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Journal of History and Future
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Online) 2458-7672
Published by DergiPark

[185 journals]

The “Universal Monarchy” Policy of the Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V
- Authors: Yusuf YILDIZ
  Abstract: Charles V., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, upon his election as Emperor, inherited the lands of his grandfather Ferdinand, King of Spain, in addition to the main possessions of the Habsburgs. He possessed “an empire on which the sun never set”, as contemporaries said at the time. This put the idea of establishing a “universal monarchy”, which had been discussed since the Middle Ages and attracted many European rulers, again to the agenda. According to this idea, that had its origin in the Roman tradition and Christian theology and vigorously de-fended by Mercurino Gattinara, the chief chancellor of Charles V, the emperor should first eliminate the enemies of religion in Europe, ensure religious unity and dominate the continent. Later, by defeating the Turks, the main enemies of Catholic Christianity, a universal system of government was to be established in the world, dominated by a single religion and a single ruler. This study shows the favorable and unfavorable conditions for the establishment of a universal monarchy by Charles V. Finally, it is shown to what extent the emperor actually tried to implement this policy within the scope of his possibilities.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
A Union Organization in the Field of Music in the 1960’s: Turkish Music
Artists Union and Müzik-iş Newspaper (1968)
- Authors: Esra ÇETİN
  Abstract: Trade union movements, the first examples of which emerged in England as a product of the industrial revolution, were established as workers' solidarity and solidarity organizations within the framework of capitalist production relations with the political and economic developments in the 19th century. Turkish trade unionism, on the other hand, began to emerge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the Ottoman Empire without being linked to a class movement. In the early years of the Republic, the trade union movement, which could not progress to the desired extent due to the social and political conditions of the period, became active again in the period between 1947-1950 after World War II. Afterwards, new regulations were made in the field of trade unionism with the 1961 Constitution, and in parallel with this, the number of trade unions, especially those established as professional organizations increased.One of these unions, the Union of Turkish Music Artists (Müzik-iş), was founded in Ankara in January 1965 by seventy Turkish music artists. Founded as a national union affiliated to the Türk-İş Confederation, Müzik-iş opened branches in Izmir and Istanbul in the same year and in Gaziantep in 1966. In March 1968, the newspaper Müzik-iş (Müzik-iş), the publication organ of the union, was started to be published and only seven issues were published. In this study, the Müzik-iş Trade Union, which has an interesting place in the history of Turkish trade unionism, is analyzed. During the evaluation, Müzik-iş Newspaper, the publication organ of the union, was utilized. In addition, the Ottoman Archive of the Prime Ministry, the Republican Archive of the Prime Ministry, the Minutes of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, the Official Gazette, and related works of research on the subject were also utilized.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
Ahı Şerafeddın Ewkaf in Ankara (XVI-XIX. Centuries)
- Authors: Ahmet KÖÇ
  Abstract: The ewkaf, which are the most important mutual aid institution of Islamic societies, came to the fore with the policies they implemented during the Ottoman period. Ewkaf policies implemented in various fields were sometimes created by the sultans or those working in their service, and sometimes by members of the reaya class. It is known that the Ahi Şerafeddin Ewkaf discussed in the study were established in Ankara in the XIVth century. Besides that, these ewkaf; It was further expanded during the Ottoman period and became a social complex consisting of a mosque, zawiya, tomb, kitchen, and other structures. The income sources of the mentioned complex were obtained from the lands spread over wide areas and commercial structures.Although there is some information in the literature about the personality of Ahi Şerafeddin, the information about her family and foundations is more limited. The presence of sayyids among family members in the Ottoman period made them more distinguished. The fact that the family members holding the management authority in Ahi Şerafeddin Ewkaf are both from the ahi lineage and the sayyid lineage made them prominent and notable figures of the society.While some people from this versatile family, who belonged to the notables of Ankara, served in the ilmiye, bureaucracy and military, some people worked in the trade and agriculture sectors. This study will deal with what kind of duties the multi-faceted family members held in Istanbul and Ankara, the activities of their foundations, from Ankara Sharia registries, cadastral registers and archive documents
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
An Investigation of an Important Armenian Church Architecture in terms of
Urban Identity: Digor Khtzkong Monastery
- Authors: Merve ÖZKAYNAK YOLCU
