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Pages: 464 - 466 Abstract: International Political Science Review, Volume 43, Issue 3, Page 464-466, June 2022.
Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-06-01T10:07:54Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221093005 Issue No:Vol. 43, No. 3 (2022)
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Authors:Hoyong Jung Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. Leaders do matter in formulating legal foundations that affect society’s path of development. If these laws are gender discriminatory, they hinder the development of groups adversely affected by the system. This study empirically examines the relationship between female leaders and gendered laws in 190 countries between 1970 and 2020. We find that female leaders have been positively associated with enhancing gender equality in the legal system over the past five decades. Their effects on gender equality are heterogeneous, with higher positive impacts when their terms of office are longer. The effects are noticeable both in regions of high economic and social development and high legal gender disparity. Moreover, the results remain robust under multiple specifications of the period. Our findings suggest that individual female leaders can play a crucial role in shaping legal equality between men and women. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-06-23T06:16:18Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221095439
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Authors:Erin O’Brien, Justine Coneybeer, Martijn Boersma, Alice Payne Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This article establishes a new basis for examining the participation, mobilisation and impact of investors at a time when market-based activism for social change is rising in prominence. Existing terminology describing the expression of political values through investment decisions lacks conceptual clarity. Political participation by shareholders and other investors is variously described as shareholder activism or socially responsible investment, and currently conceptualised under the banner of political consumerism. However, this term fails to capture the unique political role and diverse actions of investors. We put forward ‘political investorism’ as a cohering term for investment-based political participation to remedy existing conceptual confusion, to distinguish between investors and consumers as political actors and to set an agenda for the future study of market-based activism. This article defines and develops the concept of political investorism, drawing upon illustrative cases from Australia to identify hallmarks, actors and tactics of this form of political participation. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-06-09T12:29:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221098863
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Authors:Jan Erling Klausen, Signy Irene Vabo, Marte Winsvold Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. In this article, we investigate elected representatives’ attitudes to citizen participation and the design of participatory arrangements. We distinguish between citizenship-oriented and governance-oriented attitudes. Whereas citizenship-oriented attitudes imply designing participatory arrangements to safeguard the democratic values of equality, transparency and inclusion, governance-oriented attitudes imply designing participatory arrangements to support elected representatives in their roles. Based on unique data from a web-based survey sent to all local councillors in Norway, we found that although Norwegian local councillors tend towards citizenship-oriented rather than governance-oriented attitudes to citizen participation, there is great variation between councillors in this respect. Analysing strategic and ideological explanations, we found that right-wing politicians tend to hold more governance-oriented attitudes than left-wing politicians do. Strategic considerations seem to have no effect on councillors in power in this regard. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-06-01T01:09:58Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221092600
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Authors:Francesco Veri, Jensen Sass Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This article offers a systematic, longitudinal and cross-national assessment of the constraint democratic institutions place on domestic political violence. It formulates two structural equation models which allows for the examination of the relative contribution of formal institutions and political culture as sources of constraint on political violence. Institutionalized opportunities for democratic participation significantly reduce political violence; however, these institutions only realize their full potential when embedded within a deliberative political culture. This article suggests that when oppositional groups view democratic participation as meaningful, and state elites engage with their claims, these groups are inclined to behave as radical democrats rather than violent extremists. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-05-13T11:54:33Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221092391
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Authors:Ki-young Shin, Soo Hyun Kwon Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This article analyzes the conditions under which gender-targeted public financing can improve gender equality in politics by taking South Korea as an example. The South Korean laws require that 10% of state funds for parties be spent on women’s leadership training. Additional financial subsidies are granted to qualifying parties for subsidizing the campaign of female candidates. Our analysis indicates, however, that the outcome is mixed. Parties’ practices of candidate nomination which have privileged male politicians have not changed. Instead, a large portion of the single-member district seats and public funding regime has facilitated large parties to monopolize additional public funding. This article suggests that the institutional design of public finance, without taking into consideration broader institutional frameworks, could end up reinforcing existing inequality. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-05-11T06:32:20Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221078232
