JournalTOCs

Indian Journal of Human Development
Number of Followers: 0

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 0973-7030 - ISSN (Online) 2456-480X
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

Examination of Elements Influencing Mothers’ Dynamic Capacity and
Versatility: A Household-level Analysis
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  Authors: Promila Das
  Pages: 179 - 190
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Volume 17, Issue 1, Page 179-190, April 2023.
  The study aims at exploring the degree of dynamic capacities and versatility of mothers at the household level and to recognise its general determinants. The sample includes 280 households where mothers with school-going children are the respondents. Principal component analysis is applied to estimate a mother’s dynamic capacities and versatility level. The ordinary least-square regression model is developed to identify the factors that influence the mother’s dynamic capacities and versatility level. The outcome shows that the dynamic capacities and versatility of mothers shift fundamentally across families and in general, it is tolerably high. The further result shows that the higher the level of education and the higher the age at marriage the higher the mother’s capacity to taking decisions and move autonomously. Different elements that add to this are a place of residence, religion and housing conditions.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-06-24T06:34:42Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231174294
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2023)
Book review: Aasha Kapur Mehta, Shashanka Bhide, Anand Kumar and Amita
Shah, (Eds.), Poverty, Chronic Poverty and Poverty Dynamics: Policy
Imperatives
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  Authors: A. K. Shiva Kumar
  Pages: 201 - 206
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Volume 17, Issue 1, Page 201-206, April 2023.
  Aasha Kapur Mehta, Shashanka Bhide, Anand Kumar and Amita Shah, (Eds.), Poverty, Chronic Poverty and Poverty Dynamics: Policy Imperatives. Singapore: Springer, 2018, 254 pp.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-06-24T06:34:44Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231151772
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2023)
Book Review of Distress in the Fields: Indian Agriculture After Economic
Liberalization
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  Authors: Shantanu De Roy
  Pages: 206 - 210
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Volume 17, Issue 1, Page 206-210, April 2023.
  Book Review of Distress in the Fields: Indian Agriculture After Economic Liberalization, R. Ramakumar (Ed.). Tulika Books, 2022.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-06-24T06:34:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231157989
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2023)
Book review: Amia Srinivasan, The Right to Sex: Feminism in the
Twenty-First Century
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  Authors: Rama Devi
  Pages: 210 - 212
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Volume 17, Issue 1, Page 210-212, April 2023.
  Amia Srinivasan, The Right to Sex: Feminism in the Twenty-First Century. London: Bloomsbury, 2021, ₹599, xvi + 276 pp.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-06-24T06:34:51Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030221151117
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2023)
Using Multidimensional Poverty Measure to Target Right Beneficiaries to
Achieve Sustainable Development Goal-1 in India
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  Authors: Sunil Khosla, Pradyot Ranjan Jena
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Shocks are responsible for significant setbacks in development progress because it persistently inflicts a negative impact on livelihood. As a result, those who are poor continue to be poor, and those who are not poor become vulnerable to falling into poverty. The analysis of the link between risks and vulnerability to poverty in developing countries is a major focus of development policy to ensure the resilience of vulnerable households. However, there is a lack of research in India that examines the potential impact of shocks on poverty and future deprivation. The objective of this study is to estimate vulnerability to multidimensional poverty (VMDP) and analyse the factors that lead to loss of well-being after experiencing adverse events in rural Odisha. Using survey data from 479 households, the study first estimated multidimensional poverty (MDP), adopting a counting approach. Secondly, the estimation of VMDP is performed using the three-step feasible generalised least squares approach. The results show that 55% of the surveyed households are vulnerable to MDP in rural Odisha. It is also observed that 35% of currently poor households are likely to remain poor and 20% of non-poor households are at risk of sliding into poverty. The study suggests that poverty alleviation policies should cover not just those in poverty today but also those at risk of becoming poor in the near future.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-09-18T02:24:31Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194874
Access and Uses of ICTs: Can Virtual Learning Be an Alternative Mode of
Education in India'
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  Authors: Balakrushna Padhi, Soumen Ray, Lalhriatchiani
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  This study analyses household access and persons’ uses of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in India by using the latest National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO) Education survey (2017–2018) datasets. Accordingly, an ICT Index is computed, and a logistic model is applied to examine the pattern and likelihood of digital technology usage and access. The result shows that access to ICTs is lower in rural areas and access increases with the level of education. The study also observes that factors like education, income and regional variations are significant aspects of the disproportionate uses and access of ICTs at the household and individual levels. This study also observed that the low level of access to ICTs will be a huge challenge for the Government to ensure alternate online or virtual modes of education.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-09-09T03:02:53Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194858