  Abstract: Cultural heritage enables us to have information about past civilizations that form the identity of the built environment in a residential area. While cultural heritage structures reflect the material properties and techniques of the period they belong to, the architectural styles they adopted, and the level of civilization, they express the societies they belong to and the way of life of the societies, world view, management style and religious structure. For this reason, the sustainability of cultural heritage is important for the preservation of the local identity of societies and the continuity of cultural values. However, historical buildings such as mosques, churches, monasteries, chapels, synagogues, madrasas, inns, baths and castles, which reflect the identity of different regions, were built in masonry. Masonry structures, on the other hand, are not resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes. In this context, it is aimed to examine the monastery, which consists of five churches from the Armenian churches in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. This monastery is Khıdskonk Monastery, which consists of the Churches of St. Karapet, Virgin Mary (Surp Asdvadzdzin), St. Stefanos, St. Krikor and St. Sarkis. The churches, which differ in terms of culture and architecture, are important in terms of having the first church plan typologies. The problem of the study is that the remains of four of the five churches that were built in the same region and that were recently built, and that only one church is partially preserved. Based on this problem, it is aimed to document and archive these churches, which are important for the Kars region, and to examine their plan typologies. In this context, the relationship between earthquake damage and typologies was investigated and evaluations were made for the churches surveyed in the sample area. As a result, by emphasizing the importance of cities for their identities, suggestions were made for the protection of cultural heritage.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
Poets of The Ghaznavid Period In The History of Firiştah of Muhammed
Kâsım Hındushah Esterabâdî
- Authors: Vural ÖNTÜRK
  Abstract: The period of the Ghaznavids (963-1187) coincides with an extremely important time in terms of literature. The support of the sultans to literary activities in all conditions enabled the development of this genre and the fact that many valuable works, especially the Šāh-nāma, were written and reached today. Along with other sciences, poetry appears as a popular artistic activity in the period of the Ghaznavids. Especially during the reign of Sultan Mahmoud, the tradition of poetry and poetry writing, which developed rapidly, has also been a source of livelihood for those who deal with this genre. It is rumored that only Sultan Mahmud always had four hundred poets. Information about the lives of these poets is sometimes found in their own works and sometimes in books written in the field of political history. The History of Firiştah, written by Muhammed Kâsım Hinduşâh Esterabâdî, is one of these works. The exact date of the birth of the poet, who was born in Esterabâd, one of the cities of the Deylem Region, and therefore took the title of Esterabâdî, is not known. However, the fact that he dealt with the field of medicine as well as historiography shows that he went through a good education process. After completing his first education, Esterabâdî went to the city of Ahmednagar, which was a part of the Nizamshahi Dynasty, which ruled in India, and after a while, he succeeded in entering the palace and his fame increased gradually. Later, he went to Bîcâpur and entered the service of the Adilshahi ruler II. İbrahim b. Âdishah, and after completing The History of Firiştah, which he started to write at his request, he dedicated it to him. It is estimated that Esterabâdî, who served in various embassy duties after finishing his work, died after 1033/1623. At the beginning of the book, which consists of an introduction, twelve chapters and a conclusion, Ghaznavids are included. While the author narrates the political history of the Ghaznavid State, he also occasionally provides information about the period when the sultans were on the throne and the poets who were appropriate. However, more important than this is the information he conveyed at the end of the reign of Sultan Mahmoud (998-1030). Because in this section, a title was opened just to mention the poets and short sections from the lives of Ghaznavid poets and short examples from their poems were given. In this study, information about Esterabâdî's life, work and the poets of the Ghaznavid period in his work are given by comparing them with other sources.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
Cultural Heritage Values as Memory Spaces of the Historical City of
Mudurnu
- Authors: İlknur ACAR ATA
  Abstract: In the history of cities, there are effective values in ensuring the continuity of the memory values of the societies. These values include tangible spaces and intangible representative spaces where the society's housing, trade, worship, production and consumption activities take place. There are conservation efforts to ensure the continuation of the existence of memory spaces, which are bridges between the past and the future, in the memory of the society, by keeping them alive with the experience of the society. In particular, international organizations such as UNESCO and ICOMOS carry out activities aimed at maintaining the memory values of cultural heritage assets and providing integrated protection in accordance with the historical city identity. The place in the memory of the city among the unique values of cultural heritage assets provides a lot of information