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Authors:Nir Atmor, Liran Harsgor, Ofer Kenig Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. The last decade has seen an expansion of party primaries as a means of selecting legislative candidates. Since primaries are rarely subsidized, well-resourced candidates have a considerable advantage, which has an impact on equality, diversity and representation. This article focuses on the well-regulated legislative primaries in Israel, examining the gender gap in campaign expenditures, and its implication for the success of women candidates. The analysis is based on data regarding 365 candidates (97 women and 268 men) who competed in seven primary contests in three parties between 2008 and 2015. Our findings show that male candidates spend on average more than female candidates do. However, this difference is pronounced among new candidates only. Moreover, we find that men do better than women in terms of electoral success and that this electoral advantage is explained by the differences in campaign expenses and the share of incumbents between women and men. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-05-01T02:36:50Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221085439
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Authors:Gert-Jan Put, Bart Maddens, Gertjan Muyters Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. Previous work on candidate campaign finance in list proportional representation systems has focused on differential electoral returns of spending for incumbent and challenger candidates. This article asks whether incumbents and challengers in these systems fund election campaigns from different sources. We hypothesize that incumbents receive more: (a) contributions from individual and corporate donors; and (b) financial support from party organizations, as party elites strategically deploy resources to constrain intra-party competition. The analysis is based on a dataset on campaign funding sources of candidates for two legislative elections in Colombia (2014 and 2018). The results confirm that party organizations transfer more financial resources to incumbents than to challengers. Contrary to expectations, parties do not specifically support the electorally most vulnerable incumbents. We also find that challengers receive higher levels of non-corporate private donations than incumbents. These findings provide insights into individual campaigns and demonstrate how parties coordinate intra-party competition through campaign funding. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-05-01T02:25:44Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221080713
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Authors:Cengiz Erisen Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This article offers a comprehensive approach to understanding pandemic-related behavior by tackling both the psychological predictors of belief in conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and their potential consequences for trust in experts and institutions, compliance behavior and vaccine acceptance. Drawing from an observational survey (n = 1028) in Turkey, this article examines: (a) the psychological precedents of believing COVID-19 conspiracy theories; (b) how trust in experts, scientists and health authorities is influential in controlling these beliefs; (c) to what extent conspiracy theory beliefs affect compliance with protective measures; and (d) who is more likely to accept vaccination. Results demonstrate that one of the potential solutions to the influence of conspiracy theory beliefs across an array of attitudes and behaviors is to establish trust in experts, scientists and health authorities. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-04-27T12:42:50Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221084625
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Authors:Sara Kahn-Nisser Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. Is reciprocity possible in human rights agreements' This article argues that human rights agreements can create negative diffuse reciprocity if there is reliable information about countries’ compliance levels. The article analyses the link between information on countries’ non-compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the one hand, and countries’ efforts to protect social economic rights on the other. It finds that the more information is published on violations of rights, the lower the levels of countries’ efforts to protect these rights. This means that countries practice negative diffuse reciprocity with regard to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This is a notable finding since there are several factors working against the practice of reciprocity in human rights agreements. The article draws theoretical conclusions regarding the conditions for reciprocity in human rights agreements and sheds new light on the concept of reciprocity and its link with information. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-04-23T10:36:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211073325
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Authors:Hugo Marcos-Marne, Pablo González-González, Homero Gil de Zúñiga Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. While the discussion on the individual level variables that affect responses to political scandals has focused mainly on variables such as partisan identity or political cynicism, we suggest that media skepticism could also moderate whether and how individuals respond to political scandals. To test this relationship, we rely on panel data from the United States gathered before and after the Trump–Ukraine scandal occurred (Wave 1 in June 2019, Wave 2 in October 2019). Our results show that individuals who rank higher on media skepticism hold comparatively more positive views of Trump after the scandal, even when previous evaluations and alternative explanations are controlled for. Conversely, we find no effect of media skepticism in trust toward the US political system and government. We believe our findings have significant consequences to understanding the relationship between the governed and those governing in times of widespread media skepticism. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-04-23T10:33:45Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211073005