Multidimensional Poverty and per Capita Income in Uttar Pradesh: A
District-Level Analysis
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  Authors: Rashmi Shukla
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  This article makes an attempt to find the extent of linkage between monetary and non-monetary aspects of poverty based on secondary data. The analysis reveals that the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of Eastern region is the highest among all regions in Uttar Pradesh. The article finds disparity in terms of MPI and per capita income among districts of Uttar Pradesh. This study also identifies that there is negative relationship between per capita income and multidimensional poverty. Therefore, the article suggests that the government should provide employment oriented education and technical training for skill development especially in backward districts to enhance the ability of their citizens to fetch gainful employment and improve their living standard.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-09-03T04:08:17Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194844
Committed for Social Change: Analysing the Role of Frontline Health
Workers During Pandemic in Rural Odisha
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  Authors: Skylab Sahu, Pradeep Kumar Mehta
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The frontline health workers take health services directly to communities where access is either absent or often limited. The Aanganwadi workers and Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA), among the most prominent frontline workers, act as essential to providing health facilities by bringing services to people’s doorsteps. They create awareness, provide nutritional support to children and mothers, promote universal immunisation, provide escort services for Reproductive and Child Health and so on. With the rise of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ASHA and Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) have been expected to do supplemented work along with their regular duties. They are engaged in contact tracing, providing food supplements at the doorstep, screening the returning migrant workers, reporting suspected COVID-19 cases, doing door-to-door surveys and ensuring quarantine or isolation. However, they remain the least paid as Corona warriors and are exposed to Corona. The research found that AWWs and ASHAs are denied fundamental dignity and basic rights such as the right to recognition as workers, the right to the minimum salary and basic social security measures, which are the basic entitlement of the frontline workers in the State. The article critically analyses their role and rights during the pandemic.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-09-01T02:32:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194870
The Withering of Kerala’s Higher Education Sector': Concerns,
Choices and the Way Forward
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  Authors: Justine George, Akhil Menon
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The transformation of labour markets has generated various concerns for policymakers in the higher education sector in Kerala, ranging from skill mismatches, student migration, and vacant seats in the higher educational institutions being some of the most pressing issues raising concern withering the progress made in the sector till now. It is time for policymakers to take serious note of the problem, and they must embrace all the suggestions they could receive to improve the higher education sector in the state, which is well integrated into the global labour markets.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-08-31T09:10:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194855
Building a Better Future with Sustainable Investments: Insights from
Recent Research
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  Authors: Kumar Manaswi, Archana Singh, Vikas Gupta
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Investing in sustainable businesses not only increases financial returns but also adds to Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) value by solving social and environmental issues while promoting economic growth and human development. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to present a systematic literature review, analyse the relevant literature, identify emerging themes and to suggest future research areas related to sustainable investments. To accomplish this exercise, seventy-two research papers published between 2014 and 2022 were meticulously selected from the Web of Science database using the PRISMA protocol and which were then analysed using R-studio’s Biblioshiny 2.0 and VOSviewer. The findings revealed that sustainable investments play a critical role in investment decision-making and promoting sustainable development which is evidenced by the growing number of research papers published on this domain. Furthermore, the citation analysis facilitated the identification of the most influential works in the field, while thematic mapping identified dominant themes such as ‘sustainable investments’ and ‘sustainable development’ as well-matured theme, ‘ESG investing’ as an emerging theme, ‘portfolio selection’ as a niche theme and ‘ESG financial performance’ as a motor theme. In addition, the authors proposed a framework titled, ‘Barriers, Mitigation Strategies and Opportunities’ to guide future research and overcome obstacles in sustainable investments.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-08-31T09:09:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194836
Childcare Crisis During the Pandemic: Analysing the Role of Grandparents
in Multi-Generational Households
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  Authors: Priyanka Roy Rudra