about the city. Historical buildings as cultural heritage assets show their variable structure in their collective memory with the changes in their use values as memory spaces from the time they were built to the future. Oral transmissions, traditions, commemorations, representations, the production and process of handicrafts, folkloric values, which are intangible cultural heritage assets, provide the continuity of memory focused on the transfer of past accumulation.In this research, the memory places of Mudurnu District of Bolu Province, which was accepted to the UNESCO world heritage tentative list in 2015 with its cultural heritage values, are examined. The influence of the Ottoman period on the development of Mudurnu, where traces of many civilizations are traced in terms of city history, is still visible today. The city is on the Silk Road route and has a traditional settlement compatible with topography and climatic conditions. As a place of memory, the elements of the traditional settlement, which reveal the lifestyle, traditions, customs, social and economic situation of the society, are under protection within the framework of urban site decisions. Depending on the city's geographical location, non-dense population and physical development, the historical and original texture of the settlement has been preserved. This has enabled the tangible and intangible assets of cultural heritage that make up the memory of the city to come to the present day. Within the scope of the study, Yıldırım Beyazıd Mosque and Bath, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Mosque, historical Arasta, Clock Tower, reused mansions, tombs and fountains belonging to the Ottoman period in the city, which continue to exist in the city, are discussed as memory places. In addition, the intangible cultural heritage value, the Akhi (Ahi) tradition, which is effective in the registration of the city in the UNESCO world heritage temporary list, has been shown as a place of memory with the sense of belonging in the community identity, the philosophy of trade, and its role in craft production. The practices for the transfer of this tradition are mentioned.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
The Price of Captivity: The Mamluk State’s Conquest of Cyprus and the
Captivity of Jean De Lusignan II
- Authors: Rıdvan YİĞİT
  Abstract: Cyprus has been the scene of dominance struggles since ancient times due to its important position in the Eastern Mediterranean. The testimony of historical documents from the Phoenicians to the present day reveals that regional or global powers have made various attempts to own the island for geopolitical and geostrategic reasons. When the issue is examined under the conditions of the Middle Ages, it is seen that after the Crusades, Cyprus played the role of an advanced naval outpost of the West in the struggles for dominance that gained a new dimension in East-West relations, and was a centre that supported piracy activities for the Mameluke State. Main sources and research works show that there were piracy activities supported from Cyprus before the establishment of the Mamluks, during their foundation years and until 1426, when the conquest of the island took place. Although the Mamluk response to these activities was closely linked to domestic politics, the Mamluks tried to respond to each attack militarily, politically, diplomatically or economically. It can be said that the Mamluks, who eliminated the last Crusader presence in the Levant - Acre - ranked high in the definition of enemies not only for Cyprus under the control of the House of Lusignan, but also for the western powers that established Crusader counties and kingdoms in this region. As a matter of fact, important sources reveal that during the captivity of the King of Cyprus in Cairo, consuls representing Western countries vouched for an undetermined ransom to rescue Jean de Lusignan. This information proves that the Crusader-motivated Western powers were ready to rescue the captive king from the Mamluks at any cost.The priority of Baybars and Qalavun during the establishment and organisation years of the Mamlūk State was undoubtedly to establish the state on solid foundations. In line with this policy, institutionalisation was naturally prioritised. It is seen that some steps were taken to strengthen both land and naval forces during the reign of Muhammad b. Qalavun, which is considered as the peak of the Mamlūk State in almost every respect, but weaknesses were experienced in the following periods. It can be said that the importance of the navy increased in the period starting with Sultan Berkuk. As a matter of fact, the steps taken by foreign powers in the maritime field forced them to take measures to become stronger at sea. In addition to the strategic, security and economic dimensions that pushed Sultan Barsbay to organise the Cyprus expedition, the religious dimension in which the Mamluks positioned themselves in the Islamic and western world should not be ignored. Since the Mamluks saw themselves as the protector of the Muslims of the world with the restoration of the caliphate in Egypt since Sultan Baybars, it is clear that Cyprus-based piracy activities could be considered as a loss of reputation for the Mamluks beyond economic losses. For this reason, during the reign of Sultan Barsbay, the Mamluks conquered Cyprus with their naval expeditions between 1424-1426 and captured the King of Cyprus, Jean de Lusignan II. This study includes a comperative evaluation of the Cyprus expeditions during the reign of Sultan Barsbay by translating and comparing the writings of al-Makrizî, Ibn Hajar, Ibn Tagribirdî, and Ibn Iyas on the expeditions, focusing on al-Aynî’s record.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