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Authors:Detlef Jahn Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This article gives an initial overview of the explanatory power of established approaches in comparative political science of various lockdown strategies in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic in 35 democracies. In a macro-comparative statistical analysis of the first wave of the pandemic, I test partisan and veto player theories. I distinguish two phases of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, which show distinct patterns of political impacts. In the first phase of implementing lockdown strategies, central governments were relatively uncontested and partisan theory has strong explanatory power. In the second phase of lifting lockdowns, party differences lose relevance, but veto players have a strong influence during this time. The analysis shows that political science theories are useful for analysing political processes not only under normal conditions but also in extreme social crises. Moreover, it provides deeper insights into the democratic decision-making process of advanced democracies in exceptional situations. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-04-22T01:33:20Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221078147
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Authors:Mariana Sendra, Iván Llamazares Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. In this study we conduct a least-likely case study in order to assess the analytical power of the ideational approach to populism. We do so by testing the direct and conditional effects of populist attitudes on vote choices in Argentina. We examine whether populist attitudes are associated with the Peronist vote, as more essentialist interpretations would lead us to expect, or, on the contrary, linked to vote for right parties, an expectation that is more consistent with thin-ideological approaches. Our data consists of an original online survey carried out in September 2020, a specific juncture at which the Peronist government had to deal with widespread popular discontent caused by intense economic crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reveal that populist attitudes are positively associated with voting for right parties and that the effects of such attitudes are conditioned by ideological preferences. These results underscore the explanatory power of ideational approaches to the electoral activation of populist attitudes. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-03-25T12:49:54Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211044924
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Authors:Jiun Bang Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This article is about femisocial capital: a type of gendered political capital tended towards facilitating greater intra-female collaboration. Unlike its similar conceptual counterpart of homosocial capital that typically reinforces male dominance in politics, femisocial capital, at least within the scope of legislative activity, highlights a positive function of gender and politics. By examining the bill sponsorship networks of multi-term female legislators in South Korea, this article finds that the institutional legacy of the progressive party in South Korea and its female lawmakers sharing associational membership in feminist organizations (hence, the prefix ‘femi’), enables such gendered political capital to function in their favor. In contrast to research agendas that seek to find gender working in explicit ways (i.e., whether more women in office leads to greater empowerment for women in politics), this article shows that while gender does matter, it may matter in much more discreet and less obvious ways. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-03-25T04:55:50Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121221076405
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Authors:Carie A Steele Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. A growing portion of aid directed through multilateral channels is earmarked for specific recipients and purposes, giving donors greater control, also known as multi-bilateral aid. This project examines competing explanations of donors’ use of this multi-bilateral aid for different problems within the same sector, specifically development aid for disease control. Using explanations from the literature on multilateralism and principal-agent dynamics, I compare donors’ use of multi-bilateral and bilateral delivery of disease-specific foreign aid. The results suggest that while donors deliver a greater portion of aid through multi-bilateral channels for larger, more complex problems, they are reluctant to delegate issues that most affect their populations. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-03-01T12:23:17Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211061241
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Authors:Charles Devellennes, Paul Matthew Loveless Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. Central to the debate of what constitutes tolerance has been what is tolerable—and who is tolerant. While the existing literature has engaged with the role of religion in tolerance, there is almost no empirical work on individuals without religion. Not surprisingly, theory relevant to this question is largely absent in the current literature. Therefore, using extensive work in political theory, we derive the notion that the non-religious and atheists will show greater tolerance given a stronger adherence to the value of pluralism. We merge this theory with the modern empirical literature and use four waves of the World Values Survey (waves 3, 4, 5, and 6) to provide a substantive test using a novel measure of tolerance as a crucial individual value. We find that the value of pluralism does distinguish tolerance levels among the self-identified non-religious, although less so for atheists. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-02-25T04:13:11Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211034148
