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Medievalista online
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ISSN (Online) 1646-740X
Published by SciELO

[672 journals]

Editorial - Making and Communicating Science: The Field of Medieval
Studies
José Mattoso or contemplation as exaltation
Thematic Dossier “Peninsular Exchanges” presentation
Fidalgos and miles Christi. Borderless lives in medieval Hispania
- Abstract: Resumo Partindo da importância da fronteira luso-castelhana no quadro da Hispânia medieval e da sua complexidade enquanto construção política, o objetivo desta reflexão é fazer a avaliação do seu impacto ao nível dos grupos senhoriais, laicos ou eclesiásticos. O modo como estes grupos senhoriais interpretavam a fronteira é uma questão central para este estudo. A fidalguia e os freires das Ordens Religioso-Militares, designados de um modo simplista como freires-cavaleiros, decalcavam tendências semelhantes por razões compreensíveis. Os fidalgos e os freires-cavaleiros integraram as elites medievais que dinamizaram os intercâmbios peninsulares, desenvolvendo inúmeras trajetórias sem fronteiras na Hispânia medieval. A aristocracia e os membros das Ordens Militares, em particular os das internacionais, tinham uma concepção muito fluida da fronteira, à qual se sobrepunham os interesses familiares e institucionais. Os fidalgos encontraram na transposição fronteiriça um mecanismo natural para contornar problemas de natureza política, decorrentes dos conflitos com os monarcas, ou para materializar estratégias de poder de linhagens com patrimónios constituídos muito antes da criação do reino de Portugal. Por sua vez, os freires das Ordens Militares eram, por vezes, membros de famílias imbuídas de comportamentos a-fronteiriços, os quais eram reforçados quando professavam em instituições multinacionais, não sobreponíveis com as delimitações fronteiriças de natureza político-diplomática.Abstract Based on the importance of the Luso-Castilian border in the context of medieval Hispania and its complexity as a political construction, the objective of this reflection is to assess its impact at the level of manorial groups, either secular or ecclesiastical. The way how these social groups had interpreted the frontier is a central issue for this study. Fidalgos and miles Christi, usually called knights in simple terms, had traced similar tendencies for understandable reasons. Fidalgos and miles Christi were part of the medieval elites that boosted the peninsular exchanges, developing frequent trajectories over borders in medieval Hispania. The aristocracy and the friars of the Military Orders, in particular, those from the international Orders, had a very fluid conception of the frontier, to which family and institutional interests were superimposed. The noblemen found in the border crossing a natural mechanism to circumvent some political problems, arising from conflicts with monarchs, or to materialize strategies of power of some lineages with patrimonies constituted long before the creation of the kingdom of Portugal itself. In turn, the friars of the Military Orders were sometimes members of these families, imbued with non-border behaviors, which were reinforced when they professed in multinational institutions, not overlapping with the delimitations of the political and diplomatic border.