A look at the migration of Albanians from Kosovo to Albania in 1934
- Authors: Sami R. GASHİ
  Abstract: The paper provides detailed data on the Albanian families who moved from Kosovo to Albania during 1934, relying on the archival data of the Central Archive of Albania. Based on the researched documents, we have provided data on the migration of Albanians from Kosovo, their settlement in Albania, the families that moved to Albania, the number of members specifying them by name, surname, origin, the reason for the migration, the place where they settled, etc.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
An object of great archaeological value in the Museum of Mitrovica
- Authors: Pajazit HAJZERİ; Kazım NAMANİ
  Abstract: Archeology is the science that allowed us to know the past of human societies and brought to light many exhibits, whether movable or static. However, random finds are just as valuable as those that are made with purpose and prepared, such as archaeological expeditions.The Muse statue in Mitrovica was accidentally discovered during the excavation of the foundations for the construction of the city's gymnasium, but its value is extremely high since it is unique in Kosovo, while in other countries it is very rare.The statue of the Muse is made of lead, which shows us that this region knew the processing of metals very early, it also gives us information that apart from exploitation, the craft of metal processing was also very well known.The statue of the Museum in Mitrovica is one of the most precious exhibits that is kept in the city museum, this exhibit also has a special security, while its copy is presented to the public in the museum exhibition.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
Deciphering Gender Dynamics and Discrimination in Turkish Marriage through
Speech Patterns
- Authors: Gökçen KARA
  Abstract: This research embarks on a complicated journey to uncover the gender within the institution of Turkish marriage, focusing on the linguistic manifestations of discrimination against women. Through critical analysis of conversations between married individuals, the study seeks to illuminate how marital dialogs not only share everyday experiences, but also uphold, challenge, or change deeply rooted social norms and prejudices. Participants were tasked with delineating perceived gender roles within marital boundaries. Their responses, juxtaposed with the recorded conversations of 10 married couples — all from the researcher’s immediate circle — offer a multi-layered insight into the implicit biases and potential microaggressions inherent in everyday interactions. This methodological choice was anchored in the belief that genuine dialogs from familiar contexts would reveal both overt and covert forms of gender discrimination.By analyzing these recordings, the study aims to identify overarching characteristics and differences in the conversational styles of men and women. Preliminary findings suggest that linguistic markers may unintentionally perpetuate traditional gender roles and biases, underscoring subtle but persistent mechanisms of discrimination against women in Turkish society. Through this research, we aim to shed light on the deeper linguistic structures at play and their implications for broader social change.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030
Ancient Stone Repair from Harpasa Ancient City and Its Surroundings
- Authors: Ali YAŞAR
  Abstract: When the stone elements belonging to the structures uncovered by systematic excavation studies in archaeological areas are examined, important clues are obtained about the construction processes of the structures and the repairs they underwent in subsequent periods. When ancient period repairs in the form of stone completions are examined, it is understood that there are differences in the applications themselves, both in the processing of decoration and in the materials connecting the old and new materials. In particular, the identification of the variations in materials and the classification of stone repairs within themselves accordingly are important for the understanding of ancient stone repairs. In ancient times, stone repairs were made for different reasons. During the construction process of architectural structures, local deformations that occur, large-scale earthquakes that occurred in antiquity, vandalism, wars and raids, etc. reasons make building repairs mandatory. In addition, examples where materials belonging to different structures that were out of use in late antiquity were used as tools for building repairs can also be expressed by repairs.In this study, ancient building repair practices were found in two examples among architectural building elements located at the Sumerian Basma Industrial Factory Campus in the district center of Nazilli. Another example of ancient repair is in the ancient city of Harpasa, located within the boundaries of Esenköy in the south of Nazilli. There are traces of repairs made during the Byzantine Period on the Archaic Period wall walls surrounding the city. When the samples were examined in terms of antique repairs, two different types of repairs were encountered. The first of these was carried out on the basis of the building element and is of the “Same stone mortar joint” type, and the other is of the “Mortar binding Wall repair” type on the Archaic fortification wall originally built with the wall technique.
  PubDate: Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +030