Authors:Mohammed ALNOUR; Hayriye ATİK Abstract: This study investigates the impact of biomass energy consumption on Turkey's economic growth and environmental quality. The research used annual time series data from 2004 to 2019. The ADF and Phillips-Perron unit root tests were utilised to test the stationarity of the series. In this study, the ARDL model is employed as an estimation technique. The results indicate that biomass energy consumption helps to reduce pollution and improve environmental quality in the long-run and short-run in Turkey, while economic growth and technological innovation increase the environmental deterioration. Therefore, this paper recommends that economic policymakers, specifically in Turkey, consider strategies that support sustainable economic growth using reusable energy sources. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Mustafa Alpin GÜLŞEN; Mustafa YILDIRAN Abstract: To reach their fiscal targets, countries must establish a rational tax system. The historical heritage of the transition economies and the initial conditions were determined as a sample because they were similar, 31 countries. An equally weighted rational tax system index was developed using the data for the period 2000-2018. In addition, the index results were evaluated together with the fiscal, legal, and historical dynamics of the transition economies. According to the findings, Estonia, Kosovo, and Slovenia are in the first place among the countries that can establish this system, while Uzbekistan, Belarus, and Turkmenistan are in the last place. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Yunus ZENGİN; Serkan NAKTİYOK Abstract: The primary purpose of this study is to determine the effect of internet addiction on females’ job performance. Additionally, the results were analysed by adding social support as a regulatory variable. The survey technique has been used to obtain the data, and surveys have been applied to 408 female employees in two private enterprises operating in the information and communication sector. According to the results, it has been found that internet addiction adversely affects individual performance. However, a decrease in adverse effects and an increase in personal performance have been identified with the addition of the regulatory variable to the model. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Sami KÜÇÜKOĞLU; Necla İLTER KÜÇÜKÇOLAK, Recep Ali KÜÇÜKÇOLAK Abstract: This study aims to analyse the effect of corporate governance ratings on the stock values of publicly traded companies in the Corporate Governance Index (XKURY of Borsa Istanbul (BIST) operating in Turkey. In this context, the rating scores of the companies included in the Corporate Governance Index for the 2016-2020 periods were determined. In the study in which the Paired Dependent Sample t-Test was used as the research method, the differences in the shared values between the dates thirty days before and thirty days after the announcement of the ratings were examined. According to the results obtained, it was observed that there was a statistically significant effect on the stock values of companies that implemented corporate governance principles in 2016, 2017, and 2019, but no statistically significant effect was observed for these years due to the systematic risks that occurred at the macro level in 2018 and 2020. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Fazal Rahman AMİRZAİ; Alper SÖNMEZ Abstract: The study empirically investigates the determinant factors of happiness in Afghanistan using ordered logistic and probit regression models. In the study, cross-sectional data collected from 74,351 people in the 2019 survey of the Asia Foundation in 34 provinces of Afghanistan was employed. Our findings confirm that age, marital status, employment, education level, income, foreign language ability, perception of the country’s future direction, and change in the household economic situation are the key variables affecting the happiness of individuals in the country. The positive impact of the family size variable on happiness has been the study’s key finding. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Faruk MİKE; Gürçem ÖZAYTÜRK, Oktay KIZILKAYA Abstract: This study aims to analyse the short and long-run effects of exchange rate changes on the trade balance in the Turkish economy by using the quarterly observations for the period from 1998:1 to 2019:3. Fourier KPSS cointegration analysis was applied to investigate the existence of a cointegration relationship between the series. The cointegration test results reveal a long-run relationship between trade balance and real effective exchange rate, national income, and foreign income in Turkey. The findings show that the real effective exchange rate and the foreign income level have positive and statistically significant effects on the trade balance in Turkey. In contrast, the national income level negatively and statistically significantly impacts the trade balance. Finally, Error Correction Model (ECM) was applied to investigate short-run effects between the series in the study. Like the long-run findings, the short-run test results also show positive outcomes for real effective exchange rate and foreign income, whereas negative effects for foreign income. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Tuba GÜLCEMAL Abstract: This paper is conducted to obtain information about the explanation power of GDP, consumer price index, and trade openness variables on total external debt and the relationship between these variables for six emerging countries: Argentina, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, Philippines, and South Africa. To control for cross-sectional dependency heterogeneity across cross-sectional units, using panel data on six emerging economies for the period 1990-2019, panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests such as Gengenbach, Urbain and Westerlund, and Pedroni’s PDOLS, DOLSMG, and Heterogenous Dumistrescu & Hurlin Causality Test and Heterogenous VAR Model applied. The empirical results by appropriate estimators show the different effects of GDP, inflation and trade openness on long-run total external debt in the sample countries for the analysis period. There is also a causality from the total external debt to the GDP variable for all panel data. When the VAR model results for the units are examined, the lagged total external debt variable is meaningful in explaining the GDP in Russia and South Africa. In addition, it has been concluded that causality from the total external debt to the inflation and the total external debt variable is meaningful in explaining the inflation in the Philippines, South Africa, and Turkey. