converted to different substituents. Structure analysis of the prepared heterocyclic compounds was confirmed by spectral data, elemental analysis. Antibacterial activity was screened towards some microorganism thus low and intermediate activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria were noted.
  PubDate: Fri, 28 Jan 2022 10:59:46 +000
Formation of Anolyte and Catholyte Types of Water during electrolysis and
their Effect on Living Organisms
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  Authors: Michael Shoikhedbrod
  Abstract: During electrolysis, an anolyte (dead water) and catholyte (living water) solutions are formed. Anolyte promotes metabolic processes, and is also mild antiseptic. The disinfecting effect of the anolyte is equivalent to treatment with iodine, brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide, without causing chemical burns of living tissues and not staining them. The living water, being a catholyte, has enhanced bio stimulating properties. It has a beneficial effect on the human organism, enhancing metabolic processes, increasing the defenses of organism, thereby strengthening human health. The particular interest presents the production of a concentrate of living high-calorie microalgae, especially Chlorella cells, from their nutrient medium for its successful commercial use. The developed method of concentration using catholyte and electrolysis microdispersed bubbles of hydrogen, formed during electrolysis and the process of electrolysis of the nutrient medium itself, permits to obtain a living high-quality Chlorella cells concentrate from nutrient medium. The article presents a study of the formation of anolyte and catholyte solutions in the developed method for concentration of Chlorella cells from their natural environment using electrolysis microdispersed hydrogen bubbles and a catholyte solution, formed during the electrolysis of Chlorella cells and a nutrient medium for flotation of the resulting complexes of Chlorella cells + microdispersed hydrogen bubbles and obtaining high quality concentrate of rapidly multiplying chlorella cells. The solution of catholyte, formed during the electrolysis of Chlorella cells and the nutrient medium, has a strong effect on the vital activity of concentrated chlorella cells during electroflotation.
  PubDate: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 04:36:10 +000
Investigation on the Characteristics of Oil from Different Species of
Cocos Nucifera
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  Authors: Ukpaka. C. P; Goodhead, T. O, , Okene, A. M.
  Abstract: The study evaluates the characteristies of the extracted oil from different species of coconut (Cocos Nucifera) obtained within the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. The coconut species consists of West Coast Tall (Species A), East Coast Tall (Species B), Maypan (Species C), Tiptur (Species D), Orange dwarf (Species E), Green Dwarf (Species F), Malayan yellow (Species G), Fiji Dwarf (Species H), Macapuna (Species I) and Kings (Species J). The results from the analysis revealed that species B recorded the highest Average Weight of Sample (AVWS), Average Weight of Husking (AVWH) and Average Weight of De-husking (AVWDH) were 1561.0g, 846.0g and 714.9g while Species D recorded the lowest of 658.4g, 311.5g and 346.9g respectively. Species J recorded the highest percentage oil yield (10.3%), followed by Species E (9.1%) while Species I recorded the least (6.4%). The result revealed that the colour of the species were slightly yellow except for specie A, E, I & J that are dark slightly yellow, the free fatty acid analysis revealed that species F recorded the highest value (0.39) followed by species I (0.37) while Species J value was the lowest value (0.1). and species B (9.4252mgKOH/gs) while the lowest value was in species H (252mgKOH/gs). The peroxide values for species I, F, E, and C were recorded as 0.65meq/kg, 0.55 meq/kg, 0.47meq/kg and 0.47meq/kg respectively while species J recorded the lowest (0.37 meq/kg). The saponification value reveals that sample F recorded the highest value (260mgKOH/gs oil) while species A and J recorded 252mgKOH/gs oil. The analysis revealed that all the physicochemical properties of oil from different species of coconut were within the APCC permissible limit.. Material balance calculations where carried based on the principles of conservation of mass, a total of 15610g/hr produced 281.53g/hr of coconut oil. However, the economic evaluation of a small scale (1tonne/day) coconut oil production plant revealed the cost of production to be US $ 63,726.
  PubDate: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 04:35:24 +000
Isolation and Characterization of Dioscorea Dumentorum and ICACINIA
Trichantha Starch for Possible Industrial Utilization
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  Authors: Jeje; O. Ayorinde, Oregbeme, I. Henry, Anakhu, E. A
  Abstract: The study was focused on finding alternative use for underutilized icacinia trichantha (gbegbe) and dioscorea dumentorum (esuru-igbo) for possible industrial utilization. Starches were isolated through aqueous method. The parameters determined are pH, ash and moisture contents, amylose content, gelatinization temperature, water absorption capacities, bulk density, tapped density and true density. The results showed that percentage yield was 70% for dioscorea dumentorum and 64.6% for icacinia trichantha. The physicochemical properties of the starch showed that the gelatinization temperature of dioscorea dumentorum was 70oC while the value for icacinia tricthantha was73oC. The percentage of amylase and amylopectin in icacinia tricthantha were 18.7 and 81.3% respectively while bulk density, tapped density were 0.63 and 0.73 g/cm3. The Hausner’s ratio was 1.15. The results also showed that Carr’s index, moisture content, and ash content were 3.7, 10.2, and, 2.5% respectively. The density was 1.63 g/cm3 while the water absorption capacity was 1.70 mL/g and pH was 6.0 however, the percentage of amylose and amylopectin for dioscorea dumentorum were 17.3 and 82.7% respectively while bulk density, tapped density were 0.56 and 0.67 g/cm3. The Hausner’s ratio was 1.19. Carr’s index, moisture content, and ash content were 16.4, 11.6, and 2.2% respectively. The true density was 1.67 g/cm3 while water absorption capacity was174 mL/g and pH was 5.3.
  PubDate: Fri, 31 Dec 2021 04:34:33 +000