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The COVID-19 crisis has dramatically altered our lives-both at the micro and macro levels. Apart from bringing in deaths, illnesses and devastations, it also struck at the most elementary level of our society - the children. The pandemic has forced educational institutions and offices to shift to an online mode, thus intensifying the already existing childcare crisis. In the midst of such an existential crisis, it is interesting to note that in many families, grandparents have stepped in for helping out their adult children who are already overwhelmed by work pressure, childcare and household responsibilities. Against such a background, an attempt has been made to understand the challenges that the grandparents have experienced in dealing with the pandemic childcare crisis. The paper also aims to understand the qualitative contribution of grandparents towards their children, grandkids and the coping strategies that the senior and middle generations have used in fighting with this unprecedented crisis.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-08-29T05:34:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231194864
Human Development in Districts of India, 2019–2021
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  Authors: Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  This study measures, for the first time, the level of human development across 707 districts of India as they existed at the time of National Family Health Survey 2019–2021 using an alternative index of human development which uses proportions rather than averages to measure progress in the three core dimensions of human development and employs the concept of human development surface to combine the progress in the three dimensions into a single composite index of human development. The alternative human development index addresses some of the problems that are associated with the conventional human development index. District level estimates of the alternative human development index suggest that human development in India is the poorest in district Supaul of Bihar but the most advanced in district Mahe of Puducherry. The study also reveals that in 78 districts of the country, there is a marked difference in progress in the three dimensions of human development and in 231 districts, the progress is below average in all the three dimensions of human development. The study emphasises the need of estimating human development index at the district level at regular intervals to imbibe the sensitiveness to human development in development planning and programming in the country.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-07-26T12:22:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231178362
Urban Housing for Migrant Students in India: Field-based Evidence from the
National Capital Region
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  Authors: Sarbeswar Padhan
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The paper explores the available housing options for migrant students based on a field survey in the National Capital Region. The study finds that most migrant students depend on private rental housing, particularly in the form of paying guests and independent flats at relatively higher charges. Students from affluent families prefer independent private accommodation in a better location, whereas those from lower-income groups prefer to stay in distant places from educational institutions. Further, the paper also finds that female students often incur higher accommodation costs as compared to their male counterparts. Besides being expensive, rental housing poses serious challenges to living experiences ranging from sustaining accommodation to managing higher education.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-05-27T11:05:26Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231175283
Overnutrition and COVID Prevalence in India: Evidence and Implications
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  Authors: Archana Dang, Indrani Gupta
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Overnutrition has emerged as a major public health issue in India. Being overweight or obese lowers immunity and has been linked to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which in turn is associated with vulnerability and severe illness due to COVID. This paper investigates the association of overnutrition indicators with COVID prevalence and case fatality rates in India. Analysis of data from the nationally representative dataset National Family Health Survey-5 and COVID data shows that overnutrition is significantly associated with NCDs and, therefore, overnutrition indicators are also utilised as a surrogate for NCDs. District-level analysis indicates strong and significant relationships between overnutrition and COVID prevalence and fatality rate. Results underscore the importance of addressing obesity in general for successful NCDs prevention strategies, targeting messages of COVID prevention among obese individuals as well as the development of additional vaccination strategies for COVID that take into account the link between COVID and obesity.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-05-25T08:10:00Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231174300
Out-of-pocket Expenditure on Medicines and Financial Risk Protection in
India: Is the Sustainable Development Goal in Sight'
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  Authors: Roopali Goyanka, Charu C. Garg
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines (ME) form a large share of the total out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and pose financial risks for Indian households. Using repeated cross-section analysis of national health surveys for 2014 and 2017–2018, change in financial risk due to ME is examined. Logit regression is used to look at the factors associated with financial risk due to medicine expenditure. Households incurring ME declined by 7%. Per capita monthly ME declined to ₹80 (US$1.25, 95% CI: 78–82) from ₹111 (US$1.74, 95% CI: 108–114). Catastrophic headcount declined to 8.6% from 13.5%, but the mean positive overshoot remained constant at ₹9.5 at the 10% threshold. Impoverishment headcount also declined to 1.4% from 2.2%, and 6.1% persons were immiserated in 2017–2018. Distribution of ME and catastrophe continued to be pro-rich, but impoverishment was greater in poorer households. Among states, the headcount of catastrophe was highest in Kerala, and Odisha had the greatest impoverishment in 2017–2018. Cancer patients faced the largest catastrophe, and tuberculosis patients faced the largest impoverishment due to ME. The odds ratio of financial vulnerability was 2.91 (95% CI: 2.5–3.3) for households with more than one member incurring ME, 1.82 (95% CI: 1.6–2.1) for households with chronic disease patients, and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4–1.8) for private care utilisation. We conclude that declining OOPE led to a decline in financial risk due to ME.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-05-11T11:51:17Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231169340