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Omer GOKCEKUS; Shawn M. MCFALL, Elshan BAGIRZADEH Abstract: The empirical evidence presented in this study indicates a negative relationship between the size of the shadow economy and political participation. Based on panel data from 50 states for four election cycles between 2001 and 2008, regression results show that in the United States, both voter turnout rate and political contributions decline as the shadow economy grows. Specifically, when the size of the shadow economy increased across election cycles and between states by 1%, the voter turnout rate declined by 6.6% (P<0.01), and political contributions went down by 11.2% (P<0.01). PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Mustafa KURT; Hale AKBULUT Abstract: This study aims to reveal the role of governance in the relationship between budget balance and economic growth. For this purpose, unlike the previous studies in the literature, Hansen’s (1999) panel threshold regression analysis was used as a method. A total of 28 countries covering the period 2006-2018 were selected as samples. Findings from the fixed effects model show a positive and non-linear relationship between budget balance and economic growth. Findings from the panel threshold method, on the other hand, show that governance is an important tool in determining the size of the effects of the budget balance on economic growth. Budget surplus both below and above the threshold value obtained from the analysis positively affects economic growth. However, the positive effect of the budget surplus in countries with poor governance (where governance is below the threshold) on economic growth is much more effective and significant than the budget surplus in countries with good governance (where governance is above the threshold). PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Tamer BUDAK; Güneş YILMAZ Abstract: The digital economy produces its elements. The most important elements are the coins/assets produced in digital or virtual environments, which cannot be fully conceptualised. In terms of taxation, the most important issues are the definition of these assets, the determination of a term that everyone generally agrees on, and the classification of these assets. This study aims to find the current crypto asset definition, classification, and taxation situation. For this purpose, Turkey and various country implementations and OECD recommendations were examined. A unity of terminology has yet to be reached on this issue, and the term virtual currency was used for these assets in the report published by the OECD in October 2020. As a result of this study, it is found that there is no still unity of implementation in terms of the taxation of these virtual assets, which are still considered illegal in some countries. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Ayşe Nil TOSUN; Nazmiye TEKDEMİR Abstract: This study investigates whether tax structures are significant determinants of cigarette consumption patterns. The study analysed the tax burden on cigarettes in Turkey, and the tax rates were compared with the European Union (EU) countries. Then, it compares smoking trends in Turkey and EU countries. In the study, data from the statistical office of the European Union and the official institutions of Turkey were used. This study concludes that, in contrast to EU countries, ad valorem taxes in Turkey have a larger share than specific taxes. In addition, taxes on cigarettes have a deterrent effect in EU countries but not in Turkey. Thus, taxation techniques may be as important as tax rates in changing consumer preferences. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Ezgim YAVUZ; Nazan SUSAM Abstract: This study examines the relationship between education expenditures per student and theft crime. When evaluated in Turkey, the concept of crime has been limited to theft, which is among property crimes, due to the increase in the number of convicted persons in the last ten years. In the study, an evaluation was made for Turkey by using the education expenditures per student and the data of those convicted of theft crimes. In addition, the relationship between crime rates and education expenditures in OECD countries whose data can be accessed was analysed with the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. As a result of the analysis, a negative and significant relationship was found between the selected two variables. It has been concluded that there is a negative and significant relationship between the annual expenditures per student at the secondary education level and the number of people convicted of theft in Turkey, which has both the lowest spending per student and a seriously high number of criminals. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Özgür ALTUN Abstract: This study aims to research the factors that determine public houses prices. The hedonic price method, which is based on the assumption that house prices are determined by structural, locational, and neighbourhood attributes, was utilised in this research. In the models that examine the factors, the cross-sectional data of the public houses owned by the treasury were analysed, which were sold through an auction between December 2019 and October 2020 in the Çankaya District of Ankara Province. Estimates were made using the least-squares method. Independent variables were determined by the stepwise regression method. According to the results, the increase in the area of the parcel where the house is located, the increase in the size of the house, the location of the house on the mezzanine, the location of the building where the house is located at the intersection of the street(s) and/or avenue(s), the increase in age of the house, the presence of a metro stop 500 meters from the house, the presence of a car park, the increase in the number of parks in the neighbourhood where the house is located, the increase in the floor of the house, the location of the house in Bahçelievler, Emek, Yukarı Bahçelievler, Söğütözü, Konutkent, Birlik, 100. Yıl, Bayraktar, Maltepe, Harbiye, Yücetepe, Esatoğlu and Fakülteler affect the housing prices positively. The house is located on the basement or ground floor; the increase in the total number of floors in the building, the increase in distance of the house to the Kızılay city centre, shopping centre, and the park, the house is located on the street, the location of the house in Güvenevler, Keklikpınarı, Aydınlar, Şehit Cevdet Özdemir, and Aşağı Öveçler affect the housing prices negatively. The originality of this study is that it is the first hedonic price model application on public housing, and real sales prices are used. The findings are important in three aspects; First, a fairly homogeneous data set was used for the houses with similar characteristics, all within the borders of the same district. Second, the demand of a certain socioeconomic group is examined. Third, there are empirical findings that some purchasing facilities, such as priority right of purchase, regulated by law in favour of a certain group, may adversely affect the competitive conditions in auctions. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Cenay BABAOĞLU; Hasan KARASOY Abstract: The use of current technologies in public administration is becoming more and more widespread. In this context, the study aims to reveal the potential benefits of blockchain technology for public administration. For this purpose, the structure of this technology and its usage areas in terms of administration were examined. Moreover, literature and case studies questioned its potential benefits in terms of public administration. It aims to determine the current situation and develop policy recommendations through usage areas and projects in Turkey. In this respect, it seeks to discuss the usability of technology-based applications in public administration and discuss the possible benefits and risks of the blockchain. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Gamze ÖZTÜRK DANIŞMAN Abstract: This paper explores the relevance of technological innovations for the internationalisation of manufacturing firms. It differentiates between two technological innovations: eco-innovations and generic-technological innovations (i.e., intelligent manufacturing). By pooling the Flash Eurobarometer-415 and -433 surveys, we use a broad firm-level sample of 4954 European and non-European (the US and Switzerland) manufacturing firms. Appling the Heckman selection model, the findings indicate that eco-innovations positively affect the decision of the firms to internationalise whilst showing no significant impact on the level of international operations. On the other hand, generic-technological innovations positively affect both the decision and the level of global operations. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Tuncay ÇELİK; Özgür UYSAL Abstract: As a result of the decreasing inflation rates beginning by the year 2003 in the Turkish Economy, interest rates have decreased, thereby making bank loans favourable. How banks that desire to get a share from the expanding loan market affect the level of competition has become a subject to be curious about. This paper aims to estimate the Panzar and Rosse H Statistic to determine the market structure of the Turkish banking sector in the 2010-2019 period. Dynamic panel estimation (GMM) indicates that the market structure is monopolistic in the analysis period. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Kenan İLARSLAN; Münevvere YILDIZ Abstract: This study analysed the effects of international wheat, rice, sugar, and beef prices on Turkish and Polish stock exchange markets through the quantile regression and cointegration regressions methods from December 2008-November 2020. As a result of the analysis, it cannot be said that agricultural commodities do not affect stock market indices. Also, empirical evidence suggests that the impact of agricultural commodities on the Turkish stock market is more significant than on the Polish stock market. This may be because Poland’s economic ecosystem is more industrialised than Turkey’s. Further, these findings indicate that agricultural commodities have both similar and different effects on the stock market indices of these two countries. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Varol DUR; Muhiddin ŞAHİN Abstract: Social security is a policy area requiring technical, bipartisan, and objective expertise and a high level of consultation and consensus with stakeholders for proper decision-making and implementation. For assuring these necessities in the context of social security challenges, the UK government system employs an impartial advisory body. Using this example, this study intends to examine the historical and political backdrop and the implementation of the advisory committee and provide an outline for possible Turkish application. Based on the case study analysis executed in this paper, an obvious need for an independent advisory body in the Turkish social security system has been identified. However, the implementation and boundaries of such a body’s independence would directly determine its efficiency and requirement of existence. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Oya ERU; Yusuf Volkan TOPUZ, Ruziye COP Abstract: Due to mobile applications have become popular in marketing activities, many retail businesses have begun to launch their Augmented Reality (AR) applications. The application of AR technology to marketing is a very new process. When businesses create interactive channels through which they can reach consumers, they can influence the purchasing decision processes of consumers. In addition, companies aim to provide consumers with an unforgettable shopping experience. The study’s research question was, “How do consumers' innovativeness and AR experiences affect their loyalty and purchase intentions' Also, innovativeness has a significant effect on their AR application use intentions. This study investigates the impact of innovativeness and AR experience on consumer loyalty and purchase intention. Based on the assumption that the importance of AR applications in marketing activities will gradually increase, it can be said that examining the effects of AR applications on consumer attitudes and behaviours is gaining reputation. Studies investigating the impact of augmented reality applications are very limited in the consumer behaviour literature. This situation shows the original value of the study. In the application part of the study, a quantitative research design was used. In this context, the convenience sampling method was selected. Data were collected from 319 participants via an online questionnaire, and the responses obtained were analysed using a structural equation model. The results showed that the AR experience had been affected positively by the innovation dimension, while consumer loyalty was affected positively by the AR experience. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Fatma YEŞİLKAYA Abstract: This study examines the long-term relationship between female employment and birth rate. The study used the time series analysis method based on 1991-2020 for Sweden and the USA. As a result of the analysis, a cointegration relationship between female employment and birth rate was determined for both the USA and Sweden. When the long-term coefficient estimation results for the USA are examined, it is determined that the birth rate increases the female employment rate by 0.80 in the FMOLS model, 0.91 in the DOLS model, and 0.64 units in the CCR model. In the long-term estimation results for Sweden, it was determined that the birth rate increased the female employment rate by 1.41 units in the FMOLS model and 0.71 units in the CCR model. Therefore, according to the long-term coefficient estimation results, it is seen that there is a positive relationship between the female employment rate and the birth rate in both countries. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Mesut Alper GEZER Abstract: This study deals with the relationship between per capita real GDP, per capita real military expenditure, and per capita real capital in 12 NATO member countries from 1995-2020. The country group is chosen from Central and Eastern European countries depending on their common properties. Bai and Ng (2004) PANIC, Westerlund and Edgerton (2008) structural break co-integration, and Konya (2006) bootstrap panel causality tests were applied to consider cross-sectional dependence, respectively. Meanwhile, the convergence of the 12 countries’ military expenditure in Russia is discussed. It is seen that there is weak evidence for this convergence. According to bootstrap panel causality findings, there is strong evidence in 5 countries based on the non-existence of causality. Therefore, Neutrality Hypothesis is valid in Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Turkey. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Mustafa TEKDERE; Bülent Diclehan ÇADIRCI Abstract: It is considered essential to examine the expenditures of local administrations, which strengthen their position day by day in terms of administrative, political, and economic aspects. This study it is aimed to examine the local government expenditures at the provincial level in Turkey in the period 2006-2019, within the framework of economic classification and with panel convergence analysis. The convergence in terms of local government expenditures according to economic sort in 81 provinces in Turkey was examined using the Panel Log-(t) convergence test proposed by Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009). As a result of the analysis in which seven different categories were handled for local government expenditures, there is no evidence that cities converge to a single equilibrium state. However, in the sub-categories of expenditure, it was observed that the provinces converged by forming at least three and at most five clusters. Suppose an evaluation is made on the expenditure categories. There is a similar convergence in personnel expenditures and social security premium payments, total current expenditures and purchases of goods and services, and total capital expenditures. Further, it can be stated that there is a severe difference between clusters between total current expenditures and total capital expenditures. In addition, in terms of the convergence between provinces in terms of expenditures, it is estimated that municipalities in general and metropolitan municipalities and affiliated administrations, in particular, are effective in clusters in terms of both the administrative structure and the share in total local administration expenditures. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Fatmanur ÖZER; Arzum BÜYÜKKEKLİK Abstract: Waste management in both Turkey and the World has been of great importance in the 21st century. As a developing country, Turkey wants to reach an adequate waste management system like developed countries and tries to harmonize its laws on waste. This study aims to reveal the relationship between municipal waste generation and socioeconomic indicators and estimate the amount of municipal waste generated in Turkey between 2005 and 2019 by using Tanaka's linear fuzzy regression model. This study has revealed indicators affecting the municipal waste generation and generation projection between specific years. Population growth rate, GDP per capita, and literacy rate indicators that were thought to be more effective and easier to reach the data were used as independent variables. The total amount of municipal waste in Turkey was the dependent variable in the modelling. It is expected that the established projection model will benefit the development of forecasts about waste generation in the future and thus will contribute to the investments and planning for waste recovery and safe disposal. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Türker BATMAZ; Burcu YÜRÜK Abstract: In this study, taking into account the data of the Eurasian Economic Union member countries (Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Armenia) and Turkey between the years 2000-2018, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, per capita income, and electrical energy consumption has been analysed by applying a random effect, fixed effect and generalised method of moments, which are the panel data methods. This study, which examines the Eurasian Economic Union and Turkey, which is expected to be a member in the future, is guided by its empirical results in terms of directing the energy policies of the selected country group. According to the empirical findings obtained from the analysis, the increase in electrical energy consumption increases carbon dioxide emissions. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Mutmainah MUTMAINAH; Citra SUKMADILAGA, Lucky NUGROHO Abstract: This study compares the number of companies, assets, contributions, and Islamic insurance claims in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Indonesia. The method used is descriptive quantitative, with research questions: How is the number of companies, assets, contributions, and claims Islamic Insurance in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Indonesia' This study's findings show that Indonesia has the highest growth in Islamic insurance companies and assets. Malaysia has the highest average growth contribution because of increased product innovation and digital technology use. Brunei Darussalam had the lowest claim growth rate because the claims process was considered too bureaucratic and complicated. PubDate: Wed, 28 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +030
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