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Authors:Sergiu Gherghina, Paul Tap Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. The British decision to leave the European Union after the 2016 referendum raises questions about who could be next. This article analyzes why citizens in East European Member States would vote to leave the European Union in the event of further referendums. It proposes an analytical framework that seeks to explain this strong form of Euroscepticism through four variables that are rarely linked to the European Union: political apathy and alienation, dissatisfaction with domestic democracy and economy, conservative values, and social isolation. We use individual-level data from the 2018 wave of the European Social Survey to show that citizens’ conservative attitudes and social isolation are robust determinants of a potential European Union exit vote in Eastern Europe. We also identify several country-specific causes, which means that the European Union faces particular challenges across political settings. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-02-09T04:28:51Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211061453
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Authors:Anna Krämling, Brigitte Geißel, Jonathan R. Rinne, Lars Paulus Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. Direct democracy is seen as a potential cure to the malaise of representative democracy. It is increasingly used worldwide. However, research on the effects of direct democracy on important indicators like socio-economic, legal, and political equality is scarce, and mainly limited to Europe and the US. The global perspective is missing. This article starts to close this gap. It presents descriptive findings on direct democratic votes at the national level in the (partly) free countries of the Global South and Oceania between 1990 and 2015. It performs the first comparative analysis of direct democracy on these continents. Contradicting concerns that direct democracy may be a threat to equality, we found more bills aimed at increasing equality. Likewise, these votes produced more pro- than contra-equality outputs. This held for all continents as well as for all dimensions of equality. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-02-04T09:37:24Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211058660
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Authors:Jean-Baptiste Harguindéguy, Enrique Sánchez Sánchez, Almudena Sánchez Sánchez, Alistair Cole Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. This study consisted in undertaking a bibliographical search within the Web of Science Core Collection from January 1900 to December 2020. A total of 637 publications were identified and divided into 9 sections tackling successively the relevance of independence referendums, the biased authorship, the definition of the phenomenon, the technical features of referendums, the elaboration of comparative datasets, the legitimacy of these consultations, the drivers leading to the organisation of independence referendums, the impact of referendums on settling ethnic violence and their capacity to favour state recognition. We affirm that those publications have advanced our knowledge about independence referendums. We also stress the persistence of a high fragmentation of authorship and approaches limiting the adoption of a common vocabulary, validation methods and consistent datasets allowing the accumulation and replication of analyses for establishing robust theories. In conclusion, we indicate some theoretical blind spots which could constitute a future research agenda. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-02-02T06:31:26Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211060651
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Authors:Davide Vittori Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. The recent success of new movement parties in Europe brought the attention of party politics scholars to this hybrid party type. There are still many under-analysed theoretical and empirical aspects related to their organization and this article aims to show that despite sharing older movement parties’ traits, these ‘new’ movement parties introduce for the first time a unique combination of plebiscitarian intra-party democracy and party leadership empowerment. The implications of these findings are twofold: first, despite promoting intra-party democracy mainly through new digital tools, the main function of party membership is that of cheerleading; second, the leadership exercises strict control over the organization, thus restricting bottom-up ‘voice’ from the rank-and-file. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-01-17T10:16:00Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211026648
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Authors:Camila Mont’Alverne, Diego Moraes, Thaíse Kemer Abstract: International Political Science Review, Ahead of Print. A significant part of the Western literature on democracy assumes that political participation leads to citizens being more committed to democratic values. However, we do not know to what extent this is true in young democracies with an authoritarian tradition. Hence, this article aims to examine whether politically engaged Brazilians are more democratic. To do so, we analyzed whether there is any association between political participation, support for democracy, and democracy relativization through multivariate regression models. Our database comprises a representative sample of 2417 interviews with the electorate of São Paulo in 2019. The results show a statistically significant association between unconventional political participation and support for democracy. General political participation is associated with non-relativization of democracy only, showing a limited relationship between support for democracy and participation. Other variables, such as political interest, political knowledge, and interpersonal trust, are also associated with higher support for democracy. Citation: International Political Science Review PubDate: 2022-01-05T09:16:08Z DOI: 10.1177/01925121211056578
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