Authors:Abdulkadir ATAR; Halil ŞAHİN Abstract: The importance of studies on Islamic economics and finance in Europe has increased from the middle of the 20th century to the present. It is aimed to show the studies and practices in the field of Islamic economics and finance, as well as their development processes in Europe in this essay. The countries that included in our work about Islamic economics and finance in Europe are as follows, UK, Netherlands, Germany, France, Sweden, Lithuania, Italy and Switzerland.It was examined in detail in which research centers study on this field were carried out by touching on where and how Islamic economics and finance first emerged in Europe in this study. Also, the articles, theses, and books, published by experts working on the development of Islamic economics and finance in Europe, are included. In particular, recommendations are given deductively from historical trends, sources, information and methodological possibilities in the development of modern Islamic economics and finance. This study reveals that important researches and studies have been carried out in the fields of Islamic economics and finance in Europe in terms of both theory and practice. Also, it is observed that there are many experts and academicians who leading the studies in the field of Islamic economics and finance, and that financial centers in Europe have taken important steps towards globalization. PubDate: Sun, 17 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +030
Authors:James ETEKA; Josiah Gogo-ogute DOUGLAS Abstract: Realism, in the romantic universe, can be compared to a drama of marveled theater pushing the spectator outside of his being by transforming him into a creature full of unexpected gestures. This realism which reflects in the mirror the existence of man in society never ceases to launch universal calls by informing sapiens-beings to analyze, criticize and, if necessary, to rebuild their society, even the values and the cosmic practices immanent in their landscape over time and history. Realism, which henceforth, in this company, can also be designated as “Approxism” is “a force that goes”, if you will, a force in movement. It is an aquilon that awakens man in the midst of his deep sleep, warning him to react against all the negations in the itinerary of his existence in the society in which he is an integral part. In this case, the man who exists must face upsetting novelties in the society where he exists. It is such a position that characterizes “socio-existential approxism” in African literature. This work allows us to make a critical and revolutionary investigation in the contemporary African novel. PubDate: Sun, 17 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +030
Authors:M.enes SAYIN; Muhammet BAYRAKLI, Hasan TERZİ Abstract: Advertising is an important tool used to announce and explain business activities and persuade buyers. Businesses endure high costs, strive for the most effective advertisements, and compete with their competitors in attractive and innovative advertisements. Banks, which act as a bridge between those who have surplus funds and those who need funds, make an effort to reach consumers in this race through advertisements. However, the advertisements of these two types of banks, which have different characteristics from each other in terms of functioning, vary according to the working principles of the banks and the target audience they want to reach. In this study, in order to reveal the similarities and differences in the advertisements of conventional banks and participation banks, the advertisements of these banks were subjected to content analysis. In this context, around 150 advertisements belonging to conventional and participation banks selected from Turkey, England and Egypt were examined. As a result of the examinations, it has been seen that moral values are emphasized, religious places and elements are used, traditional societies with religious sensitivities are addressed, halal earnings are emphasized, and advertisements are shot in historical, touristic and religious places in the advertisements of participation banks. It has been determined that in the advertisements of conventional banks, human and cultural values are considered important, contemporary/modern societies are addressed, the best profit is emphasized, and advertisements are shot in historical and touristic places. In the future studies, the inclusion of advertising activities carried out with different channels other than television commercials and the inclusion of advertisements in different countries will provide new contributions to the literature. PubDate: Sun, 17 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Ayşe ŞİMŞEK Abstract: The malikane system can be defined as a method of domestic debt in the context of Ottoman tax law. As a result of the political and military developments in the Ottoman Empire, it was understood that the tax farming method, which was primarily improved to meet the cash need of the state, caused some problems in practice, and the malikane system was adopted in order to eliminate these deficiencies. At the beginning of the innovations coming with this system is the tax farming duration’s being lifelong. What is expected from the malikane owner is to protect both the tax resource with the right of tenancy and the raayah during this period. Besides, it is to pay annual taxes regularly in the amount determined by the state with the mu‘accala price that has to be paid at the beginning. It is thought that malikane system met the cash needs of the state to a large extent when it was implemented, however, it is seen that this system has some problems in practice like tax farming but provides the expected benefit. For this reason, the Ottoman administration moved into the ashām system. In this study, the theoretical framework of the malikane system, its appearance in the 49th and 50th Konya Registries corresponding to the years when it started to be implemented and how it is reflected in practical applications are discussed. PubDate: Sun, 17 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +030
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