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Abstract: over the last fifty years, some of the most compelling work on designed landscape on both sides of the Atlantic has focused on its symbolic power, on its ability to speak of nation and of national imaginings.1 Such histories of garden design, however, have also remained trapped within these imaginings of national landscapes and their geographies. This special issue explores the apparently "national" character of gardens in the context of their transatlantic connections during the long eighteenth century; here, we focus on shared cultures and outlooks, even as we recognize the powerful influence of local geographies and claims of national distinction. Central to this project is understanding designed landscape as ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: the rich implications of this special issue of the Huntington Library Quarterly announced in the title, "Moving Landscapes," have two primary foci for this essay. First, landscapes can or should please us, benefit us, and move us (sometimes they do not, of course). There is little point in attempting to improve the ground if it does not accomplish that or respond at the very least to local needs. But people themselves change and are moved or pleased not only by different places but by the different ways in which those places are laid out. That is profoundly true when they find themselves in utterly new and unusual territory.Second, the ground of landscape (the very earth beneath us) moves, that is, changes, in time ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: it is not easy to compare and contrast the development of garden design in America and England during the long eighteenth century. Few if any scholars understand equally well the history of designed landscapes on both sides of the Atlantic, and it can be difficult to access much of the latest research on one country from the other. Such difficulties are compounded by the fact that we remain, as ever, divided by a common language, and we use terms like baroque or picturesque in subtly, occasionally radically, different ways. Few British garden historians would thus describe the kinds of landscapes designed by Lancelot "Capability" Brown as "picturesque," not least because his style was so savagely attacked by ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: the landscape had a complex role in the long eighteenth century, as it was fundamental to ideologies of power, privilege, and productivity—as well as liberty and enslavement—while it also sustained the vast majority of the population in terms of employment. It has long been recognized that to view or study the garden as a designed landscape in isolation from the wider landscape is to ignore important contemporary readings of the landscape and to exclude the context from which the ornamental derived meaning and significance.1 The relationship between the wider landscape and the garden or park was dynamic, and varied radically over time and place, yet it is often neglected in scholarship divided between agriculture ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: george washington (1732–1799) shaped the landscape at Mount Vernon, his country estate in Virginia, to suggest his moral values and to epitomize his manner of living. The tidy, productive farms, patches of forestland, and natural, consciously modest gardens near the mansion house indicated the owner's virtue and fitness to lead a democratic republic.1 The grounds of Mount Vernon formed part of a well-crafted projection of his public persona and reflected Washington's sense of history and his desire to keep the new republic from succumbing to the opulence and luxury that he believed had weakened Old World societies. Subscribing to the idea most fully promulgated by Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, that the lure ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: any narrative of garden design in and around Philadelphia during the long eighteenth century is one that challenges conventional assumptions about what it is to design a garden. These assumptions depend, to no small extent, on stories told of virtuous progress toward professionalization (and civilization), as well as the triumphal role of creative genius told largely after this period and most notably and influentially by Andrew Jackson Downing, the first American to publish truly popular books on garden design. Another common assumption is that American gardens are simply displaced, or "moved," from Europe (mostly England) and thus represent minor provincial efforts and symptoms of cultural lag. One of the primary ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: the english writer and landscape theorist Horace Walpole presented distinctly nationalist and chauvinistic interpretations of eighteenth-century gardening in his essay The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening (1780). Full of patriotic fervor, he maintained that the English had "discovered the point of perfection" in the English landscape garden and had "given the true model for gardening to the world."1 In contrast, Walpole alleged, the French garden mirrored despotic government, and he equated its long axes, strict geometry, and clipped topiary with absolutist monarchy and the French people's consequent lack of constitutional liberty. In the literature of Alexander Pope, the Earl of Shaftesbury, and Horace ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: on september 24, 1783, William Livingston, the governor of New Jersey, wrote to François de Barbé-Marbois, the French consul in Philadelphia, to thank him for a gift of seeds from the French king's garden, given in appreciation of Livingston's answering his "questionnaire," a document Barbé-Marbois sent in 1780 to all thirteen colonies to request demographic, economic, geological, and agricultural information. In his letter, Livingston expressed delight at their receipt and relief that the approaching end of the American Revolution would allow him to return to the garden to cultivate them. He politely questioned what reciprocation might be expected: "Considering my passion for horticulture, under how great ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: rubens peale with a geranium (1801), painted by the subject's brother Rembrandt Peale and now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., raises issues about transatlantic gardens in the decades around 1800 (fig. 1).1 Whereas the historiography of early American gardens has been overwhelmingly concerned with British plant exchange, the plant depicted in this painting points to a less studied network: the Dutch Cape region in southern Africa and its relationship with the American colonies and Early Republic. The story of the pelargonium, which is indigenous to the Cape Floral Region, allows me to explore the status of exotics in American latecolonial and early republican gardens and collections. The ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Words for me have a powerful effect. I feel it is impossible to escape from the sting of a word or the vertigo of a question mark.at this pandemic moment of compounded but displaced, normalized, and often slow crisis inconsistently punctured by the intrusions of the catastrophic, landscape's verdant prospect as promise still holds us in thrall to its presumptively salutary effects of reclamation, sustainability, regenerative living, bioremediation, and resilience. To take up the challenge implicit in reframing the history of gardens and gardening in the Atlantic world in terms of "moving landscapes" in ways that reckon with the wake of the unfinished histories of transatlantic slavery, settler coloniality, and ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: in the fourth and final book of The Georgics, in a digression from his instructions for the care of bees, Virgil rues that if it were not true that IHave nearly come to the end of this my laborAnd now am almost ready to turn my vesselEagerly toward home and furl my sails,It might be that I'd sing to celebrateThe care it takes to cultivate the flowersThat make our gardens beautiful. I'd singOf Paestum and its roses and how they bloomTwice every year, and how the endive drinksWith gladness from the brooks, and how the greenWild-celery plants adorn the riverbanks,And the cucumber tendril winds and turns and coilsIts way through the grass and swells and becomes its fruit.Nor would I ... Read More PubDate: 2022-04-02T00:00:00-05:00