Artistic exchanges in a cross-border diocese: possible similarities
between the cathedrals of Tui and Braga
- Abstract: Resumen La sede tudense surge en un espacio que, con el devenir del tiempo, pertenecerá a dos países; los ríos Miño y Limia marcan los límites de esa parte de una diócesis, cuya capital, Tui, poseyó un papel relevante ya desde época romana, con una vinculación fundamental con Braga. Ambas viven los avatares históricos de la Alta Edad Media, y sus sedes episcopales son restauradas casi por las mismas fechas. Tras ello intentan reconstruir sus edificios catedralicios: primero Braga, con un proyecto inicial en buena medida destruido hacia 1110 y después Tui tras un período de reubicación en el monasterio de San Bartolomé. La multiplicación de donaciones permite pensar que la nueva catedral de Tui se inicia hacia 1125, con un transepto de tres naves, similar al de la catedral de Santiago y a la inicial de Braga, así como una cabecera de cinco ábsides semejante a la que plantea el nuevo proyecto bracarense. Estos poseen paralelos en otras catedrales sufragáneas de Braga: además de Tui, Ourense y Lamego. Junto a todo ello existen numerosos intercambios artísticos transfronterizos ya que la diócesis tudense irradia sus modelos a lo largo de sus límites diocesanos, limítrofes con los de Braga.Abstract The Tudense bishopric arises in a space that, with the passing of time, will belong to two countries. The rivers Miño and Limia mark the limits of a diocese whose capital, Tui, had an important role since Roman times, with a fundamental link with Braga. Both, live the historical vicissitudes of the High Middle Ages, and their episcopal sees are restored around the same dates. After that, they tried to rebuild their cathedral buildings: first Braga, with an initial project largely destroyed around 1110 and then Tui after a period of relocation in the monastery of San Bartolomé. The multiplication of donations allows us to think that the new cathedral of Tui began around 1125, with a transept of three naves, similar to that of the cathedral of Santiago and the initial one in Braga, as well as a five-apse chevet, similar to the one proposed by the new bracarense project. These have parallels in other suffragan cathedrals of Braga: in addition to Tui, Ourense and Lamego. Along with all this, there are numerous cross-border artistic exchanges since the diocese of Tui radiates its models throughout its diocesan limits, bordering those of Braga.
Galician Monks and Monasteries in Portugal (12^th -
15^th Centuries)
- Abstract: Resumo O presente trabalho identifica os mosteiros galegos que tiveram bens no reino de Portugal, entre os séculos XII e XV, para depois analisar e caracterizar esses bens. A política seguida pelos monarcas portugueses em relação a estes mosteiros e aos seus bens é também objeto de estudo, observando-se a importância que para essa relação tiveram as vicissitudes políticas que os reis de Portugal enfrentaram com os da Galiza. Também se estudam as relações mantidas pelos monges e mosteiros galegos com o reino vizinho a nível eclesiástico: basicamente, os dados existentes sobre os seus recursos à sede arcebispal de Braga - que foi a sua metropolitana até ao Cisma do Ocidente - bem como as delegações pontifícias a abades galegos para intervir em questões portuguesas. Por último, referir-nos-emos brevemente ao papel cultural e espiritual que tiveram os mosteiros galegos no reino vizinho.Abstract This paper identifies the Galician monasteries with real estate in the Kingdom of Portugal between the 12th and 15th centuries and analyses and characterizes such property. The policy of Portuguese monarchs regarding such property is also analysed while paying particular attention to political relations between Portuguese and Spanish kings. The ecclesiastical relations between Galician monasteries and the neighbouring kingdom are also subject of study: basically, the existing data at the archbishop's see of Braga -metropolitan see up to the Western Schism - and the pontifical authorization granted to Galician abbots to intervene in Portuguese affairs. Finally, a brief reference is made to the cultural and spiritual role of Galician monasteries in the neighbouring kingdom.
Count D. Enrique Manuel (c.1343-1414) and Portuguese-Castilian court
relations in times of dynastic crisis
- Abstract: Resumo En este artículo se analizan los datos biográficos del conde Enrique Manuel, hijo del célebre literato don Juan Manuel, desde varios puntos de vista. Por un lado, se explican sus relaciones de parentesco con otros descendientes de don Juan Manuel, especialmente con los reyes de Portugal, Castilla y Aragón. Esa estrecha relación familiar permite entender un segundo nivel de análisis: su protagonismo político durante los reinados de Fernando I de Portugal y Juan I de Castilla. En aquellos años se preparó una alianza matrimonial y un acuerdo sucesorio que finalmente fracasó con el triunfo de João I de Avís. En tercer lugar, se estudia la ruptura de su propia familia, ya que una de sus hijas permaneció en Portugal y el resto de los hijos se exiliaron en Castilla. Por último, se analizan los mensajes religiosos y simbólicos que utilizó el linaje Manuel a finales del siglo XIV dentro del contexto de la rivalidad luso-castellana.Abstract This article analyzes the biographical data of Count Enrique Manuel, son of the famous writer Don Juan Manuel, from various points of view. On the one hand, his kinship relations with other descendants of Don Juan Manuel are explained, especially with the kings of Portugal, Castile and Aragon. This close family relationship allows us to understand a second level of analysis: his political leadership during the reigns of Fernando I of Portugal and Juan I of Castile. In those years, a marriage alliance and a succession agreement were prepared that finally failed with the triumph of João I de Avis. Thirdly, the breakdown of his own family is studied, since one of his daughters remained in Portugal and the rest of the children went into exile in Castile. Finally, the religious and symbolic messages used by the Manuel lineage at the end of the 14th century are analyzed within the context of the Portuguese-Castilian rivalry.