Gender Diversity, Sustainable Development Goals and Human Resource
Management Practices in Higher Education
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  Authors: Jai Mohan Pandit, Bino Paul
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Based on a systematic literature review, this article analyses the issue of gender diversity in higher education institutions (HEIs) and explores the role of strategic human resource management practices in its management. Results indicate that HEIs do not deal with gender diversity and challenges in achieving sustainable development goal-5 (SDG-5) proactively but manage them with compliance and some affirmative actions. The study finds that the number of women holding top leadership positions is substantially low, indicating the need for gender diversity in leadership. The glass ceiling for women is still intact in HEIs, presenting internal and external barriers that limit the career growth of women employees, especially in leadership roles. The research outlines the importance of gender-focused HRM policies and practices in HEIs. The review also confirms that the UN target to address challenges in achieving SDG-5 by 2030 needs reassessment.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-05-11T11:48:57Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231169699
Godavari to Gulf: Emigration of Dalit Women for Low-Paid Work
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  Authors: Trinadh Nookathoti, Manohar Boda
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Dalit women suffer from multiple forms of oppression and discrimination based on gender, caste and class prejudices. This article explores the context and ramifications of emigration to the Gulf by Dalit women hailing from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh who are mostly employed as domestic workers. Given the scarce opportunities at the place of origin, transnational migration has a meagre effect on the lives of Dalit women even as it contributes to earnings and the sustenance of household financial needs. This marginal gain, however, has a telling cost in terms of exploitative working conditions, adverse repercussions on mental and physical health as well as intra-family relations. The impact of migration on their overall welfare appears to be insignificant in the absence of state support in both origin and destination countries. The empirical analysis highlights that families of Dalit women, despite emigration, continue to reel under poverty, lack of education and remain exposed to exploitation, discrimination and state apathy.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-03-17T06:42:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231157500
Private Expenditure on Education in India: National Level Analysis
Exploring NSSO Survey (CES and SCE) Estimates
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  Authors: Venkatanarayana Motkuri, E. Revathi
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Education being a public good calls for higher public investment. In India, there is a growing trend towards private expenditure on education. The present article examines the trends of private expenditure on education based on the NSSO-Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and Social Consumption on Education (SC-E) survey estimates for the period 1986–1987 to 2017–2018. The analysis reveals the rising share of private expenditure on education in GDP and total household consumption expenditure (HCE) indicating its faster growth over GDP and/or HCE. There is a positive association between income level and per capita private expenditure on education. In the case of bottom economic strata, per capita private expenditure on education and its share in their total HCE is rising faster. The ratio of per capita private expenditure on education of the top 10% to the bottom 10% is high but decreasing over time, indicating lower economic strata are spending a higher proportion of their income on education vis-à-vis upper economic strata.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-03-15T03:09:23Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231155242
PHEIC and Global Health Governance: Do Human Rights and Sovereignty Carry
Any Value'
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  Authors: Veer Mayank, Nidhi Saxena
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The emergence of COVID-19 and subsequent declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) has brought into focus the role of the international health body in global health governance. Declaration of PHEIC under the ‘International Health Regulations’ empowers the WHO Director General (DG) to make emergency recommendations for measures which may require suspension of travel, halting of movement of goods suspected of spreading the disease; isolation or quarantine of suspected cases of infection and compulsory medical examination of individuals in certain cases. The declaration of a PHEIC may also amount to a threat to international peace and security as the ‘Security Council’ has determined through its resolution 2177 in the case of the Ebola crisis. In this context, the article seeks to investigate the importance of the two principles that play a role in the governance of health during a pandemic—one is the principle of human rights of individuals since it is the fundamental principle which forms a part of a governance regime; second, the principle of sovereignty since it is the States that decide whether to impose the measures and the extent to which the measures must be imposed.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-03-12T10:34:01Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231155241
Multisectoral Nutrition Interventions and Their Impact on Pregnancy Weight
Gain and Low Birth Weight: An Open Experiment in Two Remote Blocks of
Karnataka, India
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  Authors: Veena S. Rao, Shalini Rajneesh, Chaya Degaonkar, Hanimi Reddy, SVSRK Bharadwaj