Escitia and Escancia (or Escandia), the fabulous northern past of the
hispanic neogoticism of the fifteenth century
- Abstract: Resumo El artículo analiza el neogoticismo y su incidencia en la propaganda ideológica dispersa en la Edad Media hispánica desde los siglos IX al XV. Se estudia su apogeo en las crónicas medievales y su posterior desaparición, así como su recuperación entre los siglos XV y XVI de la mano de obras genealógicas y de cancioneros poéticos. Específicamente, se estudia el papel que dos topónimos, Escitia y Escancia, tuvieron en la construcción de estas imágenes apologéticas, al convertirse en muestras de prestigio político por haber sido origen de la epopeya de los visigodos.Abstract This paper analyses neo-gothicism and its impact on the ideological propaganda in the Hispanic Middle Ages (9th-15th c.), since the initial steps taken in the Visigoth era until its apogee in early medieval chronicles, as well as both its disappearance and its recovery occurred between the 15th and 16th c. via both genealogical and poetry works. This paper also provides a specific analysis of the role played in this recovery by the name of two geographical locations, Scythia and Escancia, in the building of apologetic images, as a result of their political prestige derived from the fact that they were pointed as the very original lands in which the epic of the Visigoths began.
Phocas’s coup d’état (602): its social origins
- Abstract: Resumen Partiendo de una reevaluación de las fuentes disponibles, se propone una revisión de uno de los momentos clave en el devenir histórico del Imperio romano de Oriente, el golpe de Estado que llevó al poder a Focas en 602. Fue el primer hecho de este tipo que se dio en Constantinopla, creando una situación de inestabilidad que marcaría todo el siglo VII. Este estudio pone el acento en el contexto social y económico en el que se produjo, enclavándolo en las tensiones existentes entre el estamento aristocrático y el resto de la población romana. La extrema crueldad con la que se produjo la deposición de Mauricio, y que también afectó a su familia, sería la prueba de que se trató de una venganza social.Abstract Starting from a reassessment of the available sources, a review of one of the key moments in the historical development of the Eastern Roman Empire is proposed, the coup d’état that brought Phocas to power in 602. It was the first event of its kind that occurred in Constantinople, creating a situation of instability that would mark the entire 7th century. This study places the accent on the social and economic context in which it occurred, anchoring it in the existing tensions between the aristocratic establishment and the rest of the Roman population. The extreme cruelty with which Maurice's deposition took place, and which also affected his family, would be proof that it was a social revenge.
Delving into the Magdalene’s vase: the ointment jar from the Middle
Ages to Early Modernity
- Abstract: Abstract In the art of medieval and early modern Europe, Mary Magdalene can be identified by the vase she holds. Other iconographic studies of Mary Magdalene mention her ointment jar, but while images may be brought before the reader, the vase is generally mentioned as the object that permits the author to name the figure and little more. This article intends to tap the rich meanings and connotations of the vase beyond simple visual signifier in studying it - in form and materials and function - through an anthropological lens. It will do so in examining a corpus of Italian images, at the forefront of Magdalenian iconography since the invention of the “indigenous icon,” as defined by Hans Belting, and the effects of Franciscan patronage that so invested this saint with their particular strain of piety. We will see that the inventiveness of Italian artists, particularly as applied to the alabastron, continues from the 1270 panel of Guido da Siena through to the early modern era with Titian’s 1535 Pitti Magdalene. After this period, with the Counter-Reformation’s more formulaic directives, the vase seems to have lost some of its density of meaning. For the period considered, the thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries, the results will demonstrate an intimate connection with her conversion, her femaleness, and her role in the narrative of redemption.Resumo Na arte da Europa medieval e dos primórdios da moderna, Maria Madalena pode ser identificada pelo vaso que segura. Muitos outros estudos iconográficos sobre Maria Madalena mencionam o vaso que contém os ungentos, sendo este mencionado como um dos atributos que permitem identificar a figura. Este artigo pretende explorar os ricos significados e conotações deste objecto para além do simples significante visual, estudando-o, na forma, materiais e função, através de uma perspectiva antropológica. Partirá do exame de um corpus de imagens italianas, que foram matriciais na invenção da iconografia de Maria Madalena. recorrendo ao conceito de “ícone indígena”, tal como foi definido por Hans Belting, mas ter-se-á em atenção a importância do mecenato franciscano, que tanto investiu da sua particular tensão de piedade na representação desta santa. O artigo analisa um período cronológico particularmente marcado pela criatividade dos artistas italianos, desde o painel de 1270 de Guido da Siena até ao início da era moderna com o Pitti Magdalene de Ticiano de 1535. Do século XIII ao século XVI, os resultados demonstrarão uma ligação íntima entre a conversão de Maria Madalena, a sua feminilidade, e o seu papel na narrativa da redenção. Após este período, com a atitude mais normativa da Contra-Reforma, o vaso parece ter perdido alguma da sua anterior densidade.
God's nominations in the Proslogion argument: Identity between
being and truth
- Abstract: Resumen San Anselmo de Canterbury fue un monje benedictino que redactó el argumento del Proslogion en el siglo XI. Las nominaciones o nombres de Dios, son los diferentes modos por los cuales San Anselmo explicó los atributos divinos. A partir de una reinterpretación al estudio de Ricardo O. Díez en ¿Si hay Dios, quién es' es propuesta una identidad entre el ser y la verdad de Dios, implicando así una mutua relación entre estos atributos con la definición de verdad anselmiana. La sentencia fides quaerens intellectum representará una metodología o modelo a través de la cual se orienta el pensamiento en el esclarecimiento racional de estas nominaciones divinas. No obstante, la misma búsqueda intelectiva reconocerá una limitación racional frente aquello que cree por fe, sentencia heredada por San Agustín en la filosofía del Santo Doctor Anselmo. Desde nuestra reflexión remarcaremos como las nominaciones del Proslogion y la definición de la verdad del De Veritate permiten pensar en una identidad que relaciona ambas obras del pensamiento anselmiano.Abstract Saint Anselm of Canterbury was a Benedictine monk who wrote the Proslogion argument in the 11th century. The nominations or names of God, are the different ways by which Saint Anselm explained the divine attributes. From a reinterpretation of Ricardo O. Díez’s study ¿Si hay Dios, quién es' an identity between the being and the truth of God is proposed, thus implying a mutual relationship between these attributes with the Anselmian definition of truth. The sentence fides quaerens intellectum will represent a methodology or model through which the thought is oriented in the rational clarification of these divine nominations. However, the same intellectual search will recognize a rational limitation against what it believes by faith. The nominations of the Proslogion and the definition of the truth of the De Veritate allow us to think of an identity that relates both works of Anselmian thought, identity that this article wanted to propose.
“A very precious piece of yet unknown meaning”: Deciphering
the term gibanete
- Abstract: Resumo Não obstante a frequência com que surge na documentação quatrocentista, o termo “gibanete” continua a ser vago e problemático. O objectivo deste artigo é definir com exactidão o que é um “gibanete”, as peças de armamento a que corresponde, e que implicações tem esta determinação para o estudo das protecções corporais no século XV em Portugal. Esta investigação terá por base fontes portuguesas dos séculos XIV a XVI, contrastadas com diversas fontes estrangeiras que permitam comparar a evolução destas peças em Portugal com as suas congéneres para lá das fronteiras do reino. Far-se-á também uso abundante de estudos contemporâneos portugueses e estrangeiros que permitam complementar, sistematizar e inserir esta peça no quadro geral do armamento português tardo-medieval e no contexto mais amplo do armamento tardo-medieval europeu.Abstract In spite of the frequency with which it appears in 15th century documentation, the Portuguese term "gibanete" remains vague and problematic. The aim of this article is to define exactly what a "gibanete" is, what piece of armament it corresponds to, and what implications this definition might have for the study of military equipment in 15th century Portugal. This research will make use of both Portuguese and foreign sources from the 14th to 16th centuries, allowing us to compare how these pieces evolved in Portugal vis-a-vis their European counterparts. It will be complemented by contemporary Portuguese and foreign studies which will allow for systematising and sorting this piece in the general framework of late medieval Portuguese armaments and in the broader context of late medieval European armour.
Recensão/Review: Los antiguos eslavos.
- Abstract: Resumo Não obstante a frequência com que surge na documentação quatrocentista, o termo “gibanete” continua a ser vago e problemático. O objectivo deste artigo é definir com exactidão o que é um “gibanete”, as peças de armamento a que corresponde, e que implicações tem esta determinação para o estudo das protecções corporais no século XV em Portugal. Esta investigação terá por base fontes portuguesas dos séculos XIV a XVI, contrastadas com diversas fontes estrangeiras que permitam comparar a evolução destas peças em Portugal com as suas congéneres para lá das fronteiras do reino. Far-se-á também uso abundante de estudos contemporâneos portugueses e estrangeiros que permitam complementar, sistematizar e inserir esta peça no quadro geral do armamento português tardo-medieval e no contexto mais amplo do armamento tardo-medieval europeu.Abstract In spite of the frequency with which it appears in 15th century documentation, the Portuguese term "gibanete" remains vague and problematic. The aim of this article is to define exactly what a "gibanete" is, what piece of armament it corresponds to, and what implications this definition might have for the study of military equipment in 15th century Portugal. This research will make use of both Portuguese and foreign sources from the 14th to 16th centuries, allowing us to compare how these pieces evolved in Portugal vis-a-vis their European counterparts. It will be complemented by contemporary Portuguese and foreign studies which will allow for systematising and sorting this piece in the general framework of late medieval Portuguese armaments and in the broader context of late medieval European armour.
Recensão / Review: Black Metaphors. How Modern Racism Emerged from
Medieval Race-Thinking.
- Abstract: Resumo Não obstante a frequência com que surge na documentação quatrocentista, o termo “gibanete” continua a ser vago e problemático. O objectivo deste artigo é definir com exactidão o que é um “gibanete”, as peças de armamento a que corresponde, e que implicações tem esta determinação para o estudo das protecções corporais no século XV em Portugal. Esta investigação terá por base fontes portuguesas dos séculos XIV a XVI, contrastadas com diversas fontes estrangeiras que permitam comparar a evolução destas peças em Portugal com as suas congéneres para lá das fronteiras do reino. Far-se-á também uso abundante de estudos contemporâneos portugueses e estrangeiros que permitam complementar, sistematizar e inserir esta peça no quadro geral do armamento português tardo-medieval e no contexto mais amplo do armamento tardo-medieval europeu.Abstract In spite of the frequency with which it appears in 15th century documentation, the Portuguese term "gibanete" remains vague and problematic. The aim of this article is to define exactly what a "gibanete" is, what piece of armament it corresponds to, and what implications this definition might have for the study of military equipment in 15th century Portugal. This research will make use of both Portuguese and foreign sources from the 14th to 16th centuries, allowing us to compare how these pieces evolved in Portugal vis-a-vis their European counterparts. It will be complemented by contemporary Portuguese and foreign studies which will allow for systematising and sorting this piece in the general framework of late medieval Portuguese armaments and in the broader context of late medieval European armour.