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The Karnataka Multisectoral Nutrition Pilot Project, (KMNPP), 2015–2018, was implemented in Devadurga Block, Raichur District and Chincholli Block, Gulbarga District, two most backward Blocks in Karnataka. Special interventions for behaviour change and appropriate dietary supplementation for pregnant women were implemented through an inter-sectoral, intergenerational strategy. This article analyses real-time data that emerged from the project regarding pregnancy weight gain, the weight of newborns at birth and incidence of low birth weight (LBW), and the inter-relationship between these three indicators. Data indicates that KMNPP interventions resulted in a significant increase in mean pregnancy weight gain from 2.452 kg at baseline to 4.058 kg at end-line. Incidence of LBW declined highly significantly from 34.3% to 25.8% from baseline to end line and the mean birthweight of newborns increased significantly from 2.599 kg to 2.695 kg. Data provides strong evidence of a direct correlation between increased maternal pregnancy weight gain, a decrease in per cent LBW and a corresponding increase in mean birth weight of newborns, as the project interventions progressed. This article also provides strong evidence that simple KMNPP interventions addressing pregnancy nutritional care including appropriate dietary supplementation and behaviour change can be replicated in any chronic undernutrition areas to improve pregnancy weight gain, increase birth weight and reduce the incidence of low birth weight.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-02-26T07:43:39Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231155282
Interrelative Exploration Among Human Development, Financial Development
and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from the Indian Economy
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  Authors: Gulshan Kumar, Shallu Batra
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  The interrelationship among human development, financial development and economic growth exhibited a very interesting yet peculiar fact that human development is the prime determinant of the development process bestowing significantly to economic growth as well as the development of the financial sector in the Indian economy. To explore short-run as well as long-run interactions among financial development, human development and economic growth of the Indian economy, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test has been employed. It is vital to announce that financial development has been detected as negatively impacting the growth of the Indian economy; alternatively, growth could have been additionally enhanced through auxiliary human development instead of emphasising financial development at large. Therefore, the need of the hour is to formulate concrete plans and policies to spearhead the development of human resources through the promotion of education and health facilities as an integral part of our policy frame which may axiomatically reinforce the potency of the financial system as well as economic growth in India.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-02-24T12:06:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030221146022
Change in Working Life Years in India and Some Major States: An Analysis
by Decomposition
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  Authors: Nabanita Saikia, Nabajit Saikia
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Insights on economically active populations form a strong foundation for accurate budgeting, projections and policymaking decisions for a nation. We analysed workforce participation and decomposition of the change in working life years in India. An extension of Arriaga’s method of decomposition, as used by Nusselder and Loonman (2004) on healthy life expectancy, is used on working life years. The study highlights the decrease in the number of person-years lived in the working state for both genders. The positive contribution from decline in mortality is offset by negative contributions from workforce participation. The dynamics of working life years vary vastly by gender and states in India. In India, the increase in longevity has not translated fully into economically active years. The study highlights the contributing factors towards change in working life years in India, which are important for policy-making decisions.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-02-05T10:33:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030231151520
Evaluating the Degree of Awareness of Social Security Measures and the
Challenges Faced by Women Workers in the Informal Sector of Jharkhand
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  Authors: Priya Mishra
  Abstract: Indian Journal of Human Development, Ahead of Print.
  Women in India comprise nearly half of the total working population, out of which, 96% of them are engaged in the unorganized sector and are mainly from socially and economically backward segments of the society, are mostly unskilled or semi-skilled with little or no education and face serious work-related issues such as job insecurity, wage discrimination, sexual harassment, and so on. This article attempts to review the challenges faced by women in various industries in the informal sector in the Ranchi, Dhanbad and Khunti districts of Jharkhand and their level of awareness of the existing social security measures. It has been discussed by analysis of certain variables such as awareness of social security measures, working hours per day, weekly off, internal complaints committee, maternity benefits, sanitary facility available in the work place, awareness about minimum wages and equal pay for equal work. The results expressed in the tables attached have been estimated using primary data collected from the respondents who are working remotely in the stated districts. The study concludes that women work in unhygienic conditions, are paid less and are made to work more without getting the due respect and remuneration. This article shall assist fellow researchers, the country’s lawmakers, economists, activists and non-governmental organisations. Further research is recommended in various similar districts of Jharkhand.
  Citation: Indian Journal of Human Development
  PubDate: 2023-01-07T11:41:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09